Nature Neuroscience Contents: April 2017 Volume 20 Number 4, pp 497 - 628

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Watch Taconic's Webinar on these Novel Disorder Models  Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement The NYSCF Investigator Program supports top early career neuroscientists and stem cell researchers around the world through the:  NYSCF - Robertson Stem Cell Investigator Awards   NYSCF - Robertson Neuroscience Investigator Awards Learn more about the Program and its investigators here   Advertisement Focus on Psychiatric Disorders  Compared to other areas, psychiatric research faces unique biological, technological, clinical, regulatory and ethical challenges. In this focus Nature Neuroscience and Nature Medicine present a collection of Commentaries, Perspectives, and Reviews that address these challenges.  Access the Focus online Produced with support of a grant from:  Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.    Advertisement Focus on Disease models: reproducibility and translation  Lab Animal, a Nature Research journal focusing on in vivo methods, research and technology with model organisms of human health & disease, presents a special Focus on reproducibility and translation of in vivo research with disease models.  Access this Focus > Produced with support from:  Taconic Biosciences, Inc.  Charles River   News and Views Top Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide drug for spinal muscular atrophy   pp497 - 499 David R Corey doi:10.1038/nn.4508 Nusinersen (Spinraza) is a recently approved drug for treating spinal muscular atrophy. Approval of nusinersen may signal new opportunities for using antisense oligonucleotides as treatments for devastating neurological diseases. Cocaine, cadherins and synaptic plasticity   pp499 - 501 Kristina Valentinova and Manuel Mameli doi:10.1038/nn.4535 Addictive substances hijack the reward system partly via synaptic plasticity onto dopamine neurons. Cadherins may contribute to cocaine-evoked adaptations, supporting the notion that drug addiction is a synaptic disease. See also: Article by Mills et al. A neuronal mechanism for recall of bad events   pp501 - 503 Chenguang Zheng and Laura Lee Colgin doi:10.1038/nn.4525 Hippocampal place cells are traditionally thought to represent locations where animals currently are or predict where they are headed. However, new results reveal that place cells also represent distant places that are actively avoided. See also: Article by Wu et al. Adolescence, brain maturation and mental health   pp503 - 504 Adriana Galvan doi:10.1038/nn.4530 The rate of development of the brain connectome distinguishes adolescents with and without psychiatric symptoms. Those with symptoms exhibit delayed development of connectome distinctiveness as compared to healthy adolescents. See also: Brief Communication by Kaufmann et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Researcher - Cancer Biology Weill Cornell Medicine 9 PhD positions in a Translational Research Network for Prostate Cancer University of Glasgow Postdoctoral Fellow in Cancer Research MD Anderson Cancer Center More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 2nd Middle East Masterclass of Men�s Health and ED Serious Implanters 28.04.17 Dubai, UAE More science events from Perspective Top Motivational neural circuits underlying reinforcement learning   pp505 - 512 Bruno B Averbeck and Vincent D Costa doi:10.1038/nn.4506 Reinforcement learning (RL) is the behavioral process of learning to associate rewards with actions or objects. Conceptual and theoretical accounts of RL have focused on the striatum. However, recent data shows that the amygdala also plays an important role in RL. Brief Communication Top Delayed stabilization and individualization in connectome development are related to psychiatric disorders   pp513 - 515 Tobias Kaufmann, Dag Alnæs, Nhat Trung Doan, Christine Lycke Brandt, Ole A Andreassen et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4511 This study on neurodevelopment of functional networks reveals a network tuning process that transforms the human connectome into a stable, individualized wiring pattern. Delay in this tuning was associated with disordered mental health, revealing the detrimental paths that brain plasticity can take during adolescence, when initial symptoms of mental illness occur. See also: News and Views by Galvan Advertisement NYU Nature Conference on Neurogenetics  August 9-11, 2017| New York, NY Presented by: New York University (NYU) | Nature Genetics | Nature Neuroscience  Register now!   Articles Top Ontogenetic establishment of order-specific nuclear organization in the mammalian thalamus   pp516 - 528 Wei Shi, Anjin Xianyu, Zhi Han, Xing Tang, Zhizhong Li et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4519 Shi et al. performed a systematic clonal analysis and revealed an intricate ontogenetic logic of structural development and functional organization of the mammalian thalamus. Notably, neurons in cognitive versus sensory or motor nuclei as well as in first-order versus high-order sensory or motor nuclei across different modalities exhibit distinct progenitor origin and spatial configuration. Metabotropic action of postsynaptic kainate receptors triggers hippocampal long-term potentiation   pp529 - 539 Milos M Petrovic, Silvia Viana da Silva, James P Clement, Ladislav Vyklicky, Christophe Mulle et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4505 The authors show that activation of GluK2-containing kainate receptors on hippocampal neurons, by either agonist application or high-frequency synaptic stimulation, leads to a new form of NMDA-receptor-independent LTP. Induction of this form of plasticity requires the metabotropic action of postsynaptic kainate receptors, which triggers spine growth and potentiation of AMPA-receptor-mediated transmission. Cadherins mediate cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity and behavioral conditioning   pp540 - 549 Fergil Mills, Andrea K Globa, Shuai Liu, Catherine M Cowan, Mahsan Mobasser et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4503 Drugs of abuse alter the strength of synaptic connections within the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. The current study demonstrates that this is dependent on the recruitment of cadherin to the synaptic membrane. Increased cadherin at dopaminergic synapses impairs cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity, resulting in a reduction in cocaine preference. See also: News and Views by Valentinova & Mameli Retinal origin of direction selectivity in the superior colliculus   pp550 - 558 Xuefeng Shi, Jad Barchini, Hector Acaron Ledesma, David Koren, Yanjiao Jin et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4498 The authors use a variety of techniques to isolate and manipulate retinal inputs to direction-selective neurons in the mouse superior colliculus. They show that these cells inherit their selectivity from the retina by combining inputs from similarly tuned ganglion cells, which are further amplified in the colliculus without altering selectivity. A distinct entorhinal cortex to hippocampal CA1 direct circuit for olfactory associative learning   pp559 - 570 Yiding Li, Jiamin Xu, Yafeng Liu, Jia Zhu, Nan Liu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4517 Entorhinal cortex transfers multimodal information to hippocampus CA1 neurons via indirect and direct pathways. The authors show that excitatory projections from lateral entorhinal cortex selectively target a subpopulation of morphologically complex, calbindin-expressing pyramidal cells in CA1, forming a distinct direct circuit that is required for olfactory associative learning. Hippocampal awake replay in fear memory retrieval   pp571 - 580 Chun-Ting Wu, Daniel Haggerty, Caleb Kemere and Daoyun Ji doi:10.1038/nn.4507 How hippocampal place cells participate in fear memory retrieval is unknown. Wu et al. show that, when rats retrieve prior shock experience prompting them to avoid a shock zone, precise place cell activity patterns encoding paths from animals/' current locations to the shock zone are replayed in association with high-frequency ripple oscillations. See also: News and Views by Zheng & Colgin Dopamine reward prediction errors reflect hidden-state inference across time   pp581 - 589 Clara Kwon Starkweather, Benedicte M Babayan, Naoshige Uchida and Samuel J Gershman doi:10.1038/nn.4520 A long-standing idea in modern neuroscience is that the brain computes inferences about the outside world rather than passively observing its environment. The authors record from midbrain dopamine neurons during tasks with different reward contingencies and show that responses are consistent with a learning rule that harnesses hidden-state inference. Persistently active neurons in human medial frontal and medial temporal lobe support working memory   pp590 - 601 Jan Kaminski, Shannon Sullivan, Jeffrey M Chung, Ian B Ross, Adam N Mamelak et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4509 Using single-neuron recordings in the human brain during a working-memory task, the authors show both stimulus-specific and nonspecific types of persistent activity in neurons of the medial frontal and medial temporal lobes. Persistent activity in hippocampus and amygdala was predictive of memory content and displayed dynamic attractor patterns. Advertisement Nature Outlook: Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis induces the immune system to damage the central nervous system. Research on causes and treatments offers new hope. Access the Outlook free online today! This activity has been supported by a grant from F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, which has had no control over the educational content of this activity.     Resource Top Whole genome sequencing resource identifies 18 new candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder   pp602 - 611 Ryan K C Yuen, Daniele Merico, Matt Bookman, Jennifer L Howe, Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4524 Yuen et al. developed a cloud-based database with 5,205 whole genomes from families with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They identified 18 new candidate ASD-risk genes and approximately 100 risk genes and copy-number loci, which account for 11% of the cases. They also found that individuals bearing mutations in ASD-risk genes had lower adaptive ability. Technical Reports Top One-step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers   pp612 - 619 Seongjun Park, Yuanyuan Guo, Xiaoting Jia, Han Kyoung Choe, Benjamin Grena et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4510 The authors use fiber-based fabrication to create flexible biocompatible probes with integrated optical, electrical and microfluidic capabilities. Functionality is demonstrated by characterizing the temporal dynamics of opsin expression following viral delivery, long-term tracking of individual neuron action potentials and modulation of neural circuits in the context of mouse behavior. Video-rate volumetric functional imaging of the brain at synaptic resolution   pp620 - 628 Rongwen Lu, Wenzhi Sun, Yajie Liang, Aaron Kerlin, Jens Bierfeld et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4516 The authors built a simple optical module that generates axially extended Bessel foci, optimized for in vivo brain imaging. Easily incorporated into existing two-photon fluorescence microscopes, this module allowed 30-Hz volumetric functional imaging of sparsely labeled brains at synaptic resolution in a variety of model organisms in vivo. Top Advertisement Looking to recruit? Limited time offer from Naturejobs:  Get a 20% discount on our Premium job posting package when you buy before March 31, 2017. Reach a potential audience of 10.8 million users* via nature.com Be seen first by candidates — your position will appear at the top of related searches for 60 days and be displayed prominently on the Naturejobs home page as Job of the Week. Plus appear as 'Featured' in search results Post a job now. * Publisher data 2016     Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. 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