Nature Neuroscience Contents: June 2015 Volume 18 Number 6, pp 787 - 926

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Advertisement Nature Neuroscience seeks an Assistant Editor Applicants should have a PhD, a strong neuroscience research background, broad interest in neuroscience, excellent literary skills, commitment to the communication of scientific ideas, and willingness and ability to learn new fields. For more info, please visit: https://home.eease.adp.com/recruit/?id=13421121 TABLE OF CONTENTS June 2015 Volume 18, Issue 6 Editorial News and Views Perspectives Articles Technical Report Corrigenda Errata Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Epigenome Roadmap Nature Publishing Group presents an online portal - the Epigenome Roadmap - which collects key research papers from The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Program, complemented by thematical 'threads' to help the readers mine the wealth of available information. Access the Epigenome Roadmap for FREE at:  nature.com/epigenomeroadmap Produced with exclusive support from  Illumina   Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   Editorial Top Inhumane treatment of nonhuman primate researchers   p787 doi:10.1038/nn.4039 Animal rights extremists are threatening nonhuman primate research by harassing scientists. We cannot tolerate these tactics, and we must rally individual, institutional and governmental support to protect scientists. News and Views Top Once upon a spine: setting striatal dopamine   pp788 - 789 Christoph Kellendonk and Joshua A Gordon doi:10.1038/nn.4029 The prefrontal cortex is known to influence dopamine release in the striatum-but how? New data in mice suggest that cortical spine density affects striatal dopamine release via monosynaptic control of dopamine neurons, tracing a chain of events from spine loss to antipsychotic-responsive psychomotor agitation. See also: Article by Kim et al. Hunger logic   pp789 - 791 Richard Palmiter doi:10.1038/nn.4032 Activation of AgRP-expressing 'hunger' neurons promotes robust feeding. Recent studies reveal the valence, dynamics and neural circuits engaged by AgRP neurons. See also: Article by Garfield et al. Social nudges: utility conferred from others   pp791 - 792 David V Smith and Mauricio R Delgado doi:10.1038/nn.4031 Observing the choices of others adds utility to the chosen option. The additional utility conferred by others' choices is encoded by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and explains the idiosyncratic effects of social influence. See also: Article by Chung et al. Lysosomes to combat Parkinson's disease   pp792 - 793 Ole Isacson doi:10.1038/nn.4027 A study finds the transcription factor Lmx1b to be necessary in adults for preventing degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons and implicates it in lysosomal function and regulation in these neurons. See also: Article by Laguna et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Research Assistant in Neuroscience IMP (The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology), Vienna Neuroscience Research Program Manager Harvard Medical School Postdoc in Cognitive Neuroscience Umeå University Postdoc in Neuroscience Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 2 Positions in Clinical Neuroscience Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Champalimaud Neuroscience Symposium � Perspectives on Social Behaviour 16.09.15 Lisbon, Portugal More science events from Perspectives Top The case for rejecting the amyloid cascade hypothesis   pp794 - 799 Karl Herrup doi:10.1038/nn.4017 The amyloid cascade is perhaps the most dominant hypothesis in the field of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, but it is also one of the most controversial. Here we present two Perspective articles that argue both for and against the amyloid hypothesis. In this opinionated piece, Dr. Herrup challenges the Alzheimer's field to re-examine the complex biochemical, clinical and epidemiological evidence and reassess its over-reliance on this proposed pathogenic mechanism. Three dimensions of the amyloid hypothesis: time, space and 'wingmen'   pp800 - 806 Erik S Musiek and David M Holtzman doi:10.1038/nn.4018 The amyloid cascade is perhaps the most dominant hypothesis in the field of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis but it is also one of the most controversial. Here, we present two Perspective articles which argue both for and against the amyloid hypothesis. In this piece, Drs. Musiek and Holtzman argue that, despite sometimes conflicting data, there is ample evidence to suggest that Aβ accumulation is a key initiator of AD-related pathology and may act as a trigger of downstream effects such as tau aggregation. Articles Top A SNP in the HTT promoter alters NF-κB binding and is a bidirectional genetic modifier of Huntington disease   pp807 - 816 Kristina Be?anovi?, Anne Nørremølle, Scott J Neal, Chris Kay, Jennifer A Collins et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4014 Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease. A SNP in the huntingtin promoter impaired NF-κB binding and acted as a bidirectional modifier of disease onset. Presence of the SNP on the mutant allele associated with delayed age of onset, while the SNP on the wild-type HTT allele associated with accelerated age of onset. These findings have direct therapeutic implications. Regulation of axon regeneration by the RNA repair and splicing pathway   pp817 - 825 Yuanquan Song, David Sretavan, Ernesto A Salegio, Jim Berg, Xi Huang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4019 In this study, the authors show that the RNA repair and splicing pathway regulates axon regeneration in the nervous system of Drosophila. Rtca, a RNA cyclase, is a potent inhibitor of CNS axon regeneration, whereas Archease, a RNA splicing cofactor, functions downstream of Rtca as a pro-regeneration factor. Together, they modify the splicing of Xbp1 in the regulation of axon regeneration. Dopaminergic control of autophagic-lysosomal function implicates Lmx1b in Parkinson's disease   pp826 - 835 Ariadna Laguna, Nicoletta Schintu, André Nobre, Alexandra Alvarsson, Nikolaos Volakakis et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4004 This study establishes a key role for the developmental transcription factors Lmx1a/b in the maintenance of midbrain dopamine neurons. The authors show that postmitotic ablation of Lmx1b in mice leads to cellular and functional abnormalities resembling Parkinson's disease, most notably in a dysfunction in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway that results in abnormal dopaminergic synaptic connections and neuronal degeneration. See also: News and Views by Isacson Tet3 regulates synaptic transmission and homeostatic plasticity via DNA oxidation and repair   pp836 - 843 Huimei Yu, Yijing Su, Jaehoon Shin, Chun Zhong, Junjie U Guo et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4008 The cellular function of active DNA demethylation in neurons is not well understood. Here, Song and colleagues show that synaptic activity modulates Tet3 signaling, which in turn regulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission and synaptic scaling. Their work identifies Tet3 as a synaptic activity sensor to epigenetically regulate fundamental properties and meta-plasticity of neurons via active DNA demethylation. An astrocyte-dependent mechanism for neuronal rhythmogenesis   pp844 - 854 Philippe Morquette, Dorly Verdier, Aklesso Kadala, James Féthière, Antony G Philippe et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4013 Rhythmic firing is an essential feature of neuronal circuits generating rhythmic movements. This study shows that this property depends on astrocytes in the trigeminal circuit underlying mastication, where rhythmogenesis relies on activation of a persistent sodium current. Astrocytes modulate this conductance by decreasing the extracellular calcium through release of the calcium-binding protein S100β. Blockade of S100β or inactivation of astrocytes impedes rhythmogenesis. Light-regulated translational control of circadian behavior by eIF4E phosphorylation   pp855 - 862 Ruifeng Cao, Christos G Gkogkas, Nuria de Zavalia, Ian D Blum, Akiko Yanagiya et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4010 Light controls animal circadian behavior by regulating gene expression in the circadian clock. Here, Cao et al. reports that a light-activated MAPK/MNK pathway leads to phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eIF4E and promotes mRNA translation of the clock gene Period 1 and 2 to facilitate clock resetting. A neural basis for melanocortin-4 receptor-regulated appetite   pp863 - 871 Alastair S Garfield, Chia Li, Joseph C Madara, Bhavik P Shah, Emily Webber et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4011 Melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4Rs) are critical to the promotion of homeostatic satiety. The authors established paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) MC4R-expressing neurons as a functional target for orexigenic arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons and identify an explicit PVH MC4R-expressing neuron to lateral parabrachial nucleus satiety-promoting circuit, the activation of which encodes positive valence in calorically depleted mice. See also: News and Views by Palmiter Function and developmental origin of a mesocortical inhibitory circuit   pp872 - 882 Anna Kabanova, Milan Pabst, Markus Lorkowski, Oliver Braganza, Anne Boehlen et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4020 Midbrain ventral tegmental neurons project to prefrontal cortex (PFC) and modulate cognition. The authors discovered a mesocortical circuit that provides glutamatergic excitation of interneurons and inhibits pyramidal neurons in the PFC. Moreover, they identified the subset of dopaminergic progenitors that generates these mesocortical neurons. Loss of these progenitors results in the loss of the inhibitory circuit and increased perseverative behavior. Spine pruning drives antipsychotic-sensitive locomotion via circuit control of striatal dopamine   pp883 - 891 Il Hwan Kim, Mark A Rossi, Dipendra K Aryal, Bence Racz, Namsoo Kim et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4015 This study identifies a mechanism linking loss of Arp2/3 to the progressive formation of shaft excitatory synaptic contacts. This leads to enhanced cortical excitation, striatal hyperdopaminergia and antipsychotic-responsive psychomotor agitation. This illustrates how diverse pathologies may converge downstream of spine actin disturbances to drive psychomotor behaviors. See also: News and Views by Kellendonk & Gordon An acetylcholine-activated microcircuit drives temporal dynamics of cortical activity   pp892 - 902 Naiyan Chen, Hiroki Sugihara and Mriganka Sur doi:10.1038/nn.4002 Cholinergic modulation of cortex powerfully influences information processing and brain states, causing robust desynchronization of local field potentials and strong decorrelation of responses between neurons. In this paper, the authors reveal a somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neuron-driven cortical circuit that mediates this change in the temporal structure of cortical dynamics. The cortical analysis of speech-specific temporal structure revealed by responses to sound quilts   pp903 - 911 Tobias Overath, Josh H McDermott, Jean Mary Zarate and David Poeppel doi:10.1038/nn.4021 In order to better distinguish the neural processing of speech versus language, this study measured brain responses to foreign speech that was temporally scrambled to varying extents. Using this manipulation to highlight sensitivity to speech independent of linguistic structure, the authors identify a bilateral locus of speech analysis in the superior temporal sulcus. Social signals of safety and risk confer utility and have asymmetric effects on observers' choices   pp912 - 916 Dongil Chung, George I Christopoulos, Brooks King-Casas, Sheryl B Ball and Pearl H Chiu doi:10.1038/nn.4022 Why do we decide (or not) to follow others' choices? The authors used fMRI as participants made choices about gambles while among others. Neural signals revealed increased perceived value of the gambles chosen by others, predicted conformity, and explain why we tend to align with others most like ourselves. See also: News and Views by Smith & Delgado Technical Report Top A transcriptional reporter of intracellular Ca2+ in Drosophila   pp917 - 925 Xiaojing J Gao, Olena Riabinina, Jiefu Li, Christopher J Potter, Thomas R Clandinin et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4016 The authors developed a transcriptional reporter of intracellular Ca2+ and used it to monitor activity in Drosophila sensory and neuromodulatory neurons. They demonstrate that this tool can be used to manipulate neurons basis of their activity and report variants that can be adapted to report activity across a wide range. Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe   p926 Steven A Marchette, Lindsay K Vass, Jack Ryan and Russell A Epstein doi:10.1038/nn0615-926a Corrigendum: Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways   p926 The Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium:  doi:10.1038/nn0615-926c Errata Top Erratum: A region-specific neurogenesis mode requires migratory progenitors in the Drosophila visual system   p926 Holger Apitz and Iris Salecker doi:10.1038/nn0615-926b Erratum: Visual recognition memory, manifested as long-term habituation, requires synaptic plasticity in V1   p926 Sam F Cooke, Robert W Komorowski, Eitan S Kaplan, Jeffrey P Gavornik and Mark F Bear doi:10.1038/nn0615-926d Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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