Nature Geoscience contents: October 2015 Volume 8 Number 10 pp735-813

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TABLE OF CONTENTS October 2015 Volume 8, Issue 10 Editorial Correspondence Commentaries News and Views Letters Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Nature Energy: Call for Papers Launching in January 2016, Nature Energy is now open for submissions and inviting high-quality research from across the natural and social sciences. The journal will be dedicated to exploring all aspects of the on-going discussion of energy provision; from the generation and storage of energy, to its distribution and management, the needs and demands of the different actors, and the impacts that energy technologies and policies have on societies. Submit your next research paper to the journal.     Editorial Top Finite Earth   p735 doi:10.1038/ngeo2556 The world has agreed on 17 Sustainable Development Goals, to be adopted this week. This is great progress towards acknowledging that the planet's finite resources need to be managed carefully in the face of humanity's unlimited aspirations. Correspondence Top Active Atlantic hurricane era at its end?   pp737 - 738 P. Klotzbach, W. Gray and C. Fogarty doi:10.1038/ngeo2529 Commentaries Top Balancing green and grain trade   pp739 - 741 Yiping Chen, Kaibo Wang, Yishan Lin, Weiyu Shi, Yi Song & Xinhua He doi:10.1038/ngeo2544 Since 1999, China's Grain for Green project has greatly increased the vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau. Now that erosion levels have returned to historic values, vegetation should be maintained but not expanded further as planned. Sustainability rooted in science   pp741 - 745 Jane Lubchenco, Allison K. Barner, Elizabeth B. Cerny-Chipman & Jessica N. Reimer doi:10.1038/ngeo2552 The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the importance of evidence-based decision-making. This is a clarion call for Earth scientists to contribute directly to the health, prosperity and well-being of all people. Sustainable early-career networks   pp745 - 746 Florian Rauser, Vera Schemann & Sebastian Sonntag doi:10.1038/ngeo2541 A truly global science community for the next generation of researchers will be essential if we are to tackle Earth system sustainability. Top-down support from funders should meet bottom-up initiatives — at a pace fast enough to meet that of early-career progress. News and Views Top Planetary science: Carbon in the Moon   pp747 - 748 Bruno Scaillet doi:10.1038/ngeo2530 The Moon was once thought to be depleted in volatile elements. Analyses of the carbon contents of lunar volcanic glasses reveal that carbon monoxide degassing could have produced the fire-fountain eruptions from which these glasses were formed. See also: Letter by Wetzel et al. Biogeochemistry: Soil carbon in a beer can   pp748 - 749 Eric A. Davidson doi:10.1038/ngeo2522 Decomposition of soil organic matter could be an important positive feedback to climate change. Geochemical properties of soils can help determine what fraction of soil carbon may be protected from climate-induced decomposition. See also: Letter by Doetterl et al. William R. Dickinson: Plate tectonic pioneer   p750 Timothy F. Lawton doi:10.1038/ngeo2551 Atmospheric chemistry: Breathing easier in the Amazon   pp751 - 752 Christine Wiedinmyer doi:10.1038/ngeo2550 Fires related to Amazonian deforestation are a large source of particulate matter emissions. Satellite measurements and models reveal that reductions in deforestation and fire emissions since 2001 have prevented hundreds of premature deaths each year. See also: Letter by Reddington et al. Land-use Change: Deforestation by land grabbers   pp752 - 753 Tom Rudel doi:10.1038/ngeo2549 Leases of land concessions in Cambodia have accelerated in the last ten years. An analysis using high-resolution maps and official documents shows that deforestation rates in the land concessions are higher than in other areas. See also: Letter by Davis et al. Geoscience JOBS of the week NatureNet Science Fellows Program The Nature Conservancy Professor or Assistant Professor (Tenure Track) of Experimental Geochemistry / Mineral Physics ETH Zurich Tenure Track or Tenured Professor University of California, San Diego More Science jobs from Geoscience EVENT Rome 2015 Science Symposium on Climate 19.11.15 Rome, Italy More science events from Letters Top Carbon content and degassing history of the lunar volcanic glasses   pp755 - 758 Diane T. Wetzel, Erik H. Hauri, Alberto E. Saal & Malcolm J. Rutherford doi:10.1038/ngeo2511 The volatile-rich eruptions required to produce the lunar volcanic glasses are at odds with a volatile-poor Moon. Analyses of the glasses suggest that there was enough of the volatile element carbon in the parent magmas to drive the eruptions. See also: News and Views by Scaillet Two distinct influences of Arctic warming on cold winters over North America and East Asia   pp759 - 762 Jong-Seong Kug, Jee-Hoon Jeong, Yeon-Soo Jang, Baek-Min Kim, Chris K. Folland, Seung-Ki Min & Seok-Woo Son doi:10.1038/ngeo2517 Possible impact of Arctic warming on the mid-latitudes has sparked interest. Analyses of observations and climate model simulations reveal two distinct patterns of Arctic warming that affect East Asia and North America, respectively. Watch an audio-visual summary of the paper here Rainfall consistently enhanced around the Gezira Scheme in East Africa due to irrigation   pp763 - 767 Ross E. Alter, Eun-Soon Im & Elfatih A. B. Eltahir doi:10.1038/ngeo2514 Land-use changes can modify regional climate patterns. A comparison of climate simulations and observations show that a large-scale irrigation scheme in East Africa inhibits rainfall over the irrigation scheme, while enhancing it further away. Watch an audio-visual summary of the paper here Air quality and human health improvements from reductions in deforestation-related fire in Brazil   pp768 - 771 C. L. Reddington, E. W. Butt, D. A. Ridley, P. Artaxo, W. T. Morgan, H. Coe & D. V. Spracklen doi:10.1038/ngeo2535 Fires are used to clear tropical forests. Satellite measurements and simulations show that reductions in deforestation and associated fires in Brazil have reduced emissions of particulate matter, preventing between 400 and 1,700 deaths annually. See also: News and Views by Wiedinmyer Accelerated deforestation driven by large-scale land acquisitions in Cambodia   pp772 - 775 Kyle Frankel Davis, Kailiang Yu, Maria Cristina Rulli, Lonn Pichdara & Paolo D'Odorico doi:10.1038/ngeo2540 More than 2 million hectares of Cambodian land have been leased to investors since 2000. Combined satellite and local records show that deforestation on leased land is 29% to 105% higher than in comparable unleased areas. See also: News and Views by Rudel Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss   pp776 - 779 M. Francesca Cotrufo, Jennifer L. Soong, Andrew J. Horton, Eleanor E. Campbell, Michelle L. Haddix, Diana H. Wall & William J. Parton doi:10.1038/ngeo2520 Soil organic matter is a large global carbon pool. Isotopic labelling of litter in the lab and the field reveals that soil organic matter forms from labile organic compounds and litter fragments early and late in decomposition, respectively. Watch an audio-visual summary of the paper here Soil carbon storage controlled by interactions between geochemistry and climate   pp780 - 783 Sebastian Doetterl, Antoine Stevens, Johan Six, Roel Merckx, Kristof Van Oost, Manuel Casanova Pinto, Angélica Casanova-Katny, Cristina Muñoz, Mathieu Boudin, Erick Zagal Venegas & Pascal Boeckx doi:10.1038/ngeo2516 Rising temperature can increase soil organic matter decomposition and CO2 emissions. In a 4,000 km north–south transect in Chile and Antarctica, soil geochemistry, which can be modified by climate, is the dominant direct control of carbon storage. See also: News and Views by Davidson Estimates of volcanic-induced cooling in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 1,500 years   pp784 - 788 Markus Stoffel, Myriam Khodri, Christophe Corona, Sébastien Guillet, Virginie Poulain, Slimane Bekki, Joël Guiot, Brian H. Luckman, Clive Oppenheimer, Nicolas Lebas, Martin Beniston & Valérie Masson-Delmotte doi:10.1038/ngeo2526 Model and proxy-based estimates of climate cooling from volcanic eruptions have disagreed. Refined simulations and tree-ring time series converge on a total of 0.8 to 1.3 °C of cooling in the Northern Hemisphere from the 1257 and 1815 eruptions. Minimal erosion of Arctic alpine topography during late Quaternary glaciation   pp789 - 792 Endre F. Gjermundsen, Jason P. Briner, Naki Akçar, Jørn Foros, Peter W. Kubik, Otto Salvigsen & Anne Hormes doi:10.1038/ngeo2524 Alpine topography in Europe has been shaped by recent glaciations. Cosmogenic dating of summits in Svalbard suggest that Arctic alpine topography is a million years old and that subsequent glaciations have preserved rather than eroded the landscape. Open-system dynamics and mixing in magma mushes   pp793 - 796 G. W. Bergantz, J. M. Schleicher & A. Burgisser doi:10.1038/ngeo2534 Magma in Earth's crust is in a crystal-rich mushy state, yet must be fluidized before eruptions. Numerical simulations show that rapid injection of new magma into a reservoir creates a mixing bowl of fluid and crystals that are able to erupt. Cratonic root beneath North America shifted by basal drag from the convecting mantle   pp797 - 800 Mikhail K. Kaban, Walter D. Mooney & Alexey G. Petrunin doi:10.1038/ngeo2525 Continental cores, or cratons, are thought to have been stable for billions of years. Analysis of seismic images, however, suggests that the craton root deep beneath North America may have been shifted by mantle flow. Articles Top Coastal vulnerability across the Pacific dominated by El Niño/Southern Oscillation   pp801 - 807 Patrick L. Barnard, Andrew D. Short, Mitchell D. Harley, Kristen D. Splinter, Sean Vitousek, Ian L. Turner, Jonathan Allan, Masayuki Banno, Karin R. Bryan, André Doria, Jeff E. Hansen, Shigeru Kato, Yoshiaki Kuriyama, Evan Randall-Goodwin, Peter Ruggiero, Ian J. Walker & Derek K. Heathfield doi:10.1038/ngeo2539 The dynamic components of coastal water level can add metres to water levels during extreme events. A data synthesis reveals that Pacific regional wave and water level fluctuations are closely related to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Secular change in Archaean crust formation recorded in Western Australia   pp808 - 813 Huaiyu Yuan doi:10.1038/ngeo2521 It is unclear how Archaean crust formed. Analysis of seismic data from Western Australia suggests that ancient crust first formed in mantle plume-like settings and later in subduction zones, possibly in response to secular cooling of the mantle. Top Advertisement Nature Geoscience Focus: Sustainability on Earth  Goals to ensure the sustainable development of the planet have been identified by the world's political leaders, and they are ready to be adopted at an approaching Summit in New York. The overarching aim is to allow humanity to thrive without depleting the Earth's resources. 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