| | Cell biology: Stretched divisions
Many organ surfaces are covered by a protective epithelial-cell layer. It emerges that such layers are maintained by cell stretching that triggers cell division mediated by the force-sensitive ion-channel protein Piezo1.
| Materials science: Organic analogues of graphene
Chemists have long aspired to synthesize two-dimensional polymers that are fully conjugated — an attribute that imparts potentially useful properties. Just such a material has been prepared using a solid-state polymerization reaction.
| Cancer: A targeted treatment with off-target risks
It emerges that blood-cancer-targeting drugs that block a tumour-survival pathway also activate a mutation-causing enzyme in mice and in human cells. This might have implications for the clinical use of these drugs.
| Whole-genome landscape of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
The genomes of 102 primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours have been sequenced, revealing mutations in genes with functions such as chromatin remodelling, DNA damage repair, mTOR activation and telomere maintenance, and a greater-than-expected contribution from germ line mutations.
| Adipose-derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues
Adipose tissue is a major source of circulating exosomal miRNAs, which contribute to the regulation of gene expression in distant tissues and organs.
| Static non-reciprocity in mechanical metamaterials
Suitably engineered mechanical metamaterials show static non-reciprocity—that is, the transmission of motion from one side to the other depends on the direction of that motion.
| Arrays of horizontal carbon nanotubes of controlled chirality grown using designed catalysts
Horizontal arrays of metallic or semiconducting carbon nanotubes with controlled chirality are grown from specially designed solid carbide catalysts.
| Sterile protection against human malaria by chemoattenuated PfSPZ vaccine
Immunization with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis can protect against controlled human malaria infection with the same strain for at least 10 weeks, and protection correlates with polyfunctional T-cell memory.
| m6A-dependent maternal mRNA clearance facilitates zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition
The N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification facilitates maternally driven clearance of zebrafish maternal mRNAs through the m6A-binding protein Ythdf2, ensuring proper and timely embryonic development.
| Untimely expression of gametogenic genes in vegetative cells causes uniparental disomy
Uniparental disomy in fission yeast is triggered by aberrant expression of gametogenic genes in vegetative cells, and is associated with the activation of meiotic cohesin Rec8 in cells with defects in the RNA interference machinery.
| SZT2 dictates GATOR control of mTORC1 signalling
SZT2 recruits GATOR1 and GATOR2 to form a SZT2-orchestrated GATOR (SOG) complex at the lysosome that is essential for GATOR- and SESN-dependent nutrient sensing and mTORC1 regulation.
| Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ blockade increases genomic instability in B cells
PI3Kδ controls the expression of the recombinogenic enzyme AID; excessive AID activity caused by PI3Kδ inhibition can induce genomic instability in leukaemia and lymphoma cells, as well as in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with PI3Kδ inhibitors.
| Mechanical stretch triggers rapid epithelial cell division through Piezo1
The stretch-activated channel Piezo1 controls homeostatic epithelial cell numbers by activating cells to divide rapidly when under stretch strain from low density, and by activating cells to extrude and die when cells are under crowding strain.
| KICSTOR recruits GATOR1 to the lysosome and is necessary for nutrients to regulate mTORC1
A protein complex composed of KPTN, ITFG2, C12orf66 and SZT2, named KICSTOR, is necessary for lysosomal localization of GATOR1, interaction of GATOR1 with the Rag GTPases and GATOR2, and nutrient-dependent mTORC1 modulation.
| Metabolic gatekeeper function of B-lymphoid transcription factors
The B-lymphoid transcription factors PAX5 and IKZF1 restrict the supply of glucose and energy to B cells to levels that are not enough to fuel a driver-oncogene, thereby acting as tumour suppressors and sensitizing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia B cells to glucocorticoid therapy.
| Corrigendum: Interaction between RasV12 and scribbled clones induces tumour growth and invasion
| Corrigendum: Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database
| | | | | | Seeking truth and pursuing innovation Publishing Date: Feb 16th, 2016 AVAILABLE FREE ONLINE | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mega-evolutionary dynamics of the adaptive radiation of birds
A study of more than 2,000 bird species shows that diversity in bill shape expands towards extreme morphologies early in avian evolution in a series of major jumps, before switching to a second phase in which bills repeatedly evolve similar shapes by subdividing increasingly tight regions of already occupied niche space.
Christopher R. Cooney, Jen A. Bright, Elliot J. R. Capp et al. | Photovoltage field-effect transistors
A photovoltage field-effect transistor is demonstrated that is very sensitive to infrared light and has high gain.
Valerio Adinolfi, Edward H. Sargent | Single-cell spatial reconstruction reveals global division of labour in the mammalian liver
Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization is performed to identify several landmark genes in the liver and their level of expression in single-cell RNA sequencing is used to spatially reconstruct the zonation of all liver genes.
Keren Bahar Halpern, Rom Shenhav, Orit Matcovitch-Natan et al. | Synthetic vulnerabilities of mesenchymal subpopulations in pancreatic cancer
Depletion of Smarcb1 activates the Myc network of signalling cascades, increasing protein metabolism and activation of survival pathways allowing highly aggressive Kras-independent pancreatic cancer cells to develop.
Giannicola Genovese, Alessandro Carugo, James Tepper et al. | Heinrich events triggered by ocean forcing and modulated by isostatic adjustment
Heinrich events — episodes of massive iceberg discharge from the Laurentide Ice Sheet into the North Atlantic Ocean — are triggered by the incursion of warm ocean waters destabilizing the calving front.
Jeremy N. Bassis, Sierra V. Petersen, L. Mac Cathles | Primordial helium entrained by the hottest mantle plumes
Analysis of helium isotope ratios in volcanic hotspot lavas suggests that hotter, more buoyant plumes upwelling from the deep mantle entrain high-3He/4He material, unlike cooler, less buoyant plumes, implying the existence of a dense, relatively undisturbed primordial reservoir in the deep mantle.
M. G. Jackson, J. G. Konter, T.W. Becker | Stable colloids in molten inorganic salts
A class of colloids is reported in which inorganic solute particles—such as metals and semiconductors—are dispersed in molten inorganic salts.
Hao Zhang, Kinjal Dasbiswas, Nicholas B. Ludwig et al. | Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades
The oxygen content of the global ocean has decreased by more than two per cent over the past five decades, with large variations found in different ocean basins and at different ocean depths.
Sunke Schmidtko, Lothar Stramma, Martin Visbeck | Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder
Surface area expansion from 6–12 months precedes brain overgrowth in high risk infants diagnosed with autism at 24 months and cortical features in the first year predict individual diagnostic outcomes.
Heather Cody Hazlett, Hongbin Gu, Brent C. Munsell et al. | EPRS is a critical mTORC1–S6K1 effector that influences adiposity in mice
Glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase (EPRS) is a downstream effector of the mTORC1–S6K1 signalling axis and contributes to adiposity and ageing in mice.
Abul Arif, Fulvia Terenzi, Alka A. Potdar et al. | C. elegans neurons jettison protein aggregates and mitochondria under neurotoxic stress
Adult neurons from Caenorhabditis elegans can extrude large membrane-surrounded vesicles, known as exophers, containing protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles that threaten neuronal homeostasis.
Ilija Melentijevic, Marton L. Toth, Meghan L. Arnold et al. | MFN1 structures reveal nucleotide-triggered dimerization critical for mitochondrial fusion
Crystal structures of engineered human MFN1 in different stages of GTP hydrolysis provide insights into the GTP-induced conformational changes that promote MFN1 dimerization to bring about mitochondrial fusion.
Yu-Lu Cao, Shuxia Meng, Yang Chen et al. | Structure of a spliceosome remodelled for exon ligation
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of a yeast spliceosome stalled before mature RNA formation provides insight into the mechanism of exon ligation.
Sebastian M. Fica, Chris Oubridge, Wojciech P. Galej et al. | | | | |
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