Nature contents: 13 April 2018

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Volume 556 Issue 7700   This Week       Editorial         Ocean circulation is changing, and we need to know why Long-term monitoring is essential for working out how alterations in the Atlantic Ocean current system will affect the planet. How gravitational waves might help fundamental cosmology New observations could help us understand discrepancies in measurements of the expansion of the Universe. New awards aim to celebrate women in science Prizes will reward outstanding scientific discovery and exceptional efforts to engage girls and young women in science.   World View         Demand cancer drugs that truly help patients Drug regulators and trial designs should assess benefits that actually matter to people with cancer, says Ajay Aggarwal. Ajay Aggarwal Research Highlights         Jekyll and Hyde, a story of two galaxies While one sits bright and quiet, the other creates stars behind a dusty veil. A chance to save Arctic sea ice Goals set by the Paris climate agreement to limit warming would preserve ice during summers. How a chicken makes a good egg Nanostructures and a binding protein create a shell strong enough to protect a chick but soft enough for it to hatch. A molecule that manufactures asymmetry Compound’s variations could spawn catalysts that favour certain chiral forms. A squid-skin-inspired invisibility cloak Patterning allows stretchy polymer to hide from heat sensors. An absorbing study on the maths of sponges Formula predicts speed at which dry material soaks up water. Dexterous sea turtles use flippers as grippers Marine reptiles hold onto their dinners with their paddle-like forelimbs. Mice show motherly habits when a brain circuit fires Cells in two brain regions underlie maternal behaviour. Why fat piles on when the body’s daily cycles are in disarray Timing of hormone fluctuations influences fat cells’ development. Seven Days         Suspected chemical attack, opioid-crisis cash and nuclear-fusion facility The week in science: 6–12 April 2018.

Dr Ben Cross from Horizon Discovery discusses how CRISPR Screening powers drug discovery    Horizon Discovery has developed a suite of functional genomic screening technologies, including a CRISPR-Cas9 platform aiming is to help its partners to identify, evaluate and validate targets; to understand drug mechanisms of action, and to facilitate studies involving patient stratification.    Read more

News in Focus   News         Beijing launches pioneering brain-science centre China’s much-anticipated brain initiative finally starts to take shape. David Cyranoski NASA’s next exoplanet hunter will seek worlds close to home The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite is designed to spot planets orbiting nearby bright stars. Alexandra Witze Science’s vast gender pay gap revealed in UK wage data Pay disparities at science employers outpace national average for all firms. Holly Else Plan to dismantle Puerto Rico’s statistics agency gets green light The reorganization could jeopardize access to reliable, independent data about the island, critics say. Giorgia Guglielmi Cutting-edge cancer drug hobbled by diagnostic test confusion Physicians struggle to identify which patients are likely to respond to a recently approved therapy. Heidi Ledford Features         How gravitational waves could solve some of the Universe’s deepest mysteries With the first detections behind them, researchers have set their sights on ambitious scientific quarry. Davide Castelvecchi

Multimedia       Nature Podcast 12 April 2018 This week, the power of remote sensing, an Atlantic slowdown, and watching a neutron star glitch.

Comment   Comment         People must retain control of autonomous vehicles Legislation on the testing of self-driving cars does not address liability and safety concerns, warn Ashley Nunes, Bryan Reimer and Joseph F. Coughlin. Ashley Nunes, Bryan Reimer, Joseph F. Coughlin Books and Arts         A physicist probes the metaphysical Anil Ananthaswamy examines Alan Lightman’s reflections on the tensions between empiricism and experience. Anil Ananthaswamy The deep past of megafires, big data’s Achilles heel and behind the scenes of the March for Science: Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week’s best science picks. Barbara Kiser Correspondence         Don’t dismiss citations to journals not published in English Vladimir S. Lazarev, Serhii A. Nazarovets Build two-way rapport for better policymaking Adam P. Hejnowicz, Sue E. Hartley, Nigel Gilbert Save a North Sea fish from becoming museum piece Jon C. Svendsen, Aage K. O. Alstrup, Lasse F. Jensen Take a holistic view when making pesticide policies stricter Robert Finger Curtail climate-change effects using Singapore Index of Cities’ Biodiversity Sameen Ahmed Khan

Technology   Technology Feature         Cancer research with a human touch Advances in gene editing are allowing researchers to create mouse models that more closely mirror the disease in humans. Mike May

Careers   Features         Outsourcing is in As big pharma downsizes, contract research organizations are reaping the benefits. Esther Landhuis Columns         Convert your weaknesses into assets Work out what you really enjoy doing, and pitch your skills accordingly, says Lia Paola Zambetti. Lia Paola Zambetti

Futures   e-PLURIBUS It is time to play your part. S. R. Algernon

Research   NEW ONLINE         An evolutionarily conserved ribosome-rescue pathway maintains epidermal homeostasis Loss of the ribosome-rescue factor Pelo in a subset of mouse epidermal stem cells results in hyperproliferation and altered differentiation of these cells. High male sexual investment as a driver of extinction in fossil ostracods Ostracod species (small, bivalved crustaceans) with high sexual dimorphism, and therefore high male investment, had markedly higher extinction rates than low-investment species, indicating that sexual selection can be a substantial risk factor for extinction. Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size In a ferret model, the microcephaly-associated gene Aspm regulates cortical expansion by controlling the transition of ventricular radial glial cells to more differentiated cell types. Innate immune memory in the brain shapes neurological disease hallmarks Peripheral stimuli can induce acute immune training and tolerance in the brain and lead to long-lasting epigenetic reprogramming of microglia; these changes alter pathology in mouse models of stroke and Alzheimer’s pathology . Genome evolution across 1,011 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates Whole-genome sequencing of 1,011 natural isolates of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals its evolutionary history, including a single out-of-China origin and multiple domestication events, and provides a framework for genotype–phenotype studies in this model organism. Activity-based E3 ligase profiling uncovers an E3 ligase with esterification activity Non-lysine ubiquitination activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MYCBP2 is identified by activity-based profiling; biochemical and structural analysis of MYCBP2 suggests the basis for its mechanism and specificity. Structure and regulation of the human INO80–nucleosome complex Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human IO80 chromatin remodeller in complex with a bound nucleosome reveals that its motor domains are located at the DNA wrap around the histone core. Intra-tumour diversification in colorectal cancer at the single-cell level Organoids derived from individual cells from colorectal cancers and adjacent normal tissue are used to investigate intra-tumour diversification at the genomic, epigenetic and functional levels. Structural basis for ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling by the INO80 complex Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the evolutionarily conserved core of a fungal INO80 complex bound to the nucleosomal substrate reveal the mechanism underlying nucleosome sliding and histone editing used by this ATP-dependent chromatin remodeller. Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent chains from stalled ribosomes The Cdc48 adaptor Vms1 is a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase that cooperates with the ribosome quality control complex to catalyse the removal of nascent polypeptides from stalled ribosomes. News & Views         The certainty of quantum randomness Stefano Pironio Mirrors made of a single atomic layer Kin Fai Mak, Jie Shan Peptide signal alerts plants to drought Alexander Christmann, Erwin Grill     NATUREJOBS CAREER EXPO JOBS IN CHINA 2018   BOSTON Venue | April 30, 2018 | Register FREE   NEW YORK Venue | May 2, 2018 | Register FREE   CHICAGO Venue | May 4, 2018 | Register FREE   AUSTIN Venue | May 4, 2018 | Register FREE North Atlantic circulation slows down Summer K. Praetorius The telomerase enzyme and liver renewal Kenneth S. Zaret Backbone of RNA viruses uncovered Mark Zeller, Kristian G. Andersen Articles         Reversible Mn2+/Mn4+ double redox in lithium-excess cathode materials Lithium-rich cathode materials in which manganese undergoes double redox could point the way for lithium-ion batteries to meet the capacity and energy density needs of portable electronics and electric vehicles. Jinhyuk Lee, Daniil A. Kitchaev, Deok-Hwang Kwon et al. Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation A characteristic ‘fingerprint’ of sea-surface temperatures suggests that the Atlantic overturning circulation has slowed substantially since the mid-twentieth century, as predicted by climate models in response to increasing carbon dioxide emissions. L. Caesar, S. Rahmstorf, A. Robinson et al. The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses Around 200 new vertebrate-specific viruses are discovered, and every vertebrate-specific viral family known to infect mammals and birds is also present in amphibians, reptiles or fish, suggesting that evolution of vertebrate viruses mirrors that of vertebrate hosts. Mang Shi, Xian-Dan Lin, Xiao Chen et al. Cryo-EM structure of the Blastochloris viridis LH1–RC complex at 2.9 Å A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the light-harvesting–reaction centre (LH1–RC) complex of the photosynthetic bacterium Blastochloris viridis suggests factors that underlie the large redshift in the absorption spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll in the complex and that promote quinone–quinol translocation across the LH1 ring. Pu Qian, C. Alistair Siebert, Peiyi Wang et al. Structure of photosynthetic LH1–RC supercomplex at 1.9 Å resolution The structure of the Thermochromatium tepidum calcium-ion-bound light-harvesting–reaction centre (LH1–RC) supercomplex, which performs the primary reactions of photosynthesis in purple photosynthetic bacteria, is resolved to the atomic level. Long-Jiang Yu, Michihiro Suga, Zheng-Yu Wang-Otomo et al. Crystal structures of the gastric proton pump Crystal structures of the gastric proton pump in complex with two inhibitory drugs reveal the mechanism that generates the steep acidic gradient across the membranes of parietal cells. Kazuhiro Abe, Katsumasa Irie, Hanayo Nakanishi et al. Letters         Alteration of the magnetosphere of the Vela pulsar during a glitch Single-pulse radio observations of a glitch in the Vela pulsar show sudden changes in the pulse shape coincident with the glitch, indicating that the glitch could affect the pulsar’s magnetosphere. Jim Palfreyman, John M. Dickey, Aidan Hotan et al. Experimentally generated randomness certified by the impossibility of superluminal signals 1,024 random bits that are uniformly distributed to within 10−12 and unpredictable assuming the impossibility of superluminal communication are generated and certified using a loophole-free Bell test. Peter Bierhorst, Emanuel Knill, Scott Glancy et al. Anomalously weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years Palaeoclimate records show that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation weakened substantially at the end of the Little Ice Age, probably in response to enhanced freshwater fluxes from the Arctic and Nordic seas. David J. R. Thornalley, Delia W. Oppo, Pablo Ortega et al. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming Analysis of changes in plant species richness on mountain summits over the past 145 years suggests that increased climatic warming has led to an acceleration in species richness increase. Manuel J. Steinbauer, John-Arvid Grytnes, Gerald Jurasinski et al. A small peptide modulates stomatal control via abscisic acid in long-distance signalling In an Arabidopsis model, the CLE25 peptide acts as a root-to-shoot signalling molecule that modulates abscisic acid expression to close stomata and enhance resistance to dehydration. Fuminori Takahashi, Takehiro Suzuki, Yuriko Osakabe et al. Advanced maturation of human cardiac tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells A tissue culture system that provides an increasing intensity of electromechanical stimulation over time enables an in vitro model of cardiac tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to develop many of the characteristics of adult cardiac tissue. Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard, Stephen P. Ma, Keith Yeager et al. Distributed hepatocytes expressing telomerase repopulate the liver in homeostasis and injury A population of hepatocytes expressing high levels of telomerase are distributed throughout the liver and regenerate the liver during homeostasis and after injury. Shengda Lin, Elisabete M. Nascimento, Chandresh R. Gajera et al. Metabolic enzyme PFKFB4 activates transcriptional coactivator SRC-3 to drive breast cancer The glycolytic enzyme PFKFB4 directly phosphorylates and regulates binding of the coactivator SRC-3 to ATF4 and thereby increases the transcriptional activity of this complex, leading to increased expression of metabolic genes, and enhancing tumour growth and metastasis. Subhamoy Dasgupta, Kimal Rajapakshe, Bokai Zhu et al. Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin Analysis of viral samples from deceased piglets shows that a bat coronavirus was responsible for an outbreak of fatal disease in China and highlights the importance of the identification of coronavirus diversity and distribution in bats in order to mitigate future outbreaks of disease. Peng Zhou, Hang Fan, Tian Lan et al.

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