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|  | This Special Issue of the International Journal of Obesity covers a topic, Factors During Pregnancy That Affect Offspring Obesity, that is increasingly being recognized as an important contributor to the etiology of obesity. The papers in this Special Issue cover a wide variety of topics from epigenetic modifications during pregnancy to clinical observations of obesity in offspring secondary to factors during the intrauterine environment. The implications of this research are critical to address the current epidemic of obesity. Lifestyle variables during the pre-pregnancy and pregnancy period may represent a much greater risk for obesity than do behavioral variables later in life. In contrast to the usual failure of diet and exercise treatments of established obesity in children and adults, the pre-pregnancy and pregnancy periods represent a window of opportunity to focus on prevention of obesity where the effectiveness may be greater. Please see articles marked  |  | TABLE OF CONTENTS
|  |  |  | Volume 39, Issue 4 (April 2015) |  | In this issue Pediatric Original Articles Pediatric Short Communication Reviews Original Articles
Also new    AOP | |  |  |  | | Advertisement |  | Innovations in the Microbiome Tending the garden within
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Answer these questions and more in Innovations in the Microbiome
Produced with support from Nestlé |  | | | Pediatric Original Articles | Top |  | Maternal obesity and overnutrition increase oxidative stress in male rat offspring reproductive system and decrease fertilityG L Rodríguez-González, C C Vega, L Boeck, M Vázquez, C J Bautista, L A Reyes-Castro, O Saldaña, D Lovera, P W Nathanielsz and E Zambrano Int J Obes 2015 39: 549-556; advance online publication, December 15, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.209 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Maternal obesity is associated with a reduction in placental taurine transporter activity OPENA M Ditchfield, M Desforges, T A Mills, J D Glazier, M Wareing, K Mynett, C P Sibley and S L Greenwood Int J Obes 2015 39: 557-564; advance online publication, December 30, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.212 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Maternal diet but not gestational weight gain predicts central adiposity accretion in utero among pregnant adolescentsC M Whisner, B E Young, E K Pressman, R A Queenan, E M Cooper and K O O'Brien Int J Obes 2015 39: 565-570; advance online publication, December 3, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.202 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | The impact of maternal obesity on iron status, placental transferrin receptor expression and hepcidin expression in human pregnancyL Garcia-Valdes, C Campoy, H Hayes, J Florido, I Rusanova, M T Miranda and H J McArdle Int J Obes 2015 39: 571-578; advance online publication, January 23, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.3 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Effect of birth weight and weight change during the first 96 h of life on childhood body composition—path analysisM J Fonseca, M Severo, S Correia and A C Santos Int J Obes 2015 39: 579-585; advance online publication, February 3, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.11 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Associations of infant feeding and timing of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with childhood body compositionM de Beer, T G M Vrijkotte, C H D Fall, M van Eijsden, C Osmond and R J B J Gemke Int J Obes 2015 39: 586-592; advance online publication, December 1, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.200 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | The association of birth weight and infant growth with physical fitness at 8–9 years of age—the ABCD studyA W van Deutekom, M J M Chinapaw, T G M Vrijkotte and R J B J Gemke Int J Obes 2015 39: 593-600; advance online publication, December 3, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.204 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Body size estimation and other psychosocial risk factors for obesity onset among US adolescents: findings from a longitudinal population level studyJ M Liechty and M-J Lee Int J Obes 2015 39: 601-607; advance online publication, November 5, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.191 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Variability in eating frequency in relation to adiposity measures and blood lipid profiles in British children and adolescents: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition SurveyK Murakami and M B E Livingstone Int J Obes 2015 39: 608-613; advance online publication, February 2, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.7 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Gender differences in the association between stop-signal reaction times, body mass indices and/or spontaneous food intake in pre-school children: an early model of compromised inhibitory control and obesityR D Levitan, J Rivera, P P Silveira, M Steiner, H Gaudreau, J Hamilton, J L Kennedy, C Davis, L Dube, L Fellows, A Wazana, S Matthews and M J Meaney on behalf of the MAVAN Study Team Int J Obes 2015 39: 614-619; advance online publication, December 16, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.207 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Increased brain response to appetitive tastes in the insula and amygdala in obese compared with healthy weight children when satedK N Boutelle, C E Wierenga, A Bischoff-Grethe, A J Melrose, E Grenesko-Stevens, M P Paulus and W H Kaye Int J Obes 2015 39: 620-628; advance online publication, December 11, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.206 Abstract | Full Text |  | Pediatric Short Communication | Top |  | Sexual dimorphism in relation to adipose tissue and intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in early infancy OPENC Gale, K M Logan, S Jeffries, J R C Parkinson, S Santhakumaran, S Uthaya, G Durighel, A Alavi, E L Thomas, J D Bell and N Modi Int J Obes 2015 39: 629-632; advance online publication, January 23, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.4 Abstract | Full Text |  | Reviews | Top |  | Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome  M Desai, J K Jellyman and M G Ross Int J Obes 2015 39: 633-641; advance online publication, February 2, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.13 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Maternal obesity and metabolic risk to the offspring: why lifestyle interventions may have not achieved the desired outcomes  P Catalano and S H deMouzon Int J Obes 2015 39: 642-649; advance online publication, January 5, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.15 Abstract | Full Text |  | Original Articles | Top |  | Newborns of obese parents have altered DNA methylation patterns at imprinted genes OPEN  A Soubry, S K Murphy, F Wang, Z Huang, A C Vidal, B F Fuemmeler, J Kurtzberg, A Murtha, R L Jirtle, J M Schildkraut and C Hoyo Int J Obes 2015 39: 650-657; advance online publication, October 25, 2013; 10.1038/ijo.2013.193 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of obesity in offspring: a prospective cohort study OPEN  D-K Li, J R Ferber and R Odouli Int J Obes 2015 39: 658-664; advance online publication, November 12, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.196 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity  N T Mueller, R Whyatt, L Hoepner, S Oberfield, M G Dominguez-Bello, E M Widen, A Hassoun, F Perera and A Rundle Int J Obes 2015 39: 665-670; advance online publication, October 9, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.180 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Gestational weight gain in normal weight women and offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors at 20 years of age  L Hrolfsdottir, D Rytter, S F Olsen, B H Bech, E Maslova, T B Henriksen and T I Halldorsson Int J Obes 2015 39: 671-676; advance online publication, October 9, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.179 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Maternal weight gain in different periods of pregnancy and childhood cardio-metabolic outcomes. The Generation R Study  R Gaillard, E A P Steegers, O H Franco, A Hofman and V W V Jaddoe Int J Obes 2015 39: 677-685; advance online publication, October 7, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.175 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Maternal and neonatal outcomes for pregnancies before and after gastric bypass surgery  T D Adams, A O Hammoud, L E Davidson, B Laferrère, A Fraser, J B Stanford, M Hashibe, J L J Greenwood, J Kim, D Taylor, A J Watson, K R Smith, R McKinlay, S C Simper, S C Smith and S C Hunt Int J Obes 2015 39: 686-694; advance online publication, February 3, 2015; 10.1038/ijo.2015.9 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Multigenerational impact of maternal overnutrition/obesity in the sheep on the neonatal leptin surge in granddaughters  D R Shasa, J F Odhiambo, N M Long, N Tuersunjiang, P W Nathanielsz and S P Ford Int J Obes 2015 39: 695-701; advance online publication, October 30, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.190 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Low birth weight is associated with adiposity, impaired skeletal muscle energetics and weight loss resistance in mice  B Beauchamp, S Ghosh, M W Dysart, G N Kanaan, A Chu, A Blais, K Rajamanickam, E C Tsai, M-E Patti and M-E Harper Int J Obes 2015 39: 702-711; advance online publication, July 11, 2014; 10.1038/ijo.2014.120 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  | Exercise in obese female rats has beneficial effects on maternal and male and female offspring metabolism  C C Vega, L A Reyes-Castro, C J Bautista, F Larrea, P W Nathanielsz and E Zambrano Int J Obes 2015 39: 712-719; advance online publication, August 16, 2013; 10.1038/ijo.2013.150 Abstract | Full Text |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. 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