Science X Newsletter Tuesday, Apr 9

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for April 9, 2019:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Inflatable space robots with integrated dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs)

Jupiter's atmosphere heats up under solar wind

Evidence of pair-density wave (PDW) in spin-valley locked systems

Gas dynamics in a nearby protostellar binary system studied with ALMA

How machine learning can help regulators

A Jetsons future? Assessing the role of flying cars in sustainable mobility

New fossil evidence claims first discovery of taro in Maori gardens

Novel membrane material removes more impurities without the need for toxic solvents

Life could be evolving right now on nearest exoplanets

Scientists build a machine to generate quantum superposition of possible futures

Tracking records of the oldest life forms on Earth

Newly devised static negative capacitor could improve computing

Engineers develop concept for hybrid heavy-duty trucks

Study shows potential for Earth-friendly plastic replacement

Blood-based colon cancer screen shows promise

Astronomy & Space news

	Jupiter's atmosphere heats up under solar wind New Earth-based telescope observations show that auroras at Jupiter's poles are heating the planet's atmosphere to a greater depth than previously thought—and that it is a rapid response to the solar wind.
	Gas dynamics in a nearby protostellar binary system studied with ALMA An international team of astronomers used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to investigate gas dynamics in a nearby young protostellar binary known as IRAS 16293−2422. Results of the observations, presented in a paper published March 29, provide more insights into the evolutionary status of this system.
	Life could be evolving right now on nearest exoplanets Excitement about exoplanets skyrocketed when rocky Earth-like planets were discovered orbiting in the habitable zone of some of our closest stars – until hopes for life were dashed by the high levels of radiation bombarding those worlds.
	Grapes on Mars? Georgia winemakers aiming high Georgia is immensely proud of its ancient wine-making tradition, claiming to have been the first nation to make wine. Now it wants to be the first to grow grapes on Mars.
	Black holes: picturing the heart of darkness Astronomers are poised Wednesday to unveil the first direct image of a black hole and the surrounding whirlwind of white-hot gas and plasma inexorably drawn by gravity into its ravenous maw, along with the light they generate.
	Astronomers find evidence of a planet with a mass almost 13 times that of Jupiter In the past three decades, almost 4,000 planet-like objects have been discovered orbiting isolated stars outside the solar system (exoplanets). Beginning in 2011, it was possible to use NASA's Kepler Space Telescope to observe the first exoplanets in orbit around young binary systems of two live stars with hydrogen still burning in their core.
	Young entrepreneur aims to send 3-D-printed rockets to space To see Tim Ellis hunched over his laptop, alone in a room at a major space industry conference in Colorado, you can hardly imagine that he might be the next Elon Musk.
	New model accurately predicts harmful space weather A new, first-of-its-kind space weather model reliably predicts space storms of high-energy particles that are harmful to many satellites and spacecraft orbiting in the Earth's outer radiation belt. A paper recently published in the journal Space Weather details how the model can accurately give a one-day warning prior to a space storm of ultra-high-speed electrons, often referred to as "killer" electrons because of the damage they can do to spacecraft such as navigation, communications, and weather monitoring satellites. This is the first time researchers have successfully predicted those killer electrons across the whole outer belt region.
	U.S. wants a crewed mission to the moon in five years – but can and should that be done? This year marks the 50th anniversary of the first moon landing and a significant turning point in world history. The Israeli robotic mission Beresheet has just arrived in lunar orbit, with a scheduled landing on April 11 – making Israel the fourth country to land on the surface of the moon. It follows China's exciting first ever landing on the moon's far side in January.
	What is a black hole? Searching for what can't be seen Massive, ravenous, powerful beyond measure -– physicists are convinced that black holes exist, even if no one has directly observed one.
	NASA launches two rockets studying auroras NASA successfully launched the Auroral Zone Upwelling Rocket Experiment or AZURE mission on April 5 from the Andøya Space Center in Norway.

Technology news

	Inflatable space robots with integrated dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs) Researchers at the Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Technische Universität Dresden have recently designed a new type of inflatable robot for space navigation. These robots, presented in a paper published in SPIE Digital Library, were created using dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs), which are essentially electrical capacitors made from soft rubbery materials.
	A Jetsons future? Assessing the role of flying cars in sustainable mobility In the 1960s animated sitcom The Jetsons, George Jetson commutes to work in his family-size flying car, which miraculously transforms into a briefcase at the end of the trip.
	Engineers develop concept for hybrid heavy-duty trucks Heavy-duty trucks, such as the 18-wheelers that transport many of the world's goods from farm or factory to market, are virtually all powered by diesel engines. They account for a significant portion of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, but little has been done so far to curb their climate-change-inducing exhaust.
	Google drone deliveries cleared for take-off in Australia A Google-linked firm will start delivering takeaways and other small items to Canberra residents after the company received approval from aviation watchdogs in Australia on Tuesday.
	Machine learning drives self-driving approach from Wayve For the self-driving car skittish, what could be more of a nail-biter than imagining your autonomous car making its way down narrow city streets in the UK, parking permitted on both sides of the space-choked narrow path, on a wet, cloudy day, cyclists, small delivery vans on your path, at intersections, everywhere, the works.
	Technology makes fuel cells more powerful, more durable, less expensive One of the most promising clean energy technologies just got even better. Researchers from the University of Delaware have developed the most powerful, durable hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell components on record, which they recently described in the journal Nature Energy. The key ingredient? Membranes made from poly(aryl piperidinium) polymers.
	Meet Blue, the low-cost, human-friendly robot designed for AI Robots may have a knack for super-human strength and precision, but they still struggle with some basic human tasks—like folding laundry or making a cup of coffee.
	All things could be part of the Internet of Things with new RFID system Frying pans, pill bottles, yoga mats, coffee cups and countless other nonelectronic objects could be turned into a network of Internet of Things sensors with a new RFID-based technology from the University of Michigan.
	Will Deep Press be part of Android Q? Tweet reference raises buzz How possible is it that something called Deep Press has been added to the code for Google's next, the Android Q? Fueling the curiosity is that it reminds tech watchers of something from Apple. Turns out that Android Q, the next major installment of its mobile operating system, is adding support for Deep Press and it is reminding tech watchers of iOS 3-D Touch.
New algorithm helps to detect and analyze suspicious activity in surveillance footage New research from Binghamton University, State University of New York, could make it easier to track and process suspicious activity in surveillance footage.
	Facebook, Google face widening crackdown over online content Tech giants like Facebook and Google came under increasing pressure in Europe on Monday when countries proposed stricter rules to force them to block extreme material such as terrorist propaganda and child porn.
	Researchers outline a new pavement maintenance model that accounts for future uncertainties in cost and deterioration In 2017, the American Society of Civil Engineer's Infrastructure Report Card gave America's infrastructure an overall grade of a D+. Given that the report found the U.S. had been paying for just half of its infrastructure needs, the low grade unfortunately wasn't surprising.
	Good news for rooftop solar, not for home batteries The energy produced over the lifetime of typical rooftop solar panels more than makes up for the energy it takes to make, mount and then eventually recycle them. But adding a home battery usually lowers those dividends, according to new research from Stanford University.
	New quick-fix wrap can repair and reinforce existing structures By protecting concrete pillars with a ready-to-stick wrap developed by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) and JTC, existing structures can be easily repaired and reinforced to extend their lifespan. This new technology is especially useful for urban cities to rehabilitate aging infrastructure, including buildings and bridges that may have developed issues such as cracks and delamination of concrete.
	First machine-generated book published Springer Nature published its first machine-generated book, compiled using an algorithm developed by researchers from Goethe University. This collaboration broke new ground with the first machine-generated book to be published by a scholarly publisher.
	Despite good progress, 100% low-carbon energy is still a long way off for the UK In the past ten years the UK's electricity mix has changed dramatically. Coal's contribution has dropped from 40 percent to 6 percent. Wind, solar power and hydroelectric plants now generate more electricity than nuclear power stations, thanks to rapid growth. Demand for electricity has also fallen, reducing the country's dependence on fossil fuels. Thanks to these three factors, the carbon intensity of Britain's electricity has almost halved, from more than 500g of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour in 2006 to less than 270g in 2018.
	Uber Jumps into electric scooters in Europe Global ride-hailing giant Uber on Tuesday launched in Madrid its first electric kick scooter rental service in Europe through its subsidiary Jump.
	New open-source software predicts impacts of extreme events on grids A new, free, open-source software reliably predicts how damage from hurricanes, ice storms, earthquakes, and other extreme events will restrict power delivery from utility grids. The Severe Contingency Solver for Electric Power Transmission is the only software available—commercially or open-source—that reliably supports analysis of extreme events that cause widespread damage.
	Using bacteria to protect roads from deicer deterioration Tiny bacteria could soon be chipping in to keep roads from chipping away in the winter, according to Drexel University researchers who are looking into new ways to make our infrastructure more resilient.
How artificial intelligence can help in the fight against human trafficking The crime of human trafficking—defined by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as modern-day slavery that "involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act—is notoriously difficult to prosecute.
	Facebook enhances memorialized user accounts Facebook on Tuesday improved features of social network accounts kept as memorials to deceased members of the online community.
	Industrial 3-D printing goes skateboarding Kayak paddles, snowshoes, skateboards. Outdoor sporting goods used to be a tough market for 3-D printing to break into, but fused particle fabrication (FPF) can change that.
	Boeing orders and deliveries tumble as Max jet is grounded Orders and deliveries of Boeing's 737 Max plunged in the first quarter as the plane was grounded around the world following a second deadly crash.
	US proposes tariffs on EU products over Airbus subsidies A simmering transatlantic trade row risked escalating on Tuesday after the US threatened to impose tariff counter-measures of up to $11.2 billion on a host of European products.
	Projection system to study insect vision could lead to new navigational aids Development of a virtual reality-like projection system to study insect vision could eventually provide the U.S. Air Force with a new type of navigation system.
	Backpackers are worried about using mobile devices in Ghana Backpacking emerged in the 1970s as a low cost form of travel that allowed particularly young people to explore the world without spending too much money.
	EU: Facebook changes terms to show it makes money from data Facebook has changed the fine print in its terms of service to clearly explain to users that it makes money by using their data, the European Commission said Tuesday.
	Facebook, Google face House hearing on white nationalism Executives from Google and Facebook are facing Congress Tuesday to answer questions about their role in the spread of hate crimes and the rise of white nationalism in the U.S.
	Airbus v. Boeing at the WTO: Only the lawyers win The tit-for-tat legal battle between Airbus and Boeing at the World Trade Organization could, after 15 years, be fairly described as epic.

Medicine & Health news

	Blood-based colon cancer screen shows promise If caught early, nearly all cases of colon cancer are curable. Though this should make screening tests straightforward, colon cancer screening suffers from a paradoxical combination of low compliance rates and overdiagnosis.
	Discovery of a restriction factor for hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B is a viral liver infection that can lead to acute or chronic conditions. Although there is a vaccine that offers protection against the virus, current treatments which prevent the virus from replicating are not curative for infected individuals. Scientists at the Institut Pasteur working in collaboration with the CNRS have demonstrated that a cellular protein is capable of acting as a restriction factor for the hepatitis B virus by degrading the viral DNA.
	Advances in deep brain stimulation could lead to new treatments A new paper published in Nature Reviews Neurology suggests that recent advances in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease could lead to treatments for conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and depression. The authors of the paper, from the Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), University of Geneva, University of Tübingen and the Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, argue that bi-directional electrodes that can stimulate and record from deep brain structures could have applications beyond Parkinson's disease.
	New tool helps find genetic culprits in cancer's spread The ability of cancer to establish itself in distant parts of the body—called metastasis—causes 90% of deaths from solid tumors. Metastasis is the result of complex genetic interactions that have proven difficult for scientists to study. Now Yale researchers have devised a way to identify some of the most dangerous of those interactions, they report April 8 in the journal Nature Methods.
	Identifying regions that would most benefit from an innovative strategy against malaria An analysis led by ISGlobal identifies African regions where ivermectin administration to livestock would have the greatest impact on malaria transmission. The results, published in Scientific Reports, point to West Africa, below the Sahel, where malaria prevalence is very high.
	Study shows thousands of neurons becoming active during thirst and quench cycle A team of researchers with Stanford University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute has used a new tool to record activation of thousands of neurons due to thirst and quenching in a mouse brain. In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes their study of the mouse brain during cycles of thirst and drinking water and what they found.
	Autism symptoms reduced nearly 50 percent two years after fecal transplant According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about one in every 59 children in the U.S. is diagnosed with autism, up from one in every 150 in 2000. They report that "about half a million people on the autism spectrum will become adults over the next decade, a swelling tide for which the country is unprepared."
	Researchers discover neural patterns key to understanding disorders such as PTSD Researchers at the University of California, Irvine have identified for the first time an imbalance in a key neural pathway that explains how some people reactivate negative emotional memories. The finding could help scientists unlock new ways to treat psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
	Empathy can help cooperative behavior 'win out' over selfishness: game theory study It's a big part of what makes us human: we cooperate. But humans aren't saints. Most of us are more likely to help someone we consider good than someone we consider a jerk.
	Famous cancer-fighting gene also protects against birth defects New research has revealed how the famous tumour suppressor gene p53 is surprisingly critical for development of the neural tube in female embryos. This is important because healthy development of the neural tube is needed for the brain and the spinal cord to form properly.
	Cancer-killing combination therapies unveiled with new drug-screening tool UC San Francisco scientists have designed a large-scale screen that efficiently identifies drugs that are potent cancer-killers when combined, but only weakly effective when used alone. Using this technique, the researchers eradicated a devastating blood cancer and certain solid tumor cells by jointly administering drugs that are only partially effective when used as single-agent therapies. The effort, a cross-disciplinary collaboration between UCSF researchers, is described in a study published April 9 in the journal Cell Reports.
	New intervention doubles quit rate among smokers with severe mental illness Led by the University of York's Mental Health Addictions Research Group, SCIMITAR+ is the largest ever trial to support smoking cessation among people who use mental health services. Smoking rates among people with mental health conditions are among the highest of any group having changed little over the last 20 years, while other smokers have quit. This new study demonstrates that with the right support this inequality could be a thing of the past.
	Nature could provide the answer for blindness caused by diabetes, say experts Mother Nature could have the answer to treating several causes of blindness, according to a ground-breaking study involving scientists from the University of Surrey and the Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute at Indiana University School of Medicine in the USA.
	High-intensity interval training increases injuries, study finds People who engage in high-intensity interval training are at greater risk for injury, especially in the knees and shoulders, a Rutgers study found.
	ACP issues guidance statement for breast cancer screening of average-risk women Average-risk women, between the ages of 50 and 74, who have no symptoms for breast cancer should undergo breast cancer screening with mammography every other year, the American College of Physicians (ACP) states in a new evidence-based guidance statement published today in Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Turning a patient's own cells into cancer fighters The next cancer therapy could be a patient's own cells.
	Preventing addiction with insight from scruffy dogs and ancient meditation When Ivan Pavlov was measuring dog slobber at the turn of the 20th century, he could not have imagined all the ways his classical conditioning research would shape the future of scientific discovery.
	One-in-four families delay their child's school entry and older children are more school-ready: Big data study A UNSW-led study of more than 100,000 children is the largest ever to examine who delays starting school in New South Wales, and how a child's age when they start school relates to their 'readiness' in terms of development.
	Housing WOFs need to be combined with education, study shows Alongside funding and regulatory support, understanding how housing affects health and safety can spur owners to make improvements to their properties, researchers from the University of Otago, Wellington and Waitara Initiatives Supporting Employment Trust (WISE) Better Homes have found.
	Virtual reality offers benefits for Parkinson's disease patients Researchers are reporting early success with a new tool to help people with Parkinson's disease improve their balance and potentially decrease falls with high-tech help: virtual reality. After practicing with a virtual reality system for six weeks, people with Parkinson's disease demonstrated improved obstacle negotiation and balance along with more confidence navigating around obstacles in their path.
	Ovarian cancer patients undertested for mutations that could guide clinical care Fewer than a quarter of breast cancer patients and a third of ovarian cancer patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2014 in two states underwent genetic testing for cancer-associated mutations, according to a study by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and several other organizations.
	High-dose vitamin D shows benefit in patients with advanced colorectal cancer Results of a small clinical trial suggest that supplementing chemotherapy with high doses of vitamin D may benefit patients with metastatic colorectal cancer by delaying progression of the disease, say scientists from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
	Many nurse practitioners cannot provide medications to treat opioid addiction At least six states with high opioid abuse rates also have strong work restrictions that hinder nurse practitioners (NPs) in prescribing medication that can help treat the problem, according to a study by researchers at UC San Francisco.
	Researchers make progress toward Epstein-Barr virus vaccine A research team led by scientists from NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has determined how several antibodies induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with certain cancers, block infection of cells grown in the laboratory. They then used this information to develop novel vaccine candidates that, in animals, elicited potent anti-EBV antibody responses that blocked infection of cell types involved in EBV-associated cancers.
	High-strength MRI tracks multiple sclerosis progression The development of scars, or lesions, in the brain's cortical gray matter is a powerful predictor of neurological disability for people with multiple sclerosis (MS), according to study appearing in the journal Radiology. Researchers said that the findings suggest a role for ultra-high-field-strength MRI in evaluating the progression of MS.
	The health-care cost of weight bias At a recent obesity medicine conference, Fatima Cody Stanford was approached by a colleague who said she'd always been standoffish around Stanford and wanted to explain why. When they were five years old, she said, taking a dance class together, Stanford had told her she was fat.
	Decline in physical activity often starts as early as age seven Overall physical activity often starts to decline around the age of school entry. While the proportion of physically inactive individuals rises with age, there still are groups of people who manage to increase their physical activity level in adulthood and old age.
	Breakthrough in knowledge of how some sarcomas arise The origin of certain cancers in the sarcoma group is associated with a hitherto unknown interaction among different proteins. Findings now being presented create the opportunity to test new treatments of these forms of sarcoma.
	First birth via robot-assisted uterus transplant A boy 48 centimeters long, weighing 2900 grams, is the first baby born after the technological shift in Swedish research on uterine transplantation. The birth, with the planned cesarean delivery (C-section), took place on Monday April 8, and the whole family is doing fine.
	For Alzheimer's and dementia patients, thoughtful design can have big impact The moment USC Assistant Professor Kyle Konis got into architecture, he was taught the importance of natural light.
	Role of vested interests in hypertension overdiagnosis criticized Did you know the definition of high blood pressure (hypertension) in the United States was recently greatly expanded? Overnight, tens of millions of people were reclassified, leaving one in every two adults with a diagnosis of hypertension.
	Animal-assisted therapy improves social behavior in patients with brain injuries Animal-assisted therapy can foster social competence in patients with brain injuries and increase their emotional involvement during therapy. These were the findings of a clinical trial conducted by psychologists from the University of Basel and published in the journal Scientific Reports.
	Researchers identify trigger and mechanism in type 1 diabetes Researchers at National Jewish Health have identified an elusive trigger of type 1 diabetes. A protein fragment formed in the pancreas activates the immune system's T cells, leading them to attack and destroy beta cells, which produce insulin. Lack of insulin is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes.
	Anti-inflammatory medicine can have a beneficial effect on depression The World Health Organization (WHO) calls depression one of the most serious mental disorders, and researchers around the world are trying to improve treatment of the disease.
	First two-drug regimen approved for HIV-1 treatment (HealthDay)—The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has announced the approval of Dovato (dolutegravir and lamivudine), the first approved two-drug, fixed-dose, complete regimen for adults with HIV-1 who have not been previously treated with antiretroviral medication.
	FDA warns against use of preowned or unauthorized test strips (HealthDay)—The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is warning patients not to use preowned test strips or test strips not authorized for sale in the United States because of possible infection or inaccurate results that could cause serious harm.
	Draft recommendation promotes screening women for anxiety (HealthDay)—Adolescent and adult women, including those who are pregnant and postpartum, should be assessed for anxiety as a routine preventive health service, according to a draft recommendation statement published online April 1 by the Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI).
	CDC: TB incidence declined slightly in United States in 2017 (HealthDay)—In 2017, tuberculosis (TB) incidence declined in the United States and modest progress was made toward global TB elimination, according to two studies published in the March 21 issue of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
	Vacuum cleaner for the brain: doctor's first-hand account of using groundbreaking stroke treatment Thrombectomy is a revolutionary stroke treatment where the offending clot is literally sucked out of the patient's brain. I performed my first thrombectomy in 2006, but I remember it as though it was yesterday. I was working as a junior doctor in the catheter laboratory ("cathlab") at Saarland University Hospital in Germany when a call came in from Professor Klaus Fassbender, the head of the neurology department. He told me that a 42-year-old soldier had just been admitted, suffering from a severe stroke.
	Nigerian trial shows that universal home visits can reduce maternal risks Nigerian women are at high risk of death related to pregnancy and child birth. Accurate figures are hard to come by, but the World Health Organisation estimates there are more than 800 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births in Nigeria. That's about 100 times higher than rates in Canada or the United Kingdom.
	Electric bikes can boost older people's mental performance and their well-being Getting on your bicycle can give you an enormous sense of freedom and enjoyment. It can increase your independence and knowledge of the local area, and improve your access to the natural (or urban) environment. It can also be highly nostalgic – reminding you of your childhood cycle rides and the joy of being young.
Melatonin's heart protective effects not related to its antioxidant properties Although melatonin does improve the outcomes of induced heart attacks in rats, those improvements are not the result of its antioxidant effect, new research finds. The study comparing antioxidant activity and heart protection will be presented today at the American Physiological Society (APS) annual meeting at Experimental Biology 2019 in Orlando, Fla..
	Study explores how technology can help prompt positive memories for people with depression Researchers have provided a crucial first step towards understanding how computing technology could be used to help people with depression remember happy memories.
	Most adults dying prematurely of natural causes did not seek medical help, report reveals About two-thirds of the adults dying prematurely from natural causes did not seek medical help within the 30 days preceding their death, reported forensic researchers from The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences (IFS).
	How societal attitudes, political rhetoric affect immigrants' health Health is more than the genes we inherit from our parents, the food we eat or the exercise we sweat through at the gym. So-called "social determinants"—our support networks, our access to health care, housing and a stable income, even our surroundings—affect our physical and mental health, too.
	Marijuana for morning sickness? It's not great for baby's brain With a growing number of states legalizing recreational or medical marijuana, more women are using the drug during pregnancy, in part due to its reported ability to relieve morning sickness. A new study, conducted in rats, sheds light on how cannabis exposure affects the brain of a developing fetus.
	Teeth whitening products can harm protein-rich tooth layer Americans spend more than a billion dollars on teeth whitening products each year. Although these products can make smiles brighter, new research shows that they might also be causing tooth damage.
Combining opioids and marijuana may be advantageous for pain sufferers Researchers report combining cannabinoids with morphine did not significantly increase impulsivity or memory impairment in a study conducted in rhesus monkeys. The findings suggest using opioids and marijuana together could offer a safe way to cut opioid dosage among patients suffering from pain and thereby reduce their risk of becoming addicted to opioids.
Study suggests 'rest is best' for carpal tunnel and similar injuries In a new study conducted in rats, researchers found a four-week period of rest was nearly as effective as an experimental drug at reducing discomfort and regaining function after an injury from repeated moderate-strain activity. The findings are relevant to treating common musculoskeletal disorders caused by overuse, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, tendinosis and low back pain.
Over-the-counter antioxidant mix improved vascular health in some heart failure patients A combination of over-the-counter antioxidants shows promise for mitigating some damaging effects of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a new study reports. The research, which will be presented today at the American Physiological Society's (APS) annual meeting at Experimental Biology 2019 in Orlando, Fla., is the first to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants to improve vascular function in patients with HFpEF.
Kids living near major roads at higher risk of developmental delays, study suggests Young children who live close to a major roadway are twice as likely to score lower on tests of communications skills, compared to those who live farther away from a major roadway, according to an analysis by researchers at the National Institutes of Health and the University of California, Merced. Moreover, children born to women exposed during pregnancy to higher-than-normal levels of traffic-related pollutants—ultra-fine airborne particles and ozone—had a small but significantly higher likelihood of developmental delays during infancy and early childhood. The study appears in Environmental Research.
	How going hungry affects children for their whole lives Kerry Wright didn't feel hungry. Not in the way you might expect. Her tummy grumbled, yes, she could hear it. She just couldn't feel it. She called it "starvation mode". Wright, a mother of three living in Aberdeen, had hit a low point. But she needed to provide for her children, who then were just entering their teens.
	Multiple medications could help frail older adults live longer after heart attack but may impact function Nursing home residents prescribed multiple medications following a heart attack were less likely to die within 90 days than those who took only one medication, but more medication may contribute to functional decline, according to new research in Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, an American Heart Association journal.
Towards new indicators of vulnerability to psychotic disorders The decision-making processes of healthy subjects with sub-clinical psychotic episodes are altered in a way that is similar to what happens in subjects with schizophrenia. This is the key result of a study conducted by the Neuroscience and Society Laboratory directed by Raffaella Rumiati of SISSA in association with the Zayed University of Dubai, recently published on Scientific Reports.
Researchers reveal novel therapeutic strategy for ALS Researchers from the Institute of Neuroscience and their collaborators have revealed a new cellular mechanism for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the RNA degradation pathway, and identified an asthma drug as a potential medication for ALS.
	Shining lasers on mouse brains sheds light on cells central to Alzheimer's, schizophrenia Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia are some of the most common brain disorders and have been associated with problems in cells that contain a type of protein, called parvalbumin. These parvalbumin-containing cells account for almost one-tenth of the cells in your brain, however, relatively little is known about what parvalbumin cells do. By stimulating mouse brains with lasers, researchers have started to make surprising findings about how they work.
	Scientists create molecular tool to remove toxic protein from neuronal models of dementia Harnessing a probe used to image the brain in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease and related forms of dementia, scientists at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) have successfully cleared patient-derived brain cells of an abnormal protein associated with dementia and other neurogenerative disorders.
	Study finds treatment with medication reduces arrests and incarceration among people with opioid use disorder When it comes to addressing the national opioid crisis, most of the research has focused on the physical health risks faced by people with opioid use disorder, such as overdose and infectious disease. For the first time, a University of Massachusetts Amherst public health scientist studied the impact of treating opioid use disorder on the risk for arrest and incarceration, comparing the effects of two different medications approved for the condition.
	High-tech tissue study reveals which cells drive a painful food allergy An eight-year hunt for the cells that drive the extreme childhood food allergy eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has identified a potential new way to treat the disease while also raising questions about a dietary supplement often taken to reduce bowel inflammation.
	Forcing a smile for customers linked with more drinking after work Employees who force themselves to smile and be happy in front of customers—or who try to hide feelings of annoyance—may be at risk for heavier drinking after work, according to researchers.
New method for evaluating cancer risk of chemicals is quick, precise, inexpensive Researchers from Boston University Schools of Medicine (BUSM) and Public Health have developed and evaluated a fast, accurate and cost-effective approach to assessing the carcinogenicity of chemicals—that is, whether exposure to a chemical increases a person's long-term cancer risk.
	Graphic cigarette warning labels can deter some sales Placing graphic anti-smoking warning labels on cigarette packages may deter some adults from purchasing tobacco products, but the strategy is unlikely to influence those smokers who are most addicted to nicotine, according to a new RAND Corporation study.
	New to college? Spend some time alone Transitioning from high school to college can be stressful. Trying to fit in, making new friends, missing old ones and home, meeting professors' and one's own expectations—can all be daunting.
	JUUL electronic cigarette products linked to cellular damage Little is known about the potential health effects of JUUL e-cigarette products that have recently risen in popularity, especially among adolescents. The Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, has a growing concern about this uptick in their use because these electronic cigarettes deliver nicotine—a highly addictive stimulant, with potential to affect the still-developing adolescent brain.
	3-D ultrasound gives clinicians clearer picture to treat gynaecological cancer New technology developed at Western University is providing an improved way for radiation oncologists to deliver treatment to women with gynaecological cancers, including vaginal, cervical and uterine cancer.
	Hepatitis C infections could be prevented by reducing transmission in people who inject drugs Stepping up efforts to prevent transmission of hepatitis C among people who inject drugs, could reduce future infections by 43 per cent globally, according to a study by researchers at the University of Bristol published in the Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology today.
	Teens face health and safety risks exploring sex online Teens spend hours every day on internet-connected devices, where limitless opportunities to explore sexuality online. These opportunities don't come without big risks, though. A researcher from Michigan State University found that online sexual experiences can predict whether they become victims of sexual assault one year later.
To lower childhood obesity, don't sugarcoat the facts about sweet drinks A new study at Columbia University suggests that giving mothers plain facts about the health risks of consuming sugary drinks during pregnancy and early childhood may offer a new strategy to reduce childhood obesity.
	Substituting healthy plant proteins for red meat lowers risk for heart disease Diets that replaced red meat with healthy plant proteins led to decreases in risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), according to a new study from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Purdue University.
Novel study creates new metric to illustrate disadvantaged areas nationwide Ohio, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia have the highest disparity between opioid-related deaths and access to treatment providers for opioid use disorder (OUD) in the U.S. That finding comes from a first-of-its-kind research study conducted at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) to investigate the regional imbalances that exist between the need for OUD treatment and access to providers nationwide. The study was recently published in the Journal of Addiction Medicine.
	Map of tumors' immune cell populations points to new targets for immunotherapy The recent emergence of immunotherapy has marked a sea change in research and care for many forms of cancer, bringing new hope to patients and families around the world. For those who respond to treatment, the results can be dramatic. Activation of a patient's immune system against cancer can kill or shrink tumors and, in some cases, lead to complete remission.
Proton therapy shows efficacy, low toxicity in large cohort of children with high-risk neuroblastoma Researchers from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania analyzed the largest cohort to date of pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma treated with proton radiation therapy (PRT), finding both that proton therapy was effective at reducing tumors and demonstrated minimal toxicity to surrounding organs.
Massachusetts parental consent law leads to delays for minors seeking abortions Massachusetts is among 37 states in the U.S. that currently mandate parental consent or notification before a minor is provided with abortion care. Minors who have a poor relationship with their parents or face other barriers to informing a parent or legal guardian may circumvent the consent requirement through a hearing with a judge (a judicial bypass hearing), but few studies have examined the impact that this process may have on delaying care. A new study published in Obstetrics and Gynecology led by investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital addresses this question, using a retrospective cohort to quantify abortion delays associated with the judicial bypass process.
	Insurers' denials of opioid coverage spurs CDC to clarify guidelines (HealthDay)—People with severe pain from cancer or sickle cell anemia should not be denied coverage for opioid painkillers, a new clarification on federal guidelines states.
	Expert tips for reducing running injuries (HealthDay)—Most runners are enthusiastic about their sport and take steps to work out safely. But injuries like stress fractures and muscle strains, among others, are common and can sideline you, sometimes for weeks if not months.
	Suicide rates fall when states raise minimum wage: study (HealthDay)—The link between paychecks and mental health just got a little stronger.
	Preventing kids' food allergies starts in infancy (HealthDay)—It's a scary statistic: Every three minutes, an allergic reaction to a food sends someone to the emergency department, according to the nonprofit group Food Allergy Research & Education.
	High response seen for all Hep C Tx models in injection drug users (HealthDay)—For people with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who inject drugs (PWID) and receive opioid agonist therapy (OAT), receipt of HCV treatment is associated with high sustained virologic response (SVR), according to a study published online April 9 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Chloroprocaine offers adequate anesthesia for knee arthroscopy (HealthDay)—Chloroprocaine results in adequate anesthesia with quick recovery of sensory/motor functions for knee arthroscopy in the ambulatory setting, according to a study presented at the Annual Regional Anesthesiology and Acute Pain Medicine Meeting, held from April 11 to 13 in Las Vegas.
	Suicide-related ED visits increased in children from 2007 to 2015 (HealthDay)—From 2007 to 2015, the number of emergency department visits for suicide attempts (SA) and suicide ideation (SI) doubled among children, according to a research letter published online April 8 in JAMA Pediatrics.
	Functional impairment in middle age linked to adverse outcomes (HealthDay)—Functional impairment in middle age is associated with an increased risk for hospitalization and nursing home admission, according to a study published online April 8 in JAMA Internal Medicine.
	New, revised topics released in ACR appropriateness criteria (HealthDay)—The latest edition of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria has been released and includes 188 diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology topics, with 908 clinical variants covering more than 1,670 clinical scenarios.
South Korean women hope for change to abortion laws More than a quarter of a century after the first of her three abortions—illegal in South Korea—Lim is still haunted by her sense of shame.
	Researcher seeks early detection to forestall glaucoma's ravages Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. and worldwide. More than 3 million Americans suffer from the eye disease. If caught and treated early, its progression can be significantly slowed, but the disease often goes undiagnosed until after noticeable vision loss has occurred – and that damage to vision is irreversible.
	Scientists compare methods of drug delivery to malignant tumors A team of biologists from Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and Lobachevsky University (Nizhny Novgorod) has analyzed available methods of targeted drug delivery to malignant tumors. Individual approaches to cancer therapy limit the influence of drugs on healthy tissues and reduce side effects. The results of the study were published in the Cancers journal.
	Lack of access to antibiotics is a major global health challenge Antibiotic resistance is an emerging global public health threat spurred by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. While "overuse" of antibiotics is widely accepted as a major health challenge, it is less well known that many people in low- and middle-income countries continue to die because they lack access to antibiotics. The majority of the world's annual 5.7 million antibiotic-treatable deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries where the mortality burden from treatable bacterial infections far exceeds the estimated annual 700,000 deaths from antibiotic-resistant infections.
Digital technology shows promise in supporting nonspecialists to deliver mental health care in low-income countries Text messaging, mobile apps, and other digital technologies are being used in innovative ways to support nonspecialist health workers in increasing access to mental health care in low- and middle-income countries (LIMCs), according to a narrative review in the March/April issue of Harvard Review of Psychiatry.
Lung cancer treatments vary among the Asian communities A study from the University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, sought to examine possible health disparities in the treatment of lung cancer within the Asian community in the U.S. In this study, rates of recommended care for non-small cell lung cancer were compared among patients in the Asian community. The authors concluded that practice patterns within different Asian ethnicities vary widely, and cultural and gender preferences appear to exist for different modalities of care.
	Later school start times significantly reduce teen driving accidents A new study to be presented at CHEST Congress 2019 Thailand in Bangkok shows a significant decrease in teen driving accidents when school start is delayed. Researchers from Farwaniya Hospital in Kuwait and Boston Children's Hospital studied the impact of a 50-minute delay in high school start times in one of the largest school districts in the U.S.
Near-simultaneous admissions may affect mortality and length of stay in the ICU A strain in ICU capacity has been linked to adverse patient outcomes. New research to be presented at CHEST Congress 2019 Thailand suggests that near-simultaneous ICU admissions are frequent and may also have an adverse effect on patient outcomes. Researchers conducted an observational study of patients admitted to an academic adult ICU of a tertiary medical center. Over the five-year period of the study, they found a correlation between the elapsed time between two consecutive admissions and mortality.
	NYC orders mandatory vaccines for some amid measles outbreak New York City declared a public health emergency Tuesday over a measles outbreak centered in an ultra-Orthodox Jewish community and ordered mandatory vaccinations in the neighborhood.
	Number of nonsmokers with COPD on the rise The global burden of COPD is high, and prevalence of nonsmokers with COPD has been increasing. In a study to be presented at CHEST Congress Thailand 2019, researchers in Nagpur, India, sought to describe the characteristics of nonsmoking patients with COPD and to determine associated comorbidities and exposures.
	Tweeting their own horn: Author self-promotion on Twitter increases research dissemination Researchers from the University of Toronto presented a new study at CHEST Congress 2019 Thailand in Bangkok that aimed to determine the effect of authors' self-promotion on the social media site, Twitter, in regards to the dissemination of their research.

Biology news

	Study upends 'dogma' on malaria drug component Mosquitoes won't fly anywhere near the sweet wormwood herb (Artemisia annua), so it makes perfect sense that a chemical compound produced by the plant has become the first line of treatment against malaria.
	LDAIR, a lncRNA regulates seasonal changes in stress response Biologists at the National Institute for Basic Biology and the Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM) at Nagoya University have discovered that long non-coding RNA regulates seasonal changes in stress response in medaka fish. The results of this study were reported in Nature Ecology & Evolution.
	Bacteria flip an electric switch to worsen food poisoning Salmonella bacteria flip an electric switch as they hitch a ride inside immune cells, causing the cells to migrate out of the gut toward other parts of the body, according to a new study publishing on April 9 in the open-access journal PLOS Biology by Yaohui Sun and Alex Mogilner of New York University and colleagues. The discovery reveals a new mechanism underlying the toxicity of this common food-borne pathogen.
	Disposable parts of plants mutate more quickly Mutation rates are proposed to be a pragmatic balance struck between the harmful effects of mutations and the costs of suppressing them; this hypothesis predicts that longer-lived body parts and those that contribute to the next generation should have lower mutation rates than the rest of the organism, but is this the case in nature? New research publishing April 9 in the open-access journal PLOS Biology from Long Wang, Dacheng Tian, Sihai Yang and colleagues from Nanjing University, China along with Laurence Hurst from the Milner Centre for Evolution at the University of Bath, UK, now provide the first test of the generality of these ideas by looking in plants.
	Can flipping coins replace animal experiments? Instead of repeating an experiment in a mouse model of disease in their laboratory, researchers in Berlin, Germany used a coin toss to confirm whether a drug protects the brain against a stroke, as reported in their paper publishing April 9 in the open-access journal PLOS Biology.
	Researchers witness the emergence of a new gene in the lab How do new genes appear? For more than a century, researchers have thought that, from time to time, new gene functions evolved after cells accidentally made a copy of one of their existing genes. According to this theory, the 'extra' gene copy could then evolve freely. In this way, it could acquire a new function, while the original gene ensured that the original function was retained. No direct observation supporting this theory has been reported so far. Now, however, researchers at TU Delft have observed this evolutionary mechanism in action for the first time in yeast cells.
	Studies of fossil teeth reveal another Pleistocene ape species from Southeast Asia Together with an international team, Senckenberg scientists were able to document an additional fossil ape species in the Senckenberg hominid collection. The new species had already been described in 1950 as Meganthropus palaeojavanicus by Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald, the founder of Senckenberg's paleoanthropological department, but at the time it was interpreted as a prehistoric human. Examinations of the anatomical dental structures now reveal that approximately one million years ago at least three additional species of hominids shared the habitat of Homo erectus on Java. The study is published today in the scientific journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.
	Specialist enzymes make E. coli antibiotic resistant at low pH Scientists long puzzled over why bacteria contain so many "redundant" enzymes. Why make several molecules that do the same job, interchangeably, when it would be much more efficient to make just one?
	Cell death may be triggered by 'hit-and-run' interaction A 'hit-and-run' interaction between two proteins could be an important trigger for cell death, according tonew research from Walter and Eliza Hall Institute researchers.
	Everyday enzymes, now grown in plants The jeans you wear, the orange juice you drink, the laundry detergent you use: None would be possible without the activity of enzymes. Currently the enzymes used in industry are produced through an expensive, laborious process, requiring cold storage. But an innovative new approach, ushered in by research from Penn's School of Dental Medicine, is opening up a whole new way of making these valuable proteins.
	World-first study shows Indigenous skills vital to conservation research outcomes Researchers at the University of Sydney have produced hard data that demonstrates collaborating with Indigenous peoples changed the outcome of a scientific research project. It is the first empirical evidence that culturally diverse teams produce improved results in conservation research.
	Study offers insight into biological changes among invasive species A remote island in the Caribbean could offer clues as to how invasive species are able to colonise new territories and then thrive in them, a new study suggests.
Underwater forests a treasure trove of new drugs Defensive compounds produced by microbes are a major source of antibiotics and other important medicines. But with resistant bugs appearing faster than potential allies, researchers are taking their search for drug candidates offshore.
	Astro-ecology: Counting orangutans using star-spotting technology A ground-breaking scientific collaboration is harnessing technology used to study the luminosity of stars, to carry out detailed monitoring of orangutan populations in Borneo. Liverpool John Moores University, WWF and HUTAN came together to examine better ways of detecting the great apes in the Bornean forest canopy, by using drones fitted with thermal-imaging cameras.
Volunteer birdwatching survey shows effects of temperatures on population of Jays A study led by researchers at the University of Southampton has used data collected by volunteer bird watchers to study how the importance of wildlife habitat management for British birds depends on changing temperatures.
	New wasps named after biscuits and Doctor Who aliens University of Adelaide researchers were inspired by everything from chocolate biscuits and Doctor Who aliens when choosing names for 10 new species of wasps.
	World-first study finds Merino sheep pregnancy can be detected using wool Researchers from Western Sydney University have found a new, non-invasive way to detect pregnancy in Merino sheep through the analysis of reproductive hormones in wool.
	Fearless sea urchins stripping underwater forests A new study led by The University of Western Australia and the Centre of Advanced Studies of Blanes in Spain has found that sea urchins' fear of predators plays a key role in the health of underwater forests, which are declining globally.
	Squid team finds high species diversity off Kermadec Islands, part of stalled marine reserve proposal Squids and octopuses could be considered the "parrots of the ocean". Some are smart, and many have complex behaviours. And, of course, they have strange, bird-like beaks.
	New pathways for sustainable agriculture Hedges, flowering strips and other semi-natural habitats provide food and nesting places for insects and birds in agricultural landscapes. This also has advantages for agriculture: bees, flies, beetles and other animal groups pollinate crops and control pest insects in adjacent fields.
	A detailed eucalypt family tree helps us see how they came to dominate Australia Eucalypts dominate Australia's landscape like no other plant group in the world.
	Mechanism to form influenza A virus discovered The influenza A virus is known to form new strains every year. These strains are the result of small variations occurring at the level of the genome, which cause the virus to change and become unfamiliar to the immune system. A new study by Maria João Amorim's team, from the Gulbenkian Institute of Science, now reveals where the genomes of the influenza A virus are assembled inside infected cells. The results will be published this week in the journal Nature Communications and may contribute to therapies that prevent or combat new strains of influenza viruses.
	Mapping cellular diversity by looking for common topics of gene control A Belgian team of computational biologists led by Stein Aerts (VIB-KU Leuven) has developed a new bioinformatics method called cisTopic. Inspired by text-mining methods, cisTopic helps scientists to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the differences in gene regulation across and within the cells in our body by looking for common topics. In a new publication in Nature Methods, Aerts and his team demonstrate the broad range of applications of this method, from brain research to cancer biology.
	Single cell transcriptomics: A new sequencing approach Researchers from University of Southern Denmark, Wellcome Sanger Institute and BGI have published a study in the journal Genome Biology comparing the library preparation and sequencing platforms for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq).
	Plant diversity increases insect diversity The more plant species that grow in grasslands and forests, the more insect species that find a habitat there. However, the presence of more plant species not only increases the number of insect species, but also the number of insect individuals. Simultaneously, animal diversity is not only determined by plant diversity, but also by the physical structure of the plant communities. These are the results of an international collaboration led by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), published in the journal Nature Communications. These results have consequences for the insect-friendly management of grasslands and forests.
	Bionics: Electric view in murky waters When dealing with disasters or searching for objects, robots or drones with cameras are usually used. However, conventional cameras are of rather limited use in murky, dark water, such as in a sewage pipe or a lake that is cloudy with sediment. Zoologists at the University of Bonn have now developed a special camera for such operating conditions: Modeled on the African elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersii), it supplies "electric images" with "electric colors" in murky waters. The researchers now present their bionic development in the journal Bioinspiration & Biomimetics.
	Researchers reveal more than dozen wild bee species declining in Northeast Researchers at the University of New Hampshire have found a dramatic decline of 14 wild bee species that are, among other things, important across the Northeast for the pollination of major local crops like apples, blueberries and cranberries.
	New research about biodiversity reveals the importance of climate on today's abundance of life Biodiversity Natural history museum paleontologists in Copenhagen and Helsinki have succeeded in mapping historical biodiversity in unprecedented detail. For the first time, it is possible to compare the impact of climate on global biodiversity in the distant past—a result that paints a gloomy picture for the preservation of present-day species richness. The study has just been published in the prestigious American journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
	Genetic breakthrough on tropical grass could help develop climate-friendly cattle farms Cattle are a mainstay for many smallholders but their farms are often on degraded lands, which increases cattle's impact on the environment and lowers their production of milk and meat. Researchers at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) have shown that Brachiaria grass species can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cattle and increase productivity—and breeding improved varieties can potentially augment the environmental and economic benefits.
	These 'eggs' are spying on whooping cranes to boost survival Scientists are using fake eggs to spy on whooping cranes in hopes of learning why some chicks die in the egg, while others hatch.
San Diego Zoo says farewell to last 2 giant pandas The San Diego Zoo is saying goodbye to two big, furry superstars.
	Biomass analysis: The key to success for your biorefinery process Celignis founder Dr. Daniel Hayes discovered that although feedstock composition was a critical factor for the success of biomass transformation processes, precise data was missing for a wide range of feedstocks. To address this issue, and avoid future problems in conversion processes, companies used to subcontract laboratories to chemically analyse biomass samples. This process is time consuming and expensive: taking approximately two weeks per sample, and costing hundreds of euros. Looking for solutions to improve this process, Celignis created a novel methodology for biomass analysis, modelling samples' composition according to the results of a near infrared spectroscopy analysis. Their method uses infrared light to determine the presence and quantity of important constituents in biomass materials. Following the analysis of hundreds of samples of different feedstocks across the world, Celignis developed unique algorithms to predict with high accuracy and precision the composition of biomass samples. In that way, up to 13 different parameters, including type and amount of sugars, lignin and ash, can be analysed for various types of biomass. And this in only one day, for less than a hundred euros per sample.
Gut microbiota and phytoestrogen-associated infertility in southern white rhinoceros Researchers from the San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research have found the gut microbiota of the captive southern white rhinoceros may partially explain its infertility. They compared the gut microbiome of two rhinoceros species to investigate whether the gut microbes metabolize dietary phytoestrogens, which appear to play a role in infertility.
	Study sheds light on major disease in roses Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists in Beltsville, Maryland and their colleagues have discovered why a mite is causing extensive damages to the nation's $250-million-a-year rose industry and why it's so hard to detect and control. It seems the mite hides deep in the flower's internal organs.

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