Nature Neuroscience Contents: May 2017 Volume 20 Number 5, pp 629 - 759

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Advertisement Poster on Molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis This poster from Nature Reviews Neuroscience provides an overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that have been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is the most common form of motor neuron disease.  Download free online Funded by a grant from MT Pharma America, Inc   TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2017 Volume 20, Issue 5 News and Views Review Articles Technical Report Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Focus on Disease models: reproducibility and translation  Lab Animal, a Nature Research journal focusing on in vivo methods, research and technology with model organisms of human health & disease, presents a special Focus on reproducibility and translation of in vivo research with disease models.  Access this Focus > Produced with support from:  Taconic Biosciences, Inc.  Charles River   News and Views Top Showing transmitters the door: synucleins accelerate vesicle release   pp629 - 631 Dennis J Selkoe doi:10.1038/nn.4551 α-Synuclein is present at high levels in all neurons and their synapses. We now learn that this protein helps dilate the fusion pore, which forms transiently during vesicle exocytosis, promoting release of certain neurotransmitters. See also: Article by Logan et al. Upstream current for a downstream flow   pp631 - 633 Jessica A Filosa doi:10.1038/nn.4542 Capillary endothelial cells sense neuronal activity-evoked increases in extracellular K+ via KIR2.1 inwardly rectifying K+ channels. The ensuing hyperpolarization travels upstream along the vascular network, reaching arterioles and evoking vasodilation. See also: Article by Longden et al. Cerebellar granule cells expand their talents   pp633 - 634 Matthew I Becker and Abigail L Person doi:10.1038/nn.4552 Technical advances in calcium imaging enable the first tests of classic theories of cerebellar learning. Two independent groups reveal dense representation of surprising modalities in cerebellar granule cells. See also: Article by Giovannucci et al. Monkeys face face distortions   pp635 - 636 Guy A Orban doi:10.1038/nn.4556 A study combines monkey behavioral testing with electrical stimulation of face patches, located with functional MRI and studied electrophysiologically, to probe the behavioral relevance of the face patches' selectivity. See also: Article by Moeller et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Armenise Career Development Awards (CDA) Harvard Medical School, USA Postdoctoral Positions in Visual Neuroscience New York City, NY, United States Tenure Track Faculty Position in Neuroscience Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada Group Leader positions at the Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience Saclay, France Assistant/Associate Professor in Systems Neuroscience/Neuroimaging Nijmegen, Netherlands More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT International Conference on neuroscience and neural disorder Conference 2017 14.09.17 California, USA More science events from Review Top Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury   pp637 - 647 Peggy Assinck, Greg J Duncan, Brett J Hilton, Jason R Plemel and Wolfram Tetzlaff doi:10.1038/nn.4541 The consequences of spinal cord injury are often severe and irreversible; cell transplantation has emerged as a potential treatment. In this Review, the authors highlight mechanisms through which cell transplantation is thought to promote functional improvements and the obstacles to making cell transplantation a viable therapy. Advertisement Portable fNIRS System Shimadzu's LIGHTNIRS expands opportunities for brain imaging research by providing high-quality Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signals of the cerebral cortex in a compact, wearable design. The portability of LIGHTNIRS allows visualizing brain function activity in real time in a more natural state than other methods. Learn more.   Articles Top Developmental alterations in Huntington's disease neural cells and pharmacological rescue in cells and mice   pp648 - 660 The HD iPSC Consortium:  Ryan G Lim, Lisa L Salazar, Daniel K Wilton, Alvin R King, Jennifer T Stocksdale, Delaram Sharifabad, Alice L Lau, Beth Stevens, Jack C Reidling, Sara T Winokur, Malcolm S Casale, Leslie M Thompson, Monica Pardo, A Gerardo Garcia Diaz-Barriga, Marco Straccia, Phil Sanders, Jordi Alberch, Josep M Canals, Julia A Kaye, Mariah Dunlap, Lisa Jo, Hanna May, Elliot Mount, Cliff Anderson-Bergman, Kelly Haston, Steven Finkbeiner, Amanda J Kedaigle, Theresa A Gipson, Ferah Yildirim, Christopher W Ng, Pamela Milani, David E Housman, Ernest Fraenkel, Nicholas D Allen, Paul J Kemp, Ranjit Singh Atwal, Marta Biagioli, James F Gusella, Marcy E MacDonald, Sergey S Akimov, Nicolas Arbez, Jacqueline Stewart, Christopher A Ross, Virginia B Mattis, Colton M Tom, Loren Ornelas, Anais Sahabian, Lindsay Lenaeus, Berhan Mandefro, Dhruv Sareen and Clive N Svendsen doi:10.1038/nn.4532 The Huntington's disease (HD) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) consortium describe the combined use of differentiated patient-derived iPSCs and systems biology to discover underlying mechanisms in HD. They identify neurodevelopmental deficits in HD cells that can be corrected in cells and in vivo with a small molecule. Purine synthesis promotes maintenance of brain tumor initiating cells in glioma   pp661 - 673 Xiuxing Wang, Kailin Yang, Qi Xie, Qiulian Wu, Stephen C Mack et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4537 Brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) utilize high-affinity glucose uptake, which is normally active in neurons to maintain energy demands and self-renew. Leveraging metabolomic and genomic analyses, Wang et al. report that de novo purine biosynthesis reprograms BTIC metabolism, revealing a potential point of fragility amenable to targeted cancer therapy. Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system   pp674 - 680 Yvonne Dombrowski, Thomas O'Hagan, Marie Dittmer, Rosana Penalva, Sonia R Mayoral et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4528 Regeneration of myelin is a dynamic, yet enigmatic process. Dombrowski et al. uncover a central role for regulatory T (Treg) cells in driving oligodendrocyte differentiation, in part via CCN3, a novel factor in Treg function and oligodendrocyte biology. This identifies Treg cells as key cellular players in efficient remyelination. α-Synuclein promotes dilation of the exocytotic fusion pore   pp681 - 689 Todd Logan, Jacob Bendor, Chantal Toupin, Kurt Thorn and Robert H Edwards doi:10.1038/nn.4529 The authors used knockout mice to demonstrate the normal function of the protein α-synuclein, which has a central role in Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases. The presynaptic protein promoted dilation of the exocytotic fusion pore, and mutations that cause Parkinson's disease specifically impaired this normal function. See also: News and Views by Selkoe Activity-induced histone modifications govern Neurexin-1 mRNA splicing and memory preservation   pp690 - 699 Xinlu Ding, Sanxiong Liu, Miaomiao Tian, Wenhao Zhang, Tao Zhu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4536 Relatively little is known about the mechanisms that preserve memories during long-term storage. The authors found that neural activation during learning triggers long-lasting transcription of a specific neurexin-1 splice isoform, enabling retention of hippocampus-dependent memory. This process was mediated by signaling through the AMPK pathway leading to histone modifications. C1 neurons mediate a stress-induced anti-inflammatory reflex in mice   pp700 - 707 Chikara Abe, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Mabel A Inglis, Kenneth E Viar, Liping Huang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4526 Acute stress elicits physiological and behavioral responses that enhance survival. This study in mice shows that stress reduces tissue injury in a model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating an anti-inflammatory response via the sympathetic system and the spleen. C1 neurons located in the brainstem mediate this protective effect of stress. GLP-1 acts on habenular avoidance circuits to control nicotine intake   pp708 - 716 Luis M Tuesta, Zuxin Chen, Alexander Duncan, Christie D Fowler, Masago Ishikawa et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4540 Nicotine has rewarding effects that motivate its consumption. In addition to these rewarding effects, nicotine also has aversive properties that motivate its avoidance. Here the authors identify a pathway in the brain that regulates nicotine avoidance. Adaptive responses in this and other aversion-related pathways may contribute to the development of tobacco addiction. Capillary K+-sensing initiates retrograde hyperpolarization to increase local cerebral blood flow   pp717 - 726 Thomas A Longden, Fabrice Dabertrand, Masayo Koide, Albert L Gonzales, Nathan R Tykocki et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4533 Longden et al. demonstrate that brain capillaries function as a vast sensory web, monitoring neuronal activity by sensing K+ and translating this into a KIR-channel-mediated regenerative retrograde hyperpolarizing signal that propagates to upstream arterioles to drive vasodilation and an increase in blood flow into the capillary bed. See also: News and Views by Filosa Cerebellar granule cells acquire a widespread predictive feedback signal during motor learning   pp727 - 734 Andrea Giovannucci, Aleksandra Badura, Ben Deverett, Farzaneh Najafi, Talmo D Pereira et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4531 Granule cells constitute half of the cells in the brain, yet their activity during behavior is largely uncharacterized. The authors report that granule cells encode multisensory representations that evolve with learning into a predictive motor signal. This activity may help the cerebellum implement a forward model for action. See also: News and Views by Becker & Person Dopamine transients are sufficient and necessary for acquisition of model-based associations   pp735 - 742 Melissa J Sharpe, Chun Yun Chang, Melissa A Liu, Hannah M Batchelor, Lauren E Mueller et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4538 Learning to predict reward is thought to be driven by dopaminergic prediction errors, which reflect discrepancies between actual and expected value. Here the authors show that learning to predict neutral events is also driven by prediction errors and that such value-neutral associative learning is also likely mediated by dopaminergic error signals. The effect of face patch microstimulation on perception of faces and objects   pp743 - 752 Sebastian Moeller, Trinity Crapse, Le Chang and Doris Y Tsao doi:10.1038/nn.4527 Scientists have long debated the extent to which different brain regions are specialized for specific tasks. Here the authors show that electrical microstimulation of face-selective brain regions in the temporal lobe of monkeys distorts the animal's percept not just of faces but also of certain non-face objects including round objects. See also: News and Views by Orban Advertisement Animation: Alzheimer's disease  Nature Neuroscience presents this animation, which introduces the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease and highlights some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the onset and progression of this devastating neurological condition. Watch the Animation free online >>   Technical Report Top Differentiation of human and murine induced pluripotent stem cells to microglia-like cells   pp753 - 759 Hetal Pandya, Michael J Shen, David M Ichikawa, Andrea B Sedlock, Yong Choi et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4534 Pandya et al. describe a protocol to differentiate human and mouse iPSCs into cells with the phenotype, transcriptional profile and functional properties of microglia. The treatment of murine intracranial malignant gliomas with these cells demonstrates their potential clinical use. These microglia-like cells will enable further studies into the role of microglia in health and disease. Top Advertisement Open for Submissions   An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. 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