Nature Climate Change Contents May 2014 Volume 4 Number 5 pp 301-401

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TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2014 Volume 4, Issue 5 Editorial Correspondence Commentaries Correction Feature Market Watch Research Highlights News and Views Perspectives Letters Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter     Advertisement Download the new NatureJournals app and gain access to Nature and all Nature-branded research and review journals. All news content and open access articles are free. Subscribe to additional journals in the app for just $35.99*.  *Apple exchange rates apply. Limited time offer available on all journals except Scientific Reports. iPad, iPhone and iPod touch are trademarks of Apple Inc.   Editorial Top Business action p301 doi:10.1038/nclimate2238 The case for sustainable management strategies is strengthened by the threats climate change poses to the private sector — companies face up to the challenge. Correspondence Top Adaptation to extreme heat in Stockholm County, Sweden pp302 - 303 Paul Knappenberger, Patrick Michaels and Anthony Watts doi:10.1038/nclimate2201 See also: Correspondence by Daniel Oudin Åström et al. Reply to 'Adaptation to extreme heat in Stockholm County, Sweden' p303 Daniel Oudin Åström, Bertil Forsberg, Kristie L. Ebi and Joacim Rocklöv doi:10.1038/nclimate2202 See also: Correspondence by Paul Knappenberger et al. Commentaries Top Costing natural hazards pp303 - 306 Heidi Kreibich, Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, Laurens M. Bouwer, Philip Bubeck, Paolo Ciavola, Colin Green, Stephane Hallegatte, Ivana Logar, Volker Meyer, Reimund Schwarze and Annegret H. Thieken doi:10.1038/nclimate2182 The proposed 'cost assessment cycle' is a framework for the integrated cost assessment of natural hazards. China's response to the air pollution shock pp306 - 309 Peter Sheehan, Enjiang Cheng, Alex English and Fanghong Sun doi:10.1038/nclimate2197 Faced with serious air pollution, China is aggressively reshaping its energy system, building on recent progress with renewables and on available supplies of gas. This should help contain global warming and provide new impetus to climate change negotiations. Enabling food security by verifying agricultural carbon pp309 - 311 H. Kahiluoto, P. Smith, D. Moran and J. E. Olesen doi:10.1038/nclimate2209 Rewarding smallholders for sequestering carbon in agricultural land can improve food security while mitigating climate change. Verification of carbon offsets in food-insecure regions is possible and achievable through rigorously controlled monitoring. Water stewardship in the twenty-first century pp311 - 313 Peter Simpson doi:10.1038/nclimate2217 The impacts of extreme weather are being felt by us all and scientific research points to a likely worsening of weather patterns in the next decades. Therefore, it is imperative to think carefully about how we build the infrastructure of the future to increase the resilience of our societies. What to do when we run out of water pp314 - 316 Paul Kelly doi:10.1038/nclimate2211 Climate change, alongside numerous other pressures, is having unprecedented effects on water resources both globally and locally. Retailers need to implement a range of adaptation measures to ensure the sustainability of supply chains. Making sustainable beer pp316 - 318 Andy Wales doi:10.1038/nclimate2220 As global population continues to grow, managing the relationships between water, food and energy is becoming increasingly critical. Businesses need to react to the challenge and be mindful of the important role they play in implementing solutions. Water scarcity challenges to business pp318 - 320 Arjen Y. Hoekstra doi:10.1038/nclimate2214 The growing scarcity of freshwater due to rising water demands and a changing climate is increasingly seen as a major risk for the global economy. Consumer awareness, private sector initiatives, governmental regulation and targeted investments are urgently needed to move towards sustainable water use. Correction Top Correction p320 doi:10.1038/nclimate2206 Feature Top A new climate for grazing livestock pp321 - 323 Lisa Palmer doi:10.1038/nclimate2215 Colombia's sustainable cattle ranching programme restores degraded land while boosting livestock production and making farmland more resilient to climate change. Market Watch Top Here comes the Sun pp324 - 325 Anna Petherick doi:10.1038/nclimate2213 The rooftop solar industry in the United States is experiencing rapid growth. Anna Petherick reports on its progress. Research Highlights Top Agriculture: Limits of eco-intensification | Plant ecology: Friendly neighbours | Adaptation: Adapting sowing in east Africa | Atmospheric science: Land–sea contrast | Cyroscience: Prediction skill News and Views Top Oceanography: Detecting sea-level rise pp327 - 328 Carmen Boening doi:10.1038/nclimate2205 Over short periods of time, it can be difficult to isolate sea-level increase in observations as it is hidden by natural shifts in rainfall quantities over ocean and land, which cause temporary drops in the global sea-level curve. Now research shows how to detect the signal, even in short records, by estimating these variations. See also: Letter by Anny Cazenave et al. Palaeoclimate: A southern misfit pp328 - 329 Kim M. Cobb doi:10.1038/nclimate2219 Temperature reconstructions of the past millennium rely heavily on Northern Hemisphere data. Now a Southern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction is available and sheds light on the complexity of the interhemispheric temperature relationship. See also: Letter by Raphael Neukom et al. Biogeochemistry: Managing land and climate pp330 - 331 Dennis Baldocchi doi:10.1038/nclimate2221 Management practices applied to existing types of land cover can influence the local climate as much as a conversion to a different type of plant cover. See also: Letter by Sebastiaan Luyssaert et al. Climate change mitigation: Deposing global warming potentials pp331 - 332 Alissa Kendall doi:10.1038/nclimate2218 Accounting for time-dependent mechanisms in greenhouse gas radiative forcing and evaluating the performance of mitigation technologies in the context of climate stabilization targets can better inform technology choices today and in the future. See also: Letter by Morgan R. Edwards et al. nclimate JOBS of the week Research Assistant in Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Wetlands (IRTA) IRTA Climate Modeller: Why has Antarctic sea-ice increased? British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Environmental Science and Resource Stewardship Faculty University of Texas Pan Amercian Rothera Marine Biologist British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Appointment of Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences Imperial College London More Science jobs from nclimate EVENT Pharmacology 2014 16.12.14 London, UK More science events from   Perspectives Top Natural climate variability and future climate policy pp333 - 338 Katharine L. Ricke and Ken Caldeira doi:10.1038/nclimate2186 Large ensemble climate modelling experiments demonstrate the large role natural variability plays in local climate on a multi-decadal timescale. Variability in local weather and climate influences individual beliefs about climate change. To the extent that support for climate mitigation policies is determined by citizens' local experiences, natural variability will strongly influence the timescale for implementation of such policies. Under a number of illustrative threshold criteria for both national and international climate action, we show that variability-driven uncertainty about local change, even in the face of a well-constrained estimate of global change, can potentially delay the time to policy implementation by decades. Because several decades of greenhouse gas emissions can have a large impact on long-term climate outcomes, there is substantial risk associated with climate policies driven by consensus among individuals who are strongly influenced by local weather conditions. Strategies for improving adaptation practice in developing countries pp339 - 342 Declan Conway and Johanna Mustelin doi:10.1038/nclimate2199 The international community's support for adaptation in developing countries has proliferated through numerous complementary funding mechanisms. A range of serious practical issues are emerging, however, as adaptation moves from theory and international negotiation to implementation. We identify three areas deserving greater scrutiny: in-country priorities, entry points and delivery systems, and provide recommendations for improving adaptation practice. These concerns, if not addressed, have the potential to hamper attempts at effective delivery and to increase the vulnerability of intended beneficiaries of the adaptation agenda. Letters Top Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities pp343 - 346 C. A. Kennedy, N. Ibrahim and D. Hoornweg doi:10.1038/nclimate2160 It is widely recognized that cities must play a leading role in efforts to mitigate climate change. Building on previous inventory work, this study looks at options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from major cities around the world. The strategies identified reflect the unique characteristics of different cities, such as their climate, industry, urbanized density and electricity supply. Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing pp347 - 352 Morgan R. Edwards and Jessika E. Trancik doi:10.1038/nclimate2204 There has been a rapid growth in the use of natural gas and biofuels. This study evaluates energy technologies against climate targets and shows that the impact of technologies that result in the emission of both methane and carbon dioxide depends on their time of use. The changes in climate impacts over time are large, with several technologies that are widely considered mitigation options becoming unfavourable within two decades. See also: News and Views by Alissa Kendall September Arctic sea-ice minimum predicted by spring melt-pond fraction pp353 - 357 David Schröder, Daniel L. Feltham, Daniela Flocco and Michel Tsamados doi:10.1038/nclimate2203 Prediction of seasonal Arctic sea-ice extent is of increased interest as the region opens up due to climate change. This work uses spring melt-pond area to forecast the Arctic sea-ice minimum in September. This proves accurate, as increasing melt-ponds reduce surface albedo, allowing more melt to occur, creating a positive feedback mechanism. The rate of sea-level rise pp358 - 361 Anny Cazenave, Habib-Boubacar Dieng, Benoit Meyssignac, Karina von Schuckmann, Bertrand Decharme and Etienne Berthier doi:10.1038/nclimate2159 In recent years there has been a slowdown in sea-level rise, along with the slowdown in global surface temperatures. This study analyses sea-level data to separate long-term natural variability from anthropogenic influence on sea level. They find that correcting for natural variability shows recent sea-level rise has not slowed compared with earlier periods. See also: News and Views by Carmen Boening Inter-hemispheric temperature variability over the past millennium pp362 - 367 Raphael Neukom, Joëlle Gergis, David J. Karoly, Heinz Wanner, Mark Curran, Julie Elbert, Fidel González-Rouco, Braddock K. Linsley, Andrew D. Moy, Ignacio Mundo, Christoph C. Raible, Eric J. Steig, Tas van Ommen, Tessa Vance, Ricardo Villalba, Jens Zinke and David Frank doi:10.1038/nclimate2174 Palaeoclimate temperature records are dominated by Northern Hemisphere reconstructions. This study introduces a new Southern Hemisphere millennial temperature reconstruction from terrestrial and oceanic proxy records. This highlights the asynchronicity of temperature fluctuations across the two hemispheres, which should be taken into consideration in climate models and projections. See also: News and Views by Kim M. Cobb Distinct effects of anthropogenic aerosols on tropical cyclones pp368 - 373 Yuan Wang, Keun-Hee Lee, Yun Lin, Misti Levy and Renyi Zhang doi:10.1038/nclimate2144 Anthropogenic influence, due to greenhouse gases and aerosols, on the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones is not well known. In this study, aerosols are shown to delay development, weaken intensity and cause early dissipation of storms, but also to increase precipitation across an enlarged rainband. The missing aerosol response in twentieth-century mid-latitude precipitation observations pp374 - 378 Joe M. Osborne and F. Hugo Lambert doi:10.1038/nclimate2173 Increasing concentrations of atmospheric particles are expected to impact Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude precipitation and temperature. This study finds that there is little evidence that aerosol concentrations affect land precipitation in the region, which they attribute to changes in observational techniques that increased measured values at the time aerosols were expected to suppress precipitation. Arctic ecosystem structure and functioning shaped by climate and herbivore body size pp379 - 383 P. Legagneux, G. Gauthier, N. Lecomte, N. M. Schmidt, D. Reid, M-C. Cadieux, D. Berteaux, J. Bêty, C. J. Krebs, R. A. Ims, N. G. Yoccoz, R. I. G. Morrison, S. J. Leroux, M. Loreau and D. Gravel doi:10.1038/nclimate2168 Understanding how climate change will impact whole ecosystems, rather than single species within them, remains challenging. Now, research into the direct and indirect impacts of climate on the functioning of Arctic terrestrial ecosystems reveals effects on tundra primary production, food-web structure and the strength of species interaction. Consequences of warming on tundra carbon balance determined by reindeer grazing history pp384 - 388 Maria Väisänen, Henni Ylänne, Elina Kaarlejärvi, Sofie Sjögersten, Johan Olofsson, Neil Crout and Sari Stark doi:10.1038/nclimate2147 Large parts of the circumpolar Arctic are grazed by reindeer but the effects of grazing pressure on ecological responses to climate change, and the associated climate feedbacks, remain unclear. Now, research using a long-term environmental manipulation experiment finds that although warming decreased the carbon sink of tundra experiencing light grazing pressure, it had no effect on tundra under high grazing pressure. Land management and land-cover change have impacts of similar magnitude on surface temperature pp389 - 393 Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Mathilde Jammet, Paul C. Stoy, Stephan Estel, Julia Pongratz, Eric Ceschia, Galina Churkina, Axel Don, KarlHeinz Erb, Morgan Ferlicoq, Bert Gielen, Thomas Grünwald, Richard A. Houghton, Katja Klumpp, Alexander Knohl, Thomas Kolb, Tobias Kuemmerle, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Denis Loustau, Matthew J. McGrath, Patrick Meyfroidt, Eddy J. Moors, Kim Naudts, Kim Novick, Juliane Otto, Kim Pilegaard, Casimiro A. Pio, Serge Rambal, Corinna Rebmann, James Ryder, Andrew E. Suyker, Andrej Varlagin, Martin Wattenbach and A. Johannes Dolman doi:10.1038/nclimate2196 The direct effects of land-cover change on surface climate are increasingly well understood, but fewer studies have investigated the consequences of the trend towards more intensive land management practices. Now, research investigating the biophysical effects of temperate land-management changes reveals a net warming effect of similar magnitude to that driven by changing land cover. See also: News and Views by Dennis Baldocchi Greater ecosystem carbon in the Mojave Desert after ten years exposure to elevated CO2 pp394 - 397 R. D. Evans, A. Koyama, D. L. Sonderegger, T. N. Charlet, B. A. Newingham, L. F. Fenstermaker, B. Harlow, V. L. Jin, K. Ogle, S. D. Smith and R. S. Nowak doi:10.1038/nclimate2184 The response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change remains a large source of uncertainty in the global carbon budget. Now results from a ten-year ecological manipulation experiment in the Mojave Desert provide direct evidence that CO2 fertilization can substantially increase ecosystem carbon storage in arid ecosystems. Biofuels from crop residue can reduce soil carbon and increase CO2 emissions pp398 - 401 Adam J. Liska, Haishun Yang, Maribeth Milner, Steve Goddard, Humberto Blanco-Canqui, Matthew P. Pelton, Xiao X. Fang, Haitao Zhu and Andrew E. Suyker doi:10.1038/nclimate2187 Life-cycle assessment of biofuel carbon emissions does not usually take into account the potential for soil carbon loss resulting from crop residue removal. Now estimates of CO2 emissions due to corn residue removal across the US Corn Belt indicate that the emissions from soil carbon loss could push total emissions above the US legislative mandate.   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. 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