Nature contents: 13 July 2017

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Volume 547 Issue 7662   This Week       Editorials         Don’t pay prizes for published science China and other countries should look again at how they pay bonuses and allocate grants that are based on individual research papers. Proposed US public-health chief is a champion for women and children In sharp contrast to President Trump, Brenda Fitzgerald has put maternal and child health at the heart of her policies. Let’s talk about sex robots Interactions between humans and robots may eventually include sex.   World View         Kill the myth of the miracle machine Unchallenged assumptions about how science works threaten its support and decrease its ability to contribute to society, says Daniel Sarewitz.   Seven Days         Panda diplomats, smuggled relics and a nuclear-weapons treaty The week in science: 7–13 July 2017. Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature.

Nature Insight Plants This Insight highlights pertinent issues in plant research, including signalling in plant immunity, plant interactions with the environment, progress in agricultural genomics and harnessing the quantum properties of photosynthesis for human-made energy conversion systems.

News in Focus   White House’s dwindling science office leaves major research programmes in limbo Pared-back staff struggles to continue cybersecurity, climate-change and science-education efforts without direction from the Trump administration. Sara Reardon   Why planetary scientists want better fake space dirt Artificial soils that mimic the surfaces of the Moon, Mars and asteroids are hard to make — and often miss the mark. Alexandra Witze Massive database of 182,000 leaves is helping predict plants' family trees The technique could be used on everything from flowers to cells to examine the factors that influence the shapes of plant parts. Heidi Ledford   Tricks to mute quantum noise aid hunt for gravitational waves Physicists find ways to make LIGO and other gravitational-wave detectors even more sensitive. Elizabeth Gibney Ancient-genome studies grapple with Africa’s past Clutch of DNA analyses show that ancient humans moved around on the continent far more than has been appreciated. Ewen Callaway   Features         How poverty affects the brain An unprecedented study in Bangladesh could reveal how malnutrition, poor sanitation and other challenges make their mark on child development. Carina Storrs Multimedia       Nature: 13 July 2017 This week, defying quantum noise, looking at early signs of autism, and taking steps to assess exercise.

Comment   Stop Alzheimer’s before it starts The hunt for treatments to halt Alzheimer’s disease has been frustrating; it is time to trial preventive drugs, urge Eric McDade and Randall J. Bateman. Eric McDade, Randall J. Bateman Witness gravity’s quantum side in the lab Physicists should rethink interference experiments to reveal whether or not general relativity follows classical theory, argue Chiara Marletto and Vlatko Vedral. Chiara Marletto, Vlatko Vedral Books and Arts         Information technology: A digital genius at play Vint Cerf savours a life of Claude Shannon, information-theory pioneer and wildly inventive tinkerer. Vint Cerf History: Science lessons from the Gulag Asif Siddiqi examines a biography of a Soviet meteorologist who taught his daughter from prison. Asif Siddiqi Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week's best science picks. Barbara Kiser Correspondence         Solar energy: Switch it off on eclipse day Steve Elgar   Research foundations: Philanthropic risks can hit home runs Melissa L. Stevens Sustainable development: Manage chemicals and waste globally Quanyin Tan, Jinhui Li   Taxonomy: refine rather than stabilize Fenton P. D. Cotterill, Colin P. Groves, Peter J. Taylor Gene editing: CRISPR book review — Doudna responds Jennifer Doudna

Research   NEW ONLINE         Biomechanics: How fish feel the flow Hair-like sensors are suspected to aid fish navigation in complex environments. Laboratory experiments and computational simulations reveal how these sensors can detect water flow to direct the swimming responses of fish. Immunology: Nervous crosstalk to make antibodies Immune cells called T cells help immune-system B cells mature to produce antibodies. This entails signalling between cells using the molecule dopamine — a surprising immunological role for this neurotransmitter. Neurobiology: Synapses get together for vision A sophisticated analysis in mice of how inputs to neurons from other neurons are distributed across individual cells of the brain's visual cortex provides information about how mammalian vision is processed. TFH-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres Human follicular helper T cells engaging in synaptic interactions with germinal centre B cells release dopamine stored in chromogranin B+ granules, causing rapid externalization of ICOS ligand, which in turn enhances CD40L delivery to the synaptic cleft and synaptic contact, and results in an accelerated response. Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism Monozygotic twins show high concordance in eye- and mouth-looking, and this behaviour is markedly reduced in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Open and closed structures reveal allostery and pliability in the HIV-1 envelope spike New high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the HIV-1 envelope protein provide a detailed description and understanding of how the HIV-1 fusion machinery functions and how it changes its structure over time to convert from the pre-fusion to the fusion-intermediate conformation. A novel mechanism for mechanosensory-based rheotaxis in larval zebrafish In the absence of visual information, larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) use their mechanosensory lateral line to perform rheotaxis by using flow velocity gradients as navigational cues. Cholangiocytes act as facultative liver stem cells during impaired hepatocyte regeneration Two independent systems impairing hepatocyte proliferation during liver injury cause physiologically significant levels of functional hepatocyte regeneration from biliary cells. CRISPR–Cas encoding of a digital movie into the genomes of a population of living bacteria The authors encode pixel values of a short motion picture into the DNA of a population of Escherichia coli. Synaptic organization of visual space in primary visual cortex Mapping the organization of excitatory inputs onto the dendritic spines of individual mouse visual cortex neurons reveals how inputs representing features from the extended visual scene are organized and establishes a computational unit suited to amplify contours and elongated edges. Corrigendum: Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist Corrigendum: Splicing factor 1 modulates dietary restriction and TORC1 pathway longevity in C. elegans Corrigendum: Molecular mechanism for the regulation of yeast separase by securin Brief Communications Arising         Conflicting evidence for ferroelectricity Gabriele D’Avino, Manuel Souto, Matteo Masino et al. Tayi et al. reply Alok S. Tayi, Alexander K. Shveyd, Andrew C.-H. Sue et al. Overestimate of committed warming Gavin A. Schmidt, Jeff Severinghaus, Ayako Abe-Ouchi et al. Snyder replies Carolyn W. Snyder News and Views         Precision measurement: Sensing past the quantum limit Christopher G. Baker, Warwick P. Bowen Cancer: Precision T-cell therapy targets tumours Cornelis J. M. Melief Biogeochemistry: Arctic plants take up mercury vapour William Shotyk   From Bench to Bedside and Back Again Charles River has proudly partnered with the EBD Group to provide the scientific program for this year's BioPharm America Conference™. Be a part of this two-day conference that aims to bridge the gap between drug discovery and clinical application.   Register now>> Molecular biology: A liquid reservoir for silent chromatin Adam Klosin, Anthony A. Hyman   50 & 100 Years Ago Neurodegeneration: Taming tangled tau David S. Eisenberg, Michael R. Sawaya   Bioengineering: Bile ducts regenerated Ludi Zhang, Lijian Hui Articles         Fine-mapping inflammatory bowel disease loci to single-variant resolution Results of fine-mapping 94 inflammatory bowel disease loci using high-density genotyping in 67,852 individuals and several new fine-mapping methods. Hailiang Huang, Ming Fang, Luke Jostins et al. The extracellular matrix protein agrin promotes heart regeneration in mice The extracellular matrix protein agrin promotes cardiac regeneration in adult mice after myocardial infarction; it modulates cardiac differentiation and proliferation by interacting with the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex, Yap and ERK-mediated signalling. Elad Bassat, Yara Eid Mutlak, Alex Genzelinakh et al. Cryo-EM structures of tau filaments from Alzheimer’s disease High-resolution structures of tau filaments shed light on the ultrastructure of neurofibrillary lesions in Alzheimer’s disease. Anthony W. P. Fitzpatrick, Benjamin Falcon, Shaoda He et al. Letters         Quantum back-action-evading measurement of motion in a negative mass reference frame By coupling a mechanical object to an ensemble of atomic spins with negative effective mass, the object’s position can be measured without the usual quantum back-action perturbation of its momentum. Christoffer B. Møller, Rodrigo A. Thomas, Georgios Vasilakis et al. Catalytic allylic oxidation of internal alkenes to a multifunctional chiral building block Non-symmetric internal alkenes are selectively converted into allylic functionalized products with high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. Liela Bayeh, Phong Q. Le, Uttam K. Tambar Tundra uptake of atmospheric elemental mercury drives Arctic mercury pollution A two-year study of mercury deposition in the Arctic finds that the main source of mercury is gaseous elemental mercury, which is deposited throughout the year and leads to very high soil mercury levels. Daniel Obrist, Yannick Agnan, Martin Jiskra et al. The pyrite-type high-pressure form of FeOOH The pyrite-type high-pressure form of FeOOH is predicted from first principles, and found experimentally to be stable under the conditions at the base of the mantle, with implications for transport of water within Earth’s deep interior. Masayuki Nishi, Yasuhiro Kuwayama, Jun Tsuchiya et al. Pre-oral gut contributes to facial structures in non-teleost fishes In contrast to the prevailing belief that the gut begins with the mouth and continues backwards from there, this work shows that substantial areas of the faces of ray-finned fishes originate from the pre-oral gut or endoderm. Martin Minarik, Jan Stundl, Peter Fabian et al. Nutrient sensing modulates malaria parasite virulence Malaria parasites use a sensing mechanism to moderate their growth in response to the nutrient content of their host. Liliana Mancio-Silva, Ksenija Slavic, Margarida T. Grilo Ruivo et al. An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma The results of a phase I trial assessing a personal neoantigen multi-peptide vaccine in patients with melanoma, showing feasibility, safety, and immunogenicity. Patrick A. Ott, Zhuting Hu, Derin B. Keskin et al. Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer The authors report the first-in-human application of personalized neo-antigen RNA vaccines in patients with melanoma. Ugur Sahin, Evelyna Derhovanessian, Matthias Miller et al. Dystrophin–glycoprotein complex sequesters Yap to inhibit cardiomyocyte proliferation After injury in the heart, postnatal mouse hearts deficient in the Hippo pathway show efficient repair, and in the hearts of Mdx mice (a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy) Hippo deficiency protects against overload-induced heart failure. Yuka Morikawa, Todd Heallen, John Leach et al. Allelic reprogramming of 3D chromatin architecture during early mammalian development A low-input Hi-C method is used to show that chromatin organization is markedly relaxed in pre-implantation mouse embryos after fertilization and that the subsequent maturation of 3D chromatin architecture is surprisingly slow. Zhenhai Du, Hui Zheng, Bo Huang et al. Liquid droplet formation by HP1α suggests a role for phase separation in heterochromatin Phosphorylation or DNA binding promotes the physical partitioning of HP1α out of a soluble aqueous phase into droplets, suggesting that the repressive action of heterochromatin may in part be mediated by the phase separation of HP1. Adam G. Larson, Daniel Elnatan, Madeline M. Keenen et al. Phase separation drives heterochromatin domain formation HP1a can nucleate into foci that display liquid properties during the early stages of heterochromatin domain formation in Drosophila embryos, suggesting that the repressive action of heterochromatin may be mediated in part by emergent properties of phase separation. Amy R. Strom, Alexander V. Emelyanov, Mustafa Mir et al. CORRIGENDUM         Corrigendum: Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance Saleem H. Ali, Damien Giurco, Nicholas Arndt et al. Retraction         Retraction: Oncogenic activity of Cdc6 through repression of the INK4/ARF locus Susana Gonzalez, Peter Klatt, Sonia Delgado et al.

Careers & Jobs   Feature         Housing: A home on a budget Chris Woolston Q&AS         Turning point: Tenacious chemist Virginia Gewin Futures       Legs-11 Meet the home help. Hugh Cartwright

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natureevents directory featured events         Sensors in Medicine 2017     03.10.17 London, UK         Natureevents Directory is the premier resource for scientists looking for the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia. Featured across Nature Publishing Group journals and centrally at natureevents.com it is an essential reference guide to scientific events worldwide.

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