Nature contents: 07 June 2018

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Volume 558 Issue 7708   This Week       Editorial         Science benefits from diversity Marketing personalized cancer treatments requires careful language Europe’s top science advisers send clear message on food production   Horizon Single & Combination High Throughput Screening Dr David Sorrell discusses how Horizon's Single & Combination High Throughput Screening for cancer can power up discovery pipelines   Read More  World View         Smarter metrics will help fix our food system Pavan Sukhdev Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature. Seven Days         Whale hunt, saltwater rice and cancer-drug boom

News in Focus   News         Max Planck scientists criticize handling of animal-rights charges against leading neuroscientist Alison Abbott US EPA science advisers question ‘secret science’ rule on data transparency Jeff Tollefson Hurricanes slow their roll around the world Giorgia Guglielmi Europe’s top science funder shows high-risk research pays off Inga Vesper Million-dollar Kavli prize recognizes scientist scooped on CRISPR Giorgia Guglielmi Features         These labs are remarkably diverse — here’s why they’re winning at science Kendall Powell

Multimedia       Nature Podcast 7 June 2018 This week, making enzymes work better in the cold, short-term memory production in mice, and magnetic detection in animals.

Comment   Comment         Big data little help in megafauna mysteries Gilbert J. Price, Julien Louys, J. Tyler Faith et al. Books and Arts         Planting the Anthropocene’s roots in globalization Wolfgang Lucht How asylums became the crucible of genetics David Dobbs The maths behind music, why to quit social media, and a who’s who of trees: Books in brief Barbara Kiser Correspondence         Arctic collaboration transcends political tensions Sammie Buzzard, Joseph Cook, Alexey Maslakov Wanted: AI experts to map road-building boom William F. Laurance Create jobs in cleaning up the environment Andrew Kusiak Astronomy was his undoing: why a Colombian pioneer got shot César Marín

Technology   Toolbox         Map-making on a budget Jeffrey M. Perkel

Careers   Features         What does it take to make an institution more diverse? Virginia Gewin

Futures   Mirror Taik Hobson

Research   NEW ONLINE         Comprehensive suppression of single-molecule conductance using destructive σ-interference Highly insulating silicon-based molecules, engineered so that conduction is fully suppressed by σ quantum interference even for molecules less than a nanometre long, could prove useful in molecular-scale electronic circuitry. Oxidized phospholipids are proinflammatory and proatherogenic in hypercholesterolaemic mice A single-chain variable fragment of the antibody E06, which binds to the phosphocholine headgroup of oxidized phospholipids, blocks the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein by macrophages, and reduces inflammation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Mechanism of parkin activation by PINK1 Dynamic allostery can drive cold adaptation in enzymes By engineering entropy-tuning changes into distal sites of a bacterial adenylate kinase, an allosteric tuning mechanism based on protein dynamics is revealed. Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi Analyses of data from 137 forest plots across 20 European countries show that ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity is strongly influenced by environmental and host species factors and provide thresholds to inform ecosystem assessment tools. GLI1-expressing mesenchymal cells form the essential Wnt-secreting niche for colon stem cells GLI1-positive cells in the colon secrete Wnt ligands and thereby support homeostasis of intestinal stem cells. Visualizing late states of human 40S ribosomal subunit maturation Cryo-EM structures of late intermediates in the assembly of human 40S ribosomal subunits help to define the principles by which immature rRNA conformations and ribosomal biogenesis factors shape the 40S maturation process. EMI1 switches from being a substrate to an inhibitor of APC/CCDH1 to start the cell cycle The transition between early mitotic inhibitor 1 acting as a substrate of the APC/C and as an inhibitor of the same complex results in an irreversible switch that mediates human cell-cycle commitment. A molecular rheostat adjusts auxin flux to promote root protophloem differentiation The coordinated action of BREVIS RADIX (BRX) and PROTEIN KINASE ASSOCIATED WITH BRX (PAX) regulates auxin flux during the development of protophloem sieve elements in the root meristem of Arabidopsis. Parallel emergence of stable and dynamic memory engrams in the hippocampus Imaging of hippocampal neuron activity in mice performing a memory task across several days identifies both stable and dynamic memory engrams. Stellar populations dominated by massive stars in dusty starburst galaxies across cosmic time Observations of 13CO and C18O emission from four dusty starburst galaxies at redshifts of approximately two to three reveal that massive stars are more numerous in starburst events than in ordinary star-forming spiral galaxies. Observation of half-integer thermal Hall conductance Measurements of the thermal Hall conductance in the first excited Landau level of the quantum Hall effect show the existence of a state with non-Abelian excitations.   News & Views         A 3D view of early mammals Simone Hoffmann, David W. Krause   A fresh approach to stellar benchmarking Rachael Beaton   Stem cells provide evidence for an organizer in human embryos Olivier Pourquié   Tropical cyclones are becoming sluggish Christina M. Patricola Motion processing picks up speed in the brain Jose Manuel Alonso 50 & 100 years ago Two artificial synapses are better than one Gina C. Adam Perspective         The many possible climates from the Paris Agreement’s aim of 1.5 °C warming The results of efforts to limit global mean warming to below 1.5 °C may include many possible future world climates. Sonia I. Seneviratne, Joeri Rogelj, Roland Séférian et al. Review         Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals A Review of the cues and mechanisms used by animals to navigate over long distances, with a particular emphasis on magnetoreception. Henrik Mouritsen Articles         Equivalent-accuracy accelerated neural-network training using analogue memory Analogue-memory-based neural-network training using non-volatile-memory hardware augmented by circuit simulations achieves the same accuracy as software-based training but with much improved energy efficiency and speed. Stefano Ambrogio, Pritish Narayanan, Hsinyu Tsai et al. Euryhaline ecology of early tetrapods revealed by stable isotopes An approach using multiple stable isotopes reveals that early tetrapods of the Devonian period were euryhaline animals that inhabited aquatic environments of highly variable salinity. Jean Goedert, Christophe Lécuyer, Romain Amiot et al. Genomic atlas of the human plasma proteome A genetic atlas of the human plasma proteome, comprising 1,927 genetic associations with 1,478 proteins, identifies causes of disease and potential drug targets. Benjamin B. Sun, Joseph C. Maranville, James E. Peters et al. Cortical direction selectivity emerges at convergence of thalamic synapses Direction selectivity emerges de novo in layer 4 neurons of primary visual cortex through the convergence of synaptic inputs from thalamic neurons that respond with distinct time courses to visual stimuli in distinct locations. Anthony D. Lien, Massimo Scanziani Letters         Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter’s poles Observations of broadband emission from lightning on Jupiter at 600 megahertz show a lightning discharge mechanism similar to that of terrestrial lightning and indicate increased moist convection near Jupiter’s poles. Shannon Brown, Michael Janssen, Virgil Adumitroaie et al. A per-cent-level determination of the nucleon axial coupling from quantum chromodynamics Lattice quantum chromodynamics and a method inspired by the Feynman–Hellmann theorem are used to make a theoretical determination of the nucleon axial coupling with a precision of one per cent, giving the value 1.271 ± 0.013. C. C. Chang, A. N. Nicholson, E. Rinaldi et al. Observation of anisotropic magneto-Peltier effect in nickel A ‘magneto-Peltier effect’ produces cooling or heating in a material without junctions, by forcing a change in angle between the current and magnetization in a single ferromagnetic nickel slab. Ken-ichi Uchida, Shunsuke Daimon, Ryo Iguchi et al. Potential enthalpic energy of water in oils exploited to control supramolecular structure Less than 0.01 per cent by weight of water in an alkane solvent is sufficient to interact with co-dissolved supramolecular polymeric chains by hydrogen bonding and modulate the structure of the assembly. Nathan J. Van Zee, Beatrice Adelizzi, Mathijs F. J. Mabesoone et al. A global slowdown of tropical-cyclone translation speed The translation speed of tropical cyclones has decreased globally by 10% over the past 70 years, compounding the increases in cyclone-related local rainfall that have resulted from anthropogenic warming. James P. Kossin Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana An exceptionally preserved skull of Cifelliodon wahkarmoosuch sheds light on the evolution of the ancestral mammalian brain. Adam K. Huttenlocker, David M. Grossnickle, James I. Kirkland et al. Body-size shifts in aquatic and terrestrial urban communities The urban-heat-island effect drives community-level shifts towards smaller body sizes; however, habitat fragmentation caused by urbanization favours larger body sizes in species with positive size–dispersal links. Thomas Merckx, Caroline Souffreau, Aurélien Kaiser et al. Pairwise and higher-order genetic interactions during the evolution of a tRNA Mutagenesis of a yeast tRNA shows that the effects of mutations and how they interact varies both in magnitude and sign between genotypes. Júlia Domingo, Guillaume Diss, Ben Lehner Molecular tuning of electroreception in sharks and skates Shark and skate electrosensory cells use specific potassium channels to support either indiscriminate detection of electrical stimuli or selective frequency tuning, respectively, demonstrating adaptation of sensory systems through discrete molecular modifications. Nicholas W. Bellono, Duncan B. Leitch, David Julius The coding of valence and identity in the mammalian taste system The identity and hedonic value of tastes are encoded in distinct neural substrates; in mice, the amygdala is necessary and sufficient to drive valence-specific behaviours in response to bitter or sweet taste stimuli, and the cortex can independently represent taste identity. Li Wang, Sarah Gillis-Smith, Yueqing Peng et al. Self-organization of a human organizer by combined Wnt and Nodal signalling Stimulation of Wnt and Nodal pathways in micropatterned human embryonic stem cell colonies induce these colonies to exhibit characteristic spatial expression patterns of the organizer and reproduce organizer function when grafted into a host embryo. I. Martyn, T. Y. Kanno, A. Ruzo et al. Disruption of the beclin 1–BCL2 autophagy regulatory complex promotes longevity in mice A knock-in mutation in beclin 1 that increases autophagy in mice extends animal lifespan, improves healthspan, and also rescues early lethality in mice deficient in the anti-ageing protein klotho. Álvaro F. Fernández, Salwa Sebti, Yongjie Wei et al. Hippo/Mst signalling couples metabolic state and immune function of CD8α+ dendritic cells A data-driven analysis helps to identify specific roles of the Hippo signalling kinases Mst1 and Mst2 in integrating metabolic activity and cytokine signalling in dendritic cells, and thereby orchestrating immune cell function. Xingrong Du, Jing Wen, Yanyan Wang et al.

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