| | Structural biology: Growth factor rattled out of its cage
The growth factor TGF-ß1 is located inside a protein cage, and is thought to be released by force applied through integrin proteins. A structure of TGF-ß1 in complex with integrin αVß6 sheds light on the uncaging process. | Regenerative medicine: Interspecies pancreas transplants
A mouse pancreas grown in a rat controls blood-sugar levels when transplanted into a mouse that models type 1 diabetes. This achievement provides a tantalizing glimpse of how organs could be grown for therapeutic use. | Medicine: The final frontier in cancer diagnosis
A computer, trained to classify skin cancers using image analysis alone, can now identify certain cancers as successfully as can skin-cancer doctors. What are the implications for the future of medical diagnosis? | An Argonaute phosphorylation cycle promotes microRNA-mediated silencing
The application of genome-wide CRISPR–Cas9 screening coupled with a fluorescent reporter to interrogate the microRNA pathway reveals that continual transient phosphorylation of Argonaute 2 is required to maintain the global efficiency of microRNA-mediated repression. | Force interacts with macromolecular structure in activation of TGF-β
Integrin αVβ6 binds the transforming growth factor-β1 precursor (pro-TGF-β1) in an orientation that is biologically relevant for force-dependent release of TGF-β from its latent form. | Prevalence and architecture of de novo mutations in developmental disorders
Whole-exome analysis of individuals with developmental disorders shows that de novo mutations can equally cause loss or altered protein function, but that most mutations causing altered protein function have not yet been described. | Interspecies organogenesis generates autologous functional islets
The authors inject mouse pluripotent stem cells into pancreatogenesis-disabled rat blastocysts and thereby generate rats with mouse pancreata from which the islets, when transplanted into mice, can provide a long-term cure for symptoms of diabetes, without continuous immunosuppression. | | Integrated genomic and molecular characterization of cervical cancer | Weak synchronization and large-scale collective oscillation in dense bacterial suspensions
Cells in dense bacterial suspensions can self-organize into highly robust collective oscillatory motion, while individual cells move in an erratic manner; their interaction is modelled to reveal a weak synchronization mechanism. | Symmetry-protected collisions between strongly interacting photons
Excitations to Rydberg states in a gas of ultracold atoms are used to produce a robust, nonlinear phase shift of exactly π/2 between two photons, which is protected against variations in experimental parameters by a symmetry of the system. | MATRILINEAL, a sperm-specific phospholipase, triggers maize haploid induction
A frame-shift mutation in MATRILINEAL, a pollen-specific phospholipase, triggers haploid induction in maize, which may be useful in developing improved haploid induction systems for crop breeding. | Elevation alters ecosystem properties across temperate treelines globally
Examination of the ecosystem properties of treeline ecotones in seven temperate regions of the world shows that the reduction in temperature with increasing elevation does not affect tree leaf nutrient concentrations, but does reduce ground-layer community-weighted plant nitrogen levels, leading to a strong stoichiometric convergence of ground-layer plant community nitrogen to phosphorus ratios across all regions. | Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution OPEN
The genome sequences of the neglected human-infective malaria species Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale provide new insights into their biology that are pertinent to understanding their epidemiology and to the broader agenda of malaria elimination. | Molybdenum chloride catalysts for Z-selective olefin metathesis reactions
Substitution of a ligand in molybdenum-based complexes enables typically inert hexafluorobutene to participate in Z-selective olefin cross-metathesis reactions. | A competitive inhibitory circuit for selection of active and passive fear responses
Competitive circuits in the amygdala of mice drive either freezing or flight behaviour in response to threat, and involve distinct neuronal subtypes. | Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks
An artificial intelligence trained to classify images of skin lesions as benign lesions or malignant skin cancers achieves the accuracy of board-certified dermatologists. | MFN1 structures reveal nucleotide-triggered dimerization critical for mitochondrial fusion
Crystal structures of engineered human MFN1 in different stages of GTP hydrolysis provide insights into the GTP-induced conformational changes that promote MFN1 dimerization to bring about mitochondrial fusion. | | Basis of catalytic assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex | | Erratum: Wnt/β-catenin promotes gastric fundus specification in mice and humans | | | Brief Communications Arising | | | | Chiral quantum optics
The experimental state-of-the-art in the field of chiral quantum optics is reviewed and the ways in which chiral light–matter interaction could be exploited to add a new dimension of control to quantum networks and quantum many-body physics are discussed.
Peter Lodahl, Sahand Mahmoodian, Søren Stobbe et al. | | Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
A reactive astrocyte subtype termed A1 is induced after injury or disease of the central nervous system and subsequently promotes the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes.
Shane A. Liddelow, Kevin A. Guttenplan, Laura E. Clarke et al. | Communication between viruses guides lysis–lysogeny decisions
Some phages—viruses that infect bacteria—encode peptides that are secreted from infected cells and that, beyond a certain threshold, stimulate other viruses to switch from the lytic (killing the host cell) to lysogenic (dormant) phase.
Zohar Erez, Ida Steinberger-Levy, Maya Shamir et al. | Translation from unconventional 5′ start sites drives tumour initiation
The translation of upstream open reading frames in skin tumour models protects some cancer-related mRNAs from global reductions in protein synthesis during the early stages of tumour initiation, suggesting that unconventional translation has a crucial role in tumorigenesis.
Ataman Sendoel, Joshua G. Dunn, Edwin H. Rodriguez et al. | Structure of a CLC chloride ion channel by cryo-electron microscopy
Some CLC proteins are channels that conduct chloride ions passively, whereas others are active co-transporters, a difference that has been hard to understand given their high degree of sequence homology; now, cryo-electron microscopy is used to determine the structure of a mammalian CLC channel, shedding light on this question.
Eunyong Park, Ernest B. Campbell, Roderick MacKinnon | | Observation of the 1S–2S transition in trapped antihydrogen OPEN
The 1S–2S transition in magnetically trapped atoms of antihydrogen is observed, and its frequency is shown to be consistent with that expected for hydrogen.
M. Ahmadi, B. X. R. Alves, C. J. Baker et al. | High-spatial-resolution mapping of catalytic reactions on single particles
The chemical conversion of N-heterocyclic carbene molecules attached to catalytic particles is monitored at high spatial resolution using synchrotron-radiation-based infrared nanospectroscopy.
Chung-Yeh Wu, William J. Wolf, Yehonatan Levartovsky et al. | Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature
A study of how temperature and water availability fluctuations affect the carbon balance of land ecosystems reveals different controls on local and global scales, implying that spatial climate covariation drives the global carbon cycle response.
Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, Christopher R. Schwalm et al. | The isotopic nature of the Earth’s accreting material through time
The mantle signatures of elements with distinct affinities for metal isotopically record different stages of Earth’s accretion, revealing that the Moon-forming impactor had a similar composition to the other impactors that made the Earth.
Nicolas Dauphas | Breeding site sampling across the Arctic by individual males of a polygynous shorebird
Nomadic movement across the breeding range enables male pectoral sandpipers to display and sire offspring at multiple sites within a single breeding season, with tenure depending on breeding female numbers at each site.
Bart Kempenaers, Mihai Valcu | The Hippo kinases LATS1 and 2 control human breast cell fate via crosstalk with ERα
Ablation of the large tumour suppressor kinases 1 and 2 promotes a luminal breast cell phenotype through stabilization of oestrogen receptor-α, thereby changing human breast cell fate.
Adrian Britschgi, Stephan Duss, Sungeun Kim et al. | Ruthenium isotopic evidence for an inner Solar System origin of the late veneer
All chondrites are shown to have Ru isotopic compositions that are more different from that of the Earth’s mantle the further from the Sun they formed; this means the Earth’s late veneer cannot derive from volatile-rich material formed in the outer Solar System.
Mario Fischer-Gödde, Thorsten Kleine | A solution to the single-question crowd wisdom problem
The wisdom of the crowd can be improved by using an algorithm that selects the answer that is more popular than people predict, rather than the answer that is most popular.
Dražen Prelec, H. Sebastian Seung, John McCoy | Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus OPEN
The genome of the Southern Ocean phytoplankton Fragilariopsis cylindrus differs markedly from the genomes of its more temperate relatives, with divergent alleles being differentially expressed in environmentally specific conditions such as freezing and darkness.
Thomas Mock, Robert P. Otillar, Jan Strauss et al. | Structural basis for ArfA–RF2-mediated translation termination on mRNAs lacking stop codons
The structure of the bacterial ribosome stalled on a truncated mRNA in complex with ArfA and the release factor RF2 is presented, revealing how ArfA recruits RF2 to the ribosome and induces conformational changes within RF2 to enable translation termination in the absence of a stop codon.
Paul Huter, Claudia Müller, Bertrand Beckert et al. | Mechanistic insights into the alternative translation termination by ArfA and RF2
The structure of the bacterial 70S ribosome in complex with ArfA, the release factor RF2, a short non-stop mRNA and a cognate P-site tRNA is presented, revealing how ArfA and RF2 facilitate alternative translation termination of the non-stop ribosomal complex using a stop-codon surrogate mechanism.
Chengying Ma, Daisuke Kurita, Ningning Li et al. | Structural basis of co-translational quality control by ArfA and RF2 bound to ribosome
The structure of the bacterial ribosome in complex with the ArfA and the release factor RF2 shows how ArfA recruits RF2 to terminate translation of messenger RNAs that lack a stop codon in the ribosome.
Fuxing Zeng, Yanbo Chen, Jonathan Remis et al. | | | | |
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