Nature Genetics Contents: May 2017 pp 653 - 814

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To celebrate, the editors have selected some past papers which are free to read for a limited time.  Click here to read!  Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement The 2017 IMB Conference on "Gene Regulation by the Numbers: Quantitative Approaches to Study Transcription" will explore the latest findings and technological developments in the field of gene regulation. The recent surge in omics technologies has generated vast amounts of data, but analysing and interpreting this remains a challenge. The conference will address major open questions that combine quantitative and experimental approaches to understanding gene regulation.   Advertisement Animation: Alzheimer's disease  Nature Neuroscience presents this animation, which introduces the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease and highlights some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the onset and progression of this devastating neurological condition. Watch the Animation free online >>   Advertisement IMMUNE PROFILING IN HEALTH AND DISEASE  September 17-19, 2017 | Seattle, WA, USA Presented by: Adaptive Biotechnologies | Nature Immunology | Nature Medicine | Nature Biotechnology REGISTER NOW!   Editorial Top The future of human genome editing   p653 doi:10.1038/ng.3860 With the advent of precision genome editing, the ability to modify living organisms has proceeded with remarkable speed and breadth. Any application of this technology to the human germ line must be tightly coupled to deliberate consideration of the consequences, both scientific and social, of introducing heritable alterations to the human population. We recommend constant oversight and evaluation of human germline genome editing to balance prudence with discovery, and risk with progress. News and Views Top Becoming weeds   pp654 - 655 C Neal Stewart Jr doi:10.1038/ng.3851 A new resequencing analysis of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) biotypes illuminates distinct evolutionary paths and outcomes of de-domestication and ferality. This largest effort to date in weedy plant genomics gives a better understanding of weediness while also providing a promising source of alleles for rice breeding. See also: Letter by Li et al. A SMARCD2-containing mSWI/SNF complex is required for granulopoiesis   pp655 - 657 Brittany C Michel & Cigall Kadoch doi:10.1038/ng.3853 Mammalian SWI/SNF complexes have critical roles in development and differentiation, and are implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases; however, the mechanisms underpinning disease manifestation and the specificity of the subunits mutated are incompletely understood. Newly identified loss-of-function mutations in the SMARCD2 gene (part of the SMARCD1, SMARCD2 and SMARCD3 paralog family) reveal an evolutionarily conserved role specifically for the SMARCD2 subunit in granulopoiesis, and further investigation implicates the CEBPε transcription factor as a key effector of this specific function. See also: Article by Witzel et al. | Article by Priam et al. Innate and adaptive immunity shape circulating HCV strains   pp657 - 658 Silvana Gaudieri & Michaela Lucas doi:10.1038/ng.3856 An unbiased genome-to-genome analysis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection confirms the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system as drivers of viral evolution. Viral adaptation has a critical role in the interaction between host and pathogen and has important clinical implications for infection outcome. See also: Article by Ansari et al. Genetics JOBS of the week Director of Medical Genetics Laboratory University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Staff Scientist in Bioinformatics / Statistical Genetics, Department of Systems Biology and Computational Genomics Sidra Medical and Research Centre Postdoctoral Position in Genetics and Epigenetics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Postdoctoral Position: Genetics of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in a Zebrafish Model Weill Cornell Medicine Post Doctoral Fellow//Genetics,Genomics and Informatics The University of Tennessee Health Science Center More Science jobs from Genetics EVENT The 6th Genetics and Genomics Conference (GC 2017) 01.12.17 Sanya, China More science events from Articles Top Immunosequencing identifies signatures of cytomegalovirus exposure history and HLA-mediated effects on the T cell repertoire   pp659 - 665 Ryan O Emerson, William S DeWitt, Marissa Vignali, Jenna Gravley, Joyce K Hu, Edward J Osborne, Cindy Desmarais, Mark Klinger, Christopher S Carlson, John A Hansen, Mark Rieder & Harlan S Robins doi:10.1038/ng.3822 Ryan Emerson and colleagues report immunosequencing of the variable region of the TCRβ chain in 666 individuals with known cytomegalovirus (CMV) status. They show that CMV status and HLA genotype shape the T cell repertoire and demonstrate proof of principle that TCRβ sequencing can be used as a specific diagnostic of pathogen exposure. Genome-to-genome analysis highlights the effect of the human innate and adaptive immune systems on the hepatitis C virus   pp666 - 673 M Azim Ansari, Vincent Pedergnana, Camilla L C Ip, Andrea Magri, Annette Von Delft, David Bonsall, Nimisha Chaturvedi, Istvan Bartha, David Smith, George Nicholson, Gilean McVean, Amy Trebes, Paolo Piazza, Jacques Fellay, Graham Cooke, Graham R Foster, STOP-HCV Consortium, Emma Hudson, John McLauchlan, Peter Simmonds, Rory Bowden, Paul Klenerman, Eleanor Barnes & Chris C A Spencer doi:10.1038/ng.3835 Chris Spencer, Eleanor Barnes and colleagues use human genotyping arrays and whole-genome viral sequencing to perform a systematic genome-to-genome study of 542 individuals chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). They show that both HLA alleles and genes encoding factors of the innate immune system drive viral genome polymorphism and that IFNL4 genotypes determine HCV viral load through a mechanism dependent on a specific polymorphism encoded in the HCV polyprotein. See also: News and Views by Gaudieri & Lucas Genetic variants associated with mosaic Y chromosome loss highlight cell cycle genes and overlap with cancer susceptibility   pp674 - 679 Daniel J Wright, Felix R Day, Nicola D Kerrison, Florian Zink, Alexia Cardona, Patrick Sulem, Deborah J Thompson, Svanhvit Sigurjonsdottir, Daniel F Gudbjartsson, Agnar Helgason, J Ross Chapman, Steve P Jackson, Claudia Langenberg, Nicholas J Wareham, Robert A Scott, Unnur Thorsteindottir, Ken K Ong, Kari Stefansson & John R B Perry doi:10.1038/ng.3821 John Perry and colleagues identify genetic variants at 19 genomic regions associated with mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLOY) in blood. They further highlight a shared genetic architecture between mLOY and cancer susceptibility, and infer a causal effect of smoking on mLOY. Identification of 12 new susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer   pp680 - 691 Catherine M Phelan, Karoline B Kuchenbaecker, Jonathan P Tyrer, Siddhartha P Kar, Kate Lawrenson, Stacey J Winham, Joe Dennis, Ailith Pirie, Marjorie J Riggan, Ganna Chornokur, Madalene A Earp, Paulo C Lyra Jr, Janet M Lee, Simon Coetzee, Jonathan Beesley, Lesley McGuffog, Penny Soucy, Ed Dicks, Andrew Lee, Daniel Barrowdale, Julie Lecarpentier, Goska Leslie, Cora M Aalfs, Katja K H Aben, Marcia Adams, Julian Adlard, Irene L Andrulis, Hoda Anton-Culver, Natalia Antonenkova, AOCS study group, Gerasimos Aravantinos, Norbert Arnold, Banu K Arun, Brita Arver, Jacopo Azzollini, Judith Balmaña, Susana N Banerjee, Laure Barjhoux, Rosa B Barkardottir, Yukie Bean, Matthias W Beckmann, Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel, Javier Benitez, Marina Bermisheva, Marcus Q Bernardini, Michael J Birrer, Line Bjorge, Amanda Black, Kenneth Blankstein, Marinus J Blok, Clara Bodelon, Natalia Bogdanova, Anders Bojesen, Bernardo Bonanni, Åke Borg, Angela R Bradbury, James D Brenton, Carole Brewer, Louise Brinton, Per Broberg, Angela Brooks-Wilson, Fiona Bruinsma, Joan Brunet, Bruno Buecher, Ralf Butzow, Saundra S Buys, Trinidad Caldes, Maria A Caligo, Ian Campbell, Rikki Cannioto, Michael E Carney, Terence Cescon, Salina B Chan, Jenny Chang-Claude, Stephen Chanock, Xiao Qing Chen, Yoke-Eng Chiew, Jocelyne Chiquette, Wendy K Chung, Kathleen B M Claes, Thomas Conner, Linda S Cook, Jackie Cook, Daniel W Cramer, Julie M Cunningham, Aimee A D'Aloisio, Mary B Daly, Francesca Damiola, Sakaeva Dina Damirovna, Agnieszka Dansonka-Mieszkowska, Fanny Dao, Rosemarie Davidson, Anna DeFazio, Capucine Delnatte, Kimberly F Doheny, Orland Diez, Yuan Chun Ding, Jennifer Anne Doherty, Susan M Domchek, Cecilia M Dorfling, Thilo Dörk, Laure Dossus, Mercedes Duran, Matthias Dürst, Bernd Dworniczak, Diana Eccles, Todd Edwards, Ros Eeles, Ursula Eilber, Bent Ejlertsen, Arif B Ekici, Steve Ellis, Mingajeva Elvira, EMBRACE Study, Kevin H Eng, Christoph Engel, D Gareth Evans, Peter A Fasching, Sarah Ferguson, Sandra Fert Ferrer, James M Flanagan, Zachary C Fogarty, Renée T Fortner, Florentia Fostira, William D Foulkes, George Fountzilas, Brooke L Fridley, Tara M Friebel, Eitan Friedman, Debra Frost, Patricia A Ganz, Judy Garber, María J García, Vanesa Garcia-Barberan, Andrea Gehrig, GEMO Study Collaborators, Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj, Anne-Marie Gerdes, Graham G Giles, Rosalind Glasspool, Gord Glendon, Andrew K Godwin, David E Goldgar, Teodora Goranova, Martin Gore, Mark H Greene, Jacek Gronwald, Stephen Gruber, Eric Hahnen, Christopher A Haiman, Niclas Håkansson, Ute Hamann, Thomas V O Hansen, Patricia A Harrington, Holly R Harris, Jan Hauke, HEBON Study, Alexander Hein, Alex Henderson, Michelle A T Hildebrandt, Peter Hillemanns, Shirley Hodgson, Claus K Høgdall, Estrid Høgdall, Frans B L Hogervorst, Helene Holland, Maartje J Hooning, Karen Hosking, Ruea-Yea Huang, Peter J Hulick, Jillian Hung, David J Hunter, David G Huntsman, Tomasz Huzarski, Evgeny N Imyanitov, Claudine Isaacs, Edwin S Iversen, Louise Izatt, Angel Izquierdo, Anna Jakubowska, Paul James, Ramunas Janavicius, Mats Jernetz, Allan Jensen, Uffe Birk Jensen, Esther M John, Sharon Johnatty, Michael E Jones, Päivi Kannisto, Beth Y Karlan, Anthony Karnezis, Karin Kast, KConFab Investigators, Catherine J Kennedy, Elza Khusnutdinova, Lambertus A Kiemeney, Johanna I Kiiski, Sung-Won Kim, Susanne K Kjaer, Martin Köbel, Reidun K Kopperud, Torben A Kruse, Jolanta Kupryjanczyk, Ava Kwong, Yael Laitman, Diether Lambrechts, Nerea Larrañaga, Melissa C Larson, Conxi Lazaro, Nhu D Le, Loic Le Marchand, Jong Won Lee, Shashikant B Lele, Arto Leminen, Dominique Leroux, Jenny Lester, Fabienne Lesueur, Douglas A Levine, Dong Liang, Clemens Liebrich, Jenna Lilyquist, Loren Lipworth, Jolanta Lissowska, Karen H Lu, Jan Lubinński, Craig Luccarini, Lene Lundvall, Phuong L Mai, Gustavo Mendoza-Fandiño, Siranoush Manoukian, Leon F A G Massuger, Taymaa May, Sylvie Mazoyer, Jessica N McAlpine, Valerie McGuire, John R McLaughlin, Iain McNeish, Hanne Meijers-Heijboer, Alfons Meindl, Usha Menon, Arjen R Mensenkamp, Melissa A Merritt, Roger L Milne, Gillian Mitchell, Francesmary Modugno, Joanna Moes-Sosnowska, Melissa Moffitt, Marco Montagna, Kirsten B Moysich, Anna Marie Mulligan, Jacob Musinsky, Katherine L Nathanson, Lotte Nedergaard, Roberta B Ness, Susan L Neuhausen, Heli Nevanlinna, Dieter Niederacher, Robert L Nussbaum, Kunle Odunsi, Edith Olah, Olufunmilayo I Olopade, Håkan Olsson, Curtis Olswold, David M O'Malley, Kai-ren Ong, N Charlotte Onland-Moret, OPAL study group, Nicholas Orr, Sandra Orsulic, Ana Osorio, Domenico Palli, Laura Papi, Tjoung-Won Park-Simon, James Paul, Celeste L Pearce, Inge Søkilde Pedersen, Petra H M Peeters, Bernard Peissel, Ana Peixoto, Tanja Pejovic, Liisa M Pelttari, Jennifer B Permuth, Paolo Peterlongo, Lidia Pezzani, Georg Pfeiler, Kelly-Anne Phillips, Marion Piedmonte, Malcolm C Pike, Anna M Piskorz, Samantha R Poblete, Timea Pocza, Elizabeth M Poole, Bruce Poppe, Mary E Porteous, Fabienne Prieur, Darya Prokofyeva, Elizabeth Pugh, Miquel Angel Pujana, Pascal Pujol, Paolo Radice, Johanna Rantala, Christine Rappaport-Fuerhauser, Gad Rennert, Kerstin Rhiem, Patricia Rice, Andrea Richardson, Mark Robson, Gustavo C Rodriguez, Cristina Rodríguez-Antona, Jane Romm, Matti A Rookus, Mary Anne Rossing, Joseph H Rothstein, Anja Rudolph, Ingo B Runnebaum, Helga B Salvesen, Dale P Sandler, Minouk J Schoemaker, Leigha Senter, V Wendy Setiawan, Gianluca Severi, Priyanka Sharma, Tameka Shelford, Nadeem Siddiqui, Lucy E Side, Weiva Sieh, Christian F Singer, Hagay Sobol, Honglin Song, Melissa C Southey, Amanda B Spurdle, Zsofia Stadler, Doris Steinemann, Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet, Lara E Sucheston-Campbell, Grzegorz Sukiennicki, Rebecca Sutphen, Christian Sutter, Anthony J Swerdlow, Csilla I Szabo, Lukasz Szafron, Yen Y Tan, Jack A Taylor, Muy-Kheng Tea, Manuel R Teixeira, Soo-Hwang Teo, Kathryn L Terry, Pamela J Thompson, Liv Cecilie Vestrheim Thomsen, Darcy L Thull, Laima Tihomirova, Anna V Tinker, Marc Tischkowitz, Silvia Tognazzo, Amanda Ewart Toland, Alicia Tone, Britton Trabert, Ruth C Travis, Antonia Trichopoulou, Nadine Tung, Shelley S Tworoger, Anne M van Altena, David Van Den Berg, Annemarie H van der Hout, Rob B van der Luijt, Mattias Van Heetvelde, Els Van Nieuwenhuysen, Elizabeth J van Rensburg, Adriaan Vanderstichele, Raymonda Varon-Mateeva, Ana Vega, Digna Velez Edwards, Ignace Vergote, Robert A Vierkant, Joseph Vijai, Athanassios Vratimos, Lisa Walker, Christine Walsh, Dorothea Wand, Shan Wang-Gohrke, Barbara Wappenschmidt, Penelope M Webb, Clarice R Weinberg, Jeffrey N Weitzel, Nicolas Wentzensen, Alice S Whittemore, Juul T Wijnen, Lynne R Wilkens, Alicja Wolk, Michelle Woo, Xifeng Wu, Anna H Wu, Hannah Yang, Drakoulis Yannoukakos, Argyrios Ziogas, Kristin K Zorn, Steven A Narod, Douglas F Easton, Christopher I Amos, Joellen M Schildkraut, Susan J Ramus, Laura Ottini, Marc T Goodman, Sue K Park, Linda E Kelemen, Harvey A Risch, Mads Thomassen, Kenneth Offit, Jacques Simard, Rita Katharina Schmutzler, Dennis Hazelett, Alvaro N Monteiro, Fergus J Couch, Andrew Berchuck, Georgia Chenevix-Trench, Ellen L Goode, Thomas A Sellers, Simon A Gayther, Antonis C Antoniou & Paul D P Pharoah doi:10.1038/ng.3826 Paul Pharoah and colleagues report the results of a large genome-wide association study of ovarian cancer. They identify new susceptibility loci for different epithelial ovarian cancer histotypes and use integrated analyses of genes and regulatory features at each locus to predict candidate susceptibility genes, including OBFC1. The impact of structural variation on human gene expression   pp692 - 699 Colby Chiang, Alexandra J Scott, Joe R Davis, Emily K Tsang, Xin Li, Yungil Kim, Tarik Hadzic, Farhan N Damani, Liron Ganel, GTEx Consortium, Stephen B Montgomery, Alexis Battle, Donald F Conrad & Ira M Hall doi:10.1038/ng.3834 Ira Hall, Donald Conrad, the GTEx consortium and colleagues identify 23,602 high-confidence structural variants (SVs) and 24,884 cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) across 13 human tissues. They estimate that SVs are the causal variant at 3.5-6.8% of eQTLs and identify 789 SVs predicted to directly alter gene expression, most of which are noncoding variants in regulatory elements. Population- and individual-specific regulatory variation in Sardinia   pp700 - 707 Mauro Pala, Zachary Zappala, Mara Marongiu, Xin Li, Joe R Davis, Roberto Cusano, Francesca Crobu, Kimberly R Kukurba, Michael J Gloudemans, Frederic Reinier, Riccardo Berutti, Maria G Piras, Antonella Mulas, Magdalena Zoledziewska, Michele Marongiu, Elena P Sorokin, Gaelen T Hess, Kevin S Smith, Fabio Busonero, Andrea Maschio, Maristella Steri, Carlo Sidore, Serena Sanna, Edoardo Fiorillo, Michael C Bassik, Stephen J Sawcer, Alexis Battle, John Novembre, Chris Jones, Andrea Angius, Gonçalo R Abecasis, David Schlessinger, Francesco Cucca & Stephen B Montgomery doi:10.1038/ng.3840 Francesco Cucca, Stephen Montgomery and colleagues identify regulatory variants that influence gene expression and splicing using whole-genome and transcriptome sequence data from 624 Sardinians. They find a high frequency of splicing and expression quantitative trait loci near genes involved in malarial resistance and multiple sclerosis. Reference component analysis of single-cell transcriptomes elucidates cellular heterogeneity in human colorectal tumors   pp708 - 718 Huipeng Li, Elise T Courtois, Debarka Sengupta, Yuliana Tan, Kok Hao Chen, Jolene Jie Lin Goh, Say Li Kong, Clarinda Chua, Lim Kiat Hon, Wah Siew Tan, Mark Wong, Paul Jongjoon Choi, Lawrence J K Wee, Axel M Hillmer, Iain Beehuat Tan, Paul Robson & Shyam Prabhakar doi:10.1038/ng.3818 Shyam Prabhakar, Paul Robson, Iain Beehuat Tan and colleagues characterize the cellular heterogeneity of colorectal tumors and their microenvironment on the basis of single-cell RNA-seq data analyzed with their newly developed clustering algorithm, reference component analysis (RCA). Their analyses identify two subtypes of cancer-associated fibroblasts and further divide tumors into subgroups with divergent survival probabilities. Potential energy landscapes identify the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome   pp719 - 729 Garrett Jenkinson, Elisabet Pujadas, John Goutsias & Andrew P Feinberg doi:10.1038/ng.3811 Andrew Feinberg, John Goutsias and colleagues derive potential energy landscapes from bisulfite sequencing data and quantify DNA methylation stochasticity genome-wide using Shannon's entropy, identifying an association between entropy and chromatin structure. Their analysis highlights the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome and provides a methodology for studying its role in disease and aging. A single-copy Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis screen identifies new PTEN-cooperating tumor suppressor genes   pp730 - 741 Jorge de la Rosa, Julia Weber, Mathias Josef Friedrich, Yilong Li, Lena Rad, Hannes Ponstingl, Qi Liang, Sandra Bernaldo de Quirós, Imran Noorani, Emmanouil Metzakopian, Alexander Strong, Meng Amy Li, Aurora Astudillo, María Teresa Fernández-García, María Soledad Fernández-García, Gary J Hoffman, Rocío Fuente, George S Vassiliou, Roland Rad, Carlos López-Otín, Allan Bradley & Juan Cadiñanos doi:10.1038/ng.3817 Juan Cadiñanos and colleagues perform an insertional mutagenesis screen with a single-copy inactivating Sleeping Beauty transposon to look for Pten-cooperating tumor suppressor genes in mice. They find novel candidate cancer genes, verify their clinical relevance in patient cohorts and functionally demonstrate their synergistic relationship to Pten in tumor suppression. Chromatin-remodeling factor SMARCD2 regulates transcriptional networks controlling differentiation of neutrophil granulocytes   pp742 - 752 Maximilian Witzel, Daniel Petersheim, Yanxin Fan, Ehsan Bahrami, Tomas Racek, Meino Rohlfs, Jacek Puchałka, Christian Mertes, Julien Gagneur, Christoph Ziegenhain, Wolfgang Enard, Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen, Peter D Arkwright, Miguel R Abboud, Vahid Pazhakh, Graham J Lieschke, Peter M Krawitz, Maik Dahlhoff, Marlon R Schneider, Eckhard Wolf, Hans-Peter Horny, Heinrich Schmidt, Alejandro A Schäffer & Christoph Klein doi:10.1038/ng.3833 Christoph Klein and colleagues identify loss-of-function mutations in SMARCD2 (BAF60b) that lead to neutropenia, specific granule deficiency and myelodysplasia. They show that SMARCD2 controls differentiation of myeloid-erythroid progenitor cells through interaction with CEBPε and that reduced SMARCD2 levels cause transcription and chromatin alterations in acute myeloid leukemia cells. See also: News and Views by Michel & Kadoch | Article by Priam et al. SMARCD2 subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes mediates granulopoiesis through a CEBPε dependent mechanism   pp753 - 764 Pierre Priam, Veneta Krasteva, Philippe Rousseau, Giovanni D'Angelo, Louis Gaboury, Guy Sauvageau & Julie A Lessard doi:10.1038/ng.3812 Julie Lessard and colleagues report that ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex subunit SMARCD2 is essential for granulocyte development. They find that Smarcd2-deficient mice fail to generate functioning neutrophils and eosinophils, and they determine that the divergent coiled-coil 1 and SWIB domains are responsible for functional specificity during granulocyte differentiation. See also: News and Views by Michel & Kadoch | Article by Witzel et al. Genomic analyses of primitive, wild and cultivated citrus provide insights into asexual reproduction OPEN   pp765 - 772 Xia Wang, Yuantao Xu, Siqi Zhang, Li Cao, Yue Huang, Junfeng Cheng, Guizhi Wu, Shilin Tian, Chunli Chen, Yan Liu, Huiwen Yu, Xiaoming Yang, Hong Lan, Nan Wang, Lun Wang, Jidi Xu, Xiaolin Jiang, Zongzhou Xie, Meilian Tan, Robert M Larkin, Ling-Ling Chen, Bin-Guang Ma, Yijun Ruan, Xiuxin Deng & Qiang Xu doi:10.1038/ng.3839 Qiang Xu and colleagues sequence four citrus species de novo, along with 100 accessions, including primitive, wild and cultivated citrus. Their genomic analyses associate the CitRWP gene with polyembryony and suggest that regions harboring energy- and reproduction-associated genes are probably under selection in cultivated citrus. Natural variation at the soybean J locus improves adaptation to the tropics and enhances yield   pp773 - 779 Sijia Lu, Xiaohui Zhao, Yilong Hu, Shulin Liu, Haiyang Nan, Xiaoming Li, Chao Fang, Dong Cao, Xinyi Shi, Lingping Kong, Tong Su, Fengge Zhang, Shichen Li, Zheng Wang, Xiaohui Yuan, Elroy R Cober, James L Weller, Baohui Liu, Xingliang Hou, Zhixi Tian & Fanjiang Kong doi:10.1038/ng.3819 Fanjiang Kong, Zhixi Tian, Xingliang Hou, Baohui Liu and colleagues report the cloning and functional characterization of J, the locus underlying the long-juvenile (LJ) trait that has enabled tropical cultivation of soybean. They show that J, an ortholog of Arabidopsis ELF3, downregulates the expression of E1, thereby promoting flowering under short-day conditions. Advertisement AGRICULTURAL GENOMICS 2017 - Functional Genomics toward Green Crops for Sustainable Agriculture  Hosting Organizations: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement | Huazhong Agricultural University | Nature Genetics | Nature Plants | Nature Communications October 25-27, 2017 Conference Hall, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement | Wuhan, China   REGISTER NOW!     Letters Top Spatial heterogeneity in medulloblastoma   pp780 - 788 A Sorana Morrissy, Florence M G Cavalli, Marc Remke, Vijay Ramaswamy, David J H Shih, Borja L Holgado, Hamza Farooq, Laura K Donovan, Livia Garzia, Sameer Agnihotri, Erin N Kiehna, Eloi Mercier, Chelsea Mayoh, Simon Papillon-Cavanagh, Hamid Nikbakht, Tenzin Gayden, Jonathon Torchia, Daniel Picard, Diana M Merino, Maria Vladoiu, Betty Luu, Xiaochong Wu, Craig Daniels, Stuart Horswell, Yuan Yao Thompson, Volker Hovestadt, Paul A Northcott, David T W Jones, John Peacock, Xin Wang, Stephen C Mack, Jüri Reimand, Steffen Albrecht, Adam M Fontebasso, Nina Thiessen, Yisu Li, Jacqueline E Schein, Darlene Lee, Rebecca Carlsen, Michael Mayo, Kane Tse, Angela Tam, Noreen Dhalla, Adrian Ally, Eric Chuah, Young Cheng, Patrick Plettner, Haiyan I Li, Richard D Corbett, Tina Wong, William Long, James Loukides, Pawel Buczkowicz, Cynthia E Hawkins, Uri Tabori, Brian R Rood, John S Myseros, Roger J Packer, Andrey Korshunov, Peter Lichter, Marcel Kool, Stefan M Pfister, Ulrich Schüller, Peter Dirks, Annie Huang, Eric Bouffet, James T Rutka, Gary D Bader, Charles Swanton, Yusanne Ma, Richard A Moore, Andrew J Mungall, Jacek Majewski, Steven J M Jones, Sunit Das, David Malkin, Nada Jabado, Marco A Marra & Michael D Taylor doi:10.1038/ng.3838 Michael Taylor, Marco Marra and colleagues analyze spatial tumor heterogeneity in 9 medulloblastomas, 16 high-grade gliomas and 10 renal cell carcinomas, using a combination of transcriptomic and genomic profiling of multiregional biopsies. They find that medulloblastomas have spatially homogeneous transcriptomes, whereas somatic mutations that affect genes suitable for targeted therapeutics are spatially heterogeneous. Genome-wide association study of glioma subtypes identifies specific differences in genetic susceptibility to glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma tumors   pp789 - 794 Beatrice S Melin, Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan, Margaret R Wrensch, Christoffer Johansen, Dora Il'yasova, Ben Kinnersley, Quinn T Ostrom, Karim Labreche, Yanwen Chen, Georgina Armstrong, Yanhong Liu, Jeanette E Eckel-Passow, Paul A Decker, Marianne Labussière, Ahmed Idbaih, Khe Hoang-Xuan, Anna-Luisa Di Stefano, Karima Mokhtari, Jean-Yves Delattre, Peter Broderick, Pilar Galan, Konstantinos Gousias, Johannes Schramm, Minouk J Schoemaker, Sarah J Fleming, Stefan Herms, Stefanie Heilmann, Markus M Nöthen, Heinz-Erich Wichmann, Stefan Schreiber, Anthony Swerdlow, Mark Lathrop, Matthias Simon, Marc Sanson, Ulrika Andersson, Preetha Rajaraman, Stephen Chanock, Martha Linet, Zhaoming Wang, Meredith Yeager, GliomaScan Consortium, John K Wiencke, Helen Hansen, Lucie McCoy, Terri Rice, Matthew L Kosel, Hugues Sicotte, Christopher I Amos, Jonine L Bernstein, Faith Davis, Dan Lachance, Ching Lau, Ryan T Merrell, Joellen Shildkraut, Francis Ali-Osman, Siegal Sadetzki, Michael Scheurer, Sanjay Shete, Rose K Lai, Elizabeth B Claus, Sara H Olson, Robert B Jenkins, Richard S Houlston & Melissa L Bondy doi:10.1038/ng.3823 Beatrice Melin, Richard Houlston, Melissa Bondy and colleagues report results of a large-scale genome-wide association study of glioma. They identify five new risk loci for glioblastoma and eight new risk loci for non-glioblastoma tumors, highlighting distinct genetic etiologies for these two glioma subtypes. IFN-λ3, not IFN-λ4, likely mediates IFNL3-IFNL4 haplotype-dependent hepatic inflammation and fibrosis   pp795 - 800 Mohammed Eslam, Duncan McLeod, Kebitsaone Simon Kelaeng, Alessandra Mangia, Thomas Berg, Khaled Thabet, William L Irving, Gregory J Dore, David Sheridan, Henning Grønbæk, Maria Lorena Abate, Rune Hartmann, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Ulrich Spengler, Angela Rojas, David R Booth, Martin Weltman, Lindsay Mollison, Wendy Cheng, Stephen Riordan, Hema Mahajan, Janett Fischer, Jacob Nattermann, Mark W Douglas, Christopher Liddle, Elizabeth Powell, Manuel Romero-Gomez, Jacob George & the International Liver Disease Genetics Consortium (ILDGC) doi:10.1038/ng.3836 Jacob George and colleagues examine whether the association of the IFNL3-IFNL4 region with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis is mediated by IFN-λ3 or IFN-λ4. They find greater hepatic inflammation, fibrosis progression rate and hepatic infiltration of immune cells in individuals with the risk haplotype that produces IFN-λ3 but not IFN-λ4. Whole-genome sequencing identifies rare genotypes in COMP and CHADL associated with high risk of hip osteoarthritis   pp801 - 805 Unnur Styrkarsdottir, Hannes Helgason, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Gudmundur L Norddahl, Arna B Agustsdottir, Louise N Reynard, Amanda Villalvilla, Gisli H Halldorsson, Aslaug Jonasdottir, Audur Magnusdottir, Asmundur Oddson, Gerald Sulem, Florian Zink, Gardar Sveinbjornsson, Agnar Helgason, Hrefna S Johannsdottir, Anna Helgadottir, Hreinn Stefansson, Solveig Gretarsdottir, Thorunn Rafnar, Ina S Almdahl, Anne Brækhus, Tormod Fladby, Geir Selbæk, Farhad Hosseinpanah, Fereidoun Azizi, Jung Min Koh, Nelson L S Tang, Maryam S Daneshpour, Jose I Mayordomo, Corrine Welt, Peter S Braund, Nilesh J Samani, Lambertus A Kiemeney, L Stefan Lohmander, Claus Christiansen, Ole A Andreassen, arcOGEN consortium, Olafur Magnusson, Gisli Masson, Augustine Kong, Ingileif Jonsdottir, Daniel Gudbjartsson, Patrick Sulem, Helgi Jonsson, John Loughlin, Thorvaldur Ingvarsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir & Kari Stefansson doi:10.1038/ng.3816 Kari Stefansson, Unnur Styrkarsdottir and colleagues identify rare genotypes in COMP and CHADL associated with high risk of total hip replacement due to osteoarthritis. The high odds ratios associated with these rare risk genotypes suggest that they may represent Mendelian forms of osteoarthritis. Estimating the selective effects of heterozygous protein-truncating variants from human exome data   pp806 - 810 Christopher A Cassa, Donate Weghorn, Daniel J Balick, Daniel M Jordan, David Nusinow, Kaitlin E Samocha, Anne O'Donnell-Luria, Daniel G MacArthur, Mark J Daly, David R Beier & Shamil R Sunyaev doi:10.1038/ng.3831 Shamil Sunyaev, David Beier and colleagues report an analysis of the fitness effects of heterozygous protein-truncating variants from the Exome Aggregation Consortium. They find that high heterozygous selection coefficients are enriched in Mendelian disease-associated genes and essential mouse genes, suggesting that this coefficient can be used to prioritize candidate disease-associated genes from clinical exome-sequencing data. Signatures of adaptation in the weedy rice genome   pp811 - 814 Lin-Feng Li, Ya-Ling Li, Yulin Jia, Ana L Caicedo & Kenneth M Olsen doi:10.1038/ng.3825 Kenneth Olsen, Ana Caicedo and colleagues analyze whole-genome sequences of two strains of weedy relatives of cultivated rice. They find that weedy rice strains are primarily descended from domesticated ancestors and that few genetic differences accompanied the emergence of weediness traits. See also: News and Views by Stewart Top Advertisement nature.com webcasts Springer Nature presents a custom webcast on: Perturb-seq: High Throughput CRISPR Screening via Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Date: Wednesday May 10, 2017 Time: 11AM PDT | 2PM EDT  Register FREE   Sponsored by:  10x Genomics   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. 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