Wednesday, June 7, 2017

Nature contents: 08 June 2017

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  journal cover  
Nature Volume 546 Issue 7657
 
This Week  
 
 
Editorials  
 
 
 
Six decades of struggle over the pill
A notable anniversary highlights the progress and benefits of contraceptives, but also the continuing battle for access to them.
Rare particle decays offer hope of new physics
The strange and subtle behaviour of B mesons could crack open the standard model.
A sugar high in structural biology
Four Nature papers describing the receptor structures involved in glucose metabolism hold great promise for finding new ways to treat diabetes.
 
World View  
 
 
 
We need a science of philanthropy
Billions of dollars are being donated without strong evidence about which ways of giving are effective, says Caroline Fiennes.
 
Seven Days  
 
 
 
US exits Paris, Jupiter's new moon, and the biggest prize in science
The week in science: 2–8 June 2017.
Research Highlights  
 
 
 
This issue's Research Highlights
Selections from the scientific literature.
 
 
News in Focus
 
Italy rebuked for failure to prevent olive-tree tragedy
European Commission reveals widespread delays by the country’s authorities to halt spread of deadly plant disease.
Alison Abbott
  NASA’s dark-energy probe faces cost crisis
Space agency takes a hard look at plans for its next big space observatory.
Alexandra Witze
AI summit aims to help world’s poorest
United Nations meeting hopes to focus artificial intelligence on sustainable development goals.
Declan Butler
  Romania’s science reforms prompt boycott
Researchers refuse to sit on evaluation panels after government bans international participation.
Inga Vesper
Trump pulls United States out of Paris climate agreement
Withdrawal from global pact may take almost four years — which could give the winner of the 2020 presidential race the final word.
Jeff Tollefson
 
Features  
 
 
 
The mathematicians who want to save democracy
With algorithms in hand, scientists are looking to make elections in the United States more representative.
Carrie Arnold
Multimedia  
 
 
Nature: 08 June 2017
This week, early Homo sapiens in Morocco, mathematicians trying to stop gerrymandering, and going beyond the Standard Model.
 
 
Advertising.
 
 
Comment
 
The G20 must govern the shift to low-carbon energy
Andreas Goldthau calls for the world's 20 largest economies to take the helm in managing the transition from fossil fuels while keeping the global economy stable.
Andreas Goldthau
Books and Arts  
 
 
 
Influenza: A viral world war
Tilli Tansey commends a chronicle tracing the pathways of the 1918 flu pandemic.
Tilli Tansey
Cryptography: The codes that got away
Andrew Robinson takes on a compendium of past and current ciphers ripe for decoding.
Andrew Robinson
Books in brief
Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week's best science picks.
Barbara Kiser
Correspondence  
 
 
 
Mining: Heritage status could safeguard fossil beds
Hong Yang, Mingguo Ma, Roger J Flower
  Minerals: A rescue package for imperilled collection
Theodore J. Bornhorst, Christopher J. Poulsen, Rodney C. Ewing
Nomenclature: Rules for new species from live specimens
Vazrick Nazari, Douglas Yanega
  Publishing: Springer Nature's reply on fake review
Tamara Welschot
Population growth: Help to make food go further in Egypt
Jeremy Nathans
 
 
 
Research
 
NEW ONLINE  
 
 
 
Cell cycle: Division enzyme regulates metabolism
Cell division requires the action of key regulator proteins called cyclins and CDKs. It emerges that a cyclin–CDK complex can regulate cell metabolism, and targeting this metabolic regulation causes tumour regression in mice.
Vision: These retinas are made for walkin'
Measurements of the activity of neurons called direction-selective ganglion cells in the mouse retina explain how visual motion encoded by the eye maps onto body movements such as walking.
Exosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer
Exosomes improve the delivery of siRNA to mutant KRAS in the pancreatic tumours and bypass immune clearance better than artificial liposomes, probably owing to enhanced macropinocytocis and presence of CD47 on exosomes, respectively.
Single-molecule analysis of ligand efficacy in β2AR–G-protein activation
Single-molecule FRET imaging provides insights into the allosteric link between the ligand-binding and G-protein nucleotide-binding pockets of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and improved understanding of the G-protein activation mechanism.
A retinal code for motion along the gravitational and body axes
Global mapping shows that mouse retinal neurons prefer visual motion produced when the animal moves along two behaviourally relevant axes, allowing the encoding of the animal’s every translation and rotation.
The extracellular matrix protein Agrin promotes heart regeneration in mice
Stability and function of regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet
Regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet selectively suppress TH1 and CD8 T cells, but not TH2 or TH17 activation and associated autoimmunity.
A giant planet undergoing extreme-ultraviolet irradiation by its hot massive-star host
The giant planet KELT-9b has a dayside temperature of about 4,600 K, which is sufficiently high to dissociate molecules and to evaporate its atmosphere, owing to its hot stellar host.
Rare cell variability and drug-induced reprogramming as a mode of cancer drug resistance
Through drug exposure, a rare, transient transcriptional program characterized by high levels of expression of known resistance drivers can get ‘burned in’, leading to the selection of cells endowed with a transcriptional drug resistance and thus more chemoresistant cancers.
The metabolic function of cyclin D3–CDK6 kinase in cancer cell survival
The cyclin D3–CDK6 kinase complex, which is overactive in some cancers, inhibits two key glycolysis enzymes and thereby enhances the levels of antioxidants in cells, promoting tumour cell survival.
Principles of early human development and germ cell program from conserved model systems
The authors trace the emergence of porcine primordial germ cells and develop in vitro models of primordial germ cell development from human and monkey pluripotent stem cells in order to provide insight into early human development.
Dystrophin glycoprotein complex sequesters Yap to inhibit cardiomyocyte proliferation
News and Views  
 
 
 
Palaeoanthropology: On the origin of our species
Chris Stringer, Julia Galway-Witham
Neurodegenerative disease: RNA repeats put a freeze on cells
David W. Sanders, Clifford P. Brangwynne
Optical physics: One ring to multiplex them all
Victor Torres-Company
 
 

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Condensed-matter physics: Magnetism in flatland
Nitin Samarth
 
50 & 100 Years Ago
Evolution: Differences can hold populations together
David N. Reznick, Joseph Travis
 
Climate science: Cracking the palaeoclimate code
Stephen Meyers
Reviews  
 
 
 
Flavour-changing neutral currents making and breaking the standard model
The standard model of particle physics is incomplete, but experimental particle decays that occur through a ‘flavour-changing neutral current’ process, which show discrepancies to standard model predictions, may offer hints to the existence of new particles.
F. Archilli, M.-O. Bettler, P. Owen et al.
A challenge to lepton universality in B-meson decays
Recent measurements of B-meson decays in which tau leptons are produced might challenge the standard model assumption that interactions of leptons differ only because of their different masses.
Gregory Ciezarek, Manuel Franco Sevilla, Brian Hamilton et al.
Nutrient acquisition strategies of mammalian cells
A review of cellular strategies for nutrient sensing and acquisition, including how these strategies can be exploited by cancer cells.
Wilhelm Palm, Craig B. Thompson
Articles  
 
 
 
RNA phase transitions in repeat expansion disorders
Nucleotide repeat expansions create templates for multivalent base-pairing, which causes RNA to undergo a sol–gel phase transition and may explain the formation of nuclear RNA foci that are commonly observed in several neurological and neuromuscular diseases.
Ankur Jain, Ronald D. Vale
Cryo-EM structure of the activated GLP-1 receptor in complex with a G protein
The structure of the GLP-1 receptor complexed with its ligand offers insight into the mechanism of class B G-protein-coupled receptor activation.
Yan Zhang, Bingfa Sun, Dan Feng et al.
Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist
The solved crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a truncated agonist enables the design of synthetic agonists that exhibit potent activity in vivo.
Ali Jazayeri, Mathieu Rappas, Alastair J. H. Brown et al.
Structure of the full-length glucagon class B G-protein-coupled receptor
The crystal structure of the full-length human glucagon receptor reveals the essential role of the 12-residue ‘stalk’ segment and an extracellular loop in the regulation of ligand binding and receptor activation.
Haonan Zhang, Anna Qiao, Dehua Yang et al.
Letters  
 
 
 
Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals
Intrinsic long-range ferromagnetic order is observed in few-layer Cr2Ge2Te6 crystals, with a transition temperature that can be controlled using small magnetic fields.
Cheng Gong, Lin Li, Zhenglu Li et al.
Frequency dependence limits divergent evolution by favouring rare immigrants over residents
In a study using stickleback fish, negative frequency-dependent selection favours rare immigrants over common residents, weakening the effect of divergent natural selection.
Daniel I. Bolnick, William E. Stutz
The B-cell receptor controls fitness of MYC-driven lymphoma cells via GSK3β inhibition
Combined studies in MYC-driven mouse lymphomas and human Burkitt lymphoma unravel an essential role for the B-cell antigen receptor in the control of tumour B-cell fitness both in vitro and in vivo, with possible biological and clinical implications.
Gabriele Varano, Simon Raffel, Martina Sormani et al.
Accelerated discovery of two crystal structure types in a complex inorganic phase field
A computational tool that combines human-like chemical understanding with ab initio methods guides the compositional choice of complex five-component metallic oxides, yielding two new complex crystal structures.
C. Collins, M. S. Dyer, M. J. Pitcher et al.
Genetic wiring maps of single-cell protein states reveal an off-switch for GPCR signalling
Random mutagenesis in haploid human cells coupled to quantitative protein measurements with different antibodies is used as a readout for individual cellular phenotypes.
Markus Brockmann, Vincent A. Blomen, Joppe Nieuwenhuis et al.
Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit
Magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy is used to show that monolayer chromium triiodide is an Ising ferromagnet with out-of-plane spin orientation.
Bevin Huang, Genevieve Clark, Efrén Navarro-Moratalla et al.
Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications
Frequency combs produced by solitons in silicon-based optical microresonators are used to transmit data streams of more than 50 terabits per second in telecommunication wavelength bands.
Pablo Marin-Palomo, Juned N. Kemal, Maxim Karpov et al.
New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens
New human fossils from Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) document the earliest evolutionary stage of Homo sapiens and display modern conditions of the face and mandible combined with more primative features of the neurocranium.
Jean-Jacques Hublin, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer, Shara E. Bailey et al.
The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age
Thermoluminescence dating of fire-heated flint artefacts, and directly associated newly discovered remains of Homo sapiens, indicate that the Middle Stone Age site of Jebel Irhoud in Morocco is 383–247 thousand years old.
Daniel Richter, Rainer Grün, Renaud Joannes-Boyau et al.
Dynamic corticostriatal activity biases social bonding in monogamous female prairie voles
In a prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) model of social bonding, a functional circuit from the prefrontal cortex to nucleus accumbens is dynamically modulated to enhance females’ affiliative behaviour towards a partner.
Elizabeth A. Amadei, Zachary V. Johnson, Yong Jun Kwon et al.
Human GLP-1 receptor transmembrane domain structure in complex with allosteric modulators
Crystal structures of the human GLP-1 receptor in complex with two negative allosteric modulators reveal a common binding pocket, and, together with mutagenesis and modelling studies, further our understanding of the receptor activation mechanism.
Gaojie Song, Dehua Yang, Yuxia Wang et al.
CORRIGENDUM  
 
 
 
Corrigendum: Black hole growth in the early Universe is self-regulated and largely hidden from view
Ezequiel Treister, Kevin Schawinski, Marta Volonteri et al.
 
 
 
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Careers & Jobs
 
Feature  
 
 
 
Institutions: Small-school science
Chris Woolston
Q&AS  
 
 
 
Turning point: Reef inspector
Virginia Gewin
Futures  
 
 
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The city never sleeps.
Robert Dawson
 
 
 
 
 

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