Nature contents: 20 June 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 498 Number 7454      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                 Frontiers Research Topics   RTs enable you and your colleagues to drive your field where you want to take it, by encouraging dialogue and collaboration between researchers.   A collection of papers in an evolving field around a topic that you choose. Papers submitted are rigorously peer-reviewed and freely available under a CC-BY license.   Your Topic - Your Way - Your Frontiers        Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Anisotropic leaky-mode modulator for holographic video displays   A technique for producing high quality holographic displays that could lead to 'glasses-free' three-dimensional TV screens is reported in Nature this week. Current holographic video displays tend to be slow, small and costly and suffer from restricted viewing angles. This new system harnesses the optical manipulation properties of anisotropic leaky-mode spatial light modulators to address all of these obstacles, potentially reducing the cost of a practical holographic video monitor to under $500 excluding light sources.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds   Dust from deserts is considered a key source of ice nuclei — particles that enable ice to form above the normal freezing threshold — and can substantially alter a cloud. Clay minerals contribute around two thirds of the dust mass, whereas feldspars account for only around 3% of the mass. But this study shows that it is the feldspar minerals that are chiefly responsible for triggering ice formation in mixed-phase clouds, which contain ice and water.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin   Our skin hosts a varied population of microbes, some with important roles in human health and disease. Julia Segre and colleagues have mapped fungal species diversity across 14 different skin sites in healthy adults. Their data reveal that bacterial and fungal communities are shaped by different factors. One finding of relevance to disease is that microbial communities around the feet that are commonly affected by fungal disease, such as athlete's foot, are unstable. This instability may provide opportunities for harmful microbes to flourish. Treatment strategies that specifically target microbial imbalances could potentially restore a healthy microbial community.           Roche's X-tremeGENE Transfection Reagents Efficiently transfect difficult cells, including more than 100 cancer cell lines. Free sample and protocols at  www.x-tremegene.roche.com   For life science research only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.           Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: why naked mole rats are cancer-proof, why Martian meteorites don't look like the Martian surface, and are quantum computers a reality?         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Risk management ▶     A project to pool data and tools to calculate earthquake hazards is an important milestone, but it will be down to individuals to decide how to interpret and respond to those risks.             Brain blast ▶     DIY attempts at electrical brain stimulation to improve cognition are to get easier.             Science prevails ▶     The US government gives up its fight to keep age restrictions on the morning-after pill.             World View                   Sharing information is preferable to patenting ▶     The US Supreme Court ruling on gene patents is a welcome boost to efforts to increase the free exchange of scientific information, says Colin Macilwain.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 14–20 June 2013 ▶     The week in science: Opposition to Japanese 'NIH', funding for ExoMars, and endangered status for captive chimps.             NEWS IN FOCUS           NASA sets sights on the Sun ▶     IRIS mission aims to scrutinize the layer between the star's surface and its flickering corona.             Quark quartet opens fresh vista on matter ▶     First particle containing four quarks is confirmed.             Myriad ruling causes confusion ▶     Change to gene patents leaves US biotech in a lather.             Dog genetics spur scientific spat ▶     Researchers disagree over canine domestication.             China drugs head fired over article row ▶     Researcher stands by results despite demand for retraction.             Space rovers in record race ▶     Revised data show Soviet Union's 1970s lunar vehicle outdistanced NASA's Opportunity — for now.             Features                   Computing: The quantum company ▶     D-Wave is pioneering a novel way of making quantum computers — but it is also courting controversy.             Seismology: Quake catcher ▶     With Earthquake death tolls rising, Ross Stein is building a global risk model to mitigate future disasters.             COMMENT           Communication: Positive energy ▶     To change attitudes towards energy scarcity and climate change, focus on transitions and solutions, not danger and loss, says Chris Nelder.             Books and Arts                   Entomology: The apian way ▶     Mark Winston revels in a deep exploration of the honeybee colony and its organization.             Books in brief ▶             Neuroscience: Rise of the neurocrats ▶     Sandra Aamodt evaluates a cautionary account of how brain-scan results could be used and abused.             Correspondence                   Environment: Use oil wealth to save Brazil's biodiversity Renan de França Souza, Roberto Leonan Morim Novaes, Saulo Felix | Scientific community: Tapping into success and collaboration Michael Weale | Policy: Social change vital to sustainability goals Albert V. Norström | Young scientists: Public engagement should start early Bernard Slippers | Reproducibility: Priming-effect author responds Ap Dijksterhuis             Obituary                   Christian de Duve (1917–2013) ▶     Biologist who won a Nobel prize for insights into cell structure.                     Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Neuroscience: Stem cells in multiple time zones ▶     Stefan Thor             Regenerative medicine: Heartbroken embryos heal ▶     Kenneth R. Chien             Combinatorial temporal patterning in progenitors expands neural diversity ▶     Omer Ali Bayraktar, Chris Q. Doe     Drosophila neural stem cells and their proliferative progeny are both shown to change over time, thus increasing the diversity of their neuronal and glial progeny; such temporal patterning may also contribute to neuronal complexity in the human neocortex.             Temporal patterning of Drosophila medulla neuroblasts controls neural fates ▶     Xin Li, Ted Erclik, Claire Bertet et al.     Five transcription factors are sequentially expressed in a temporal cascade in Drosophila medulla neuroblasts of the visual system; cross-regulations between these transcription factors control the temporal transitions, and temporal switching of neural progenitors may be a common theme in neuronal specification, with different sequences of transcription factors being used in different contexts.             Mutational heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes ▶     Michael S. Lawrence, Petar Stojanov, Paz Polak et al.     As the sample size in cancer genome studies increases, the list of genes identified as significantly mutated is likely to include more false positives; here, this problem is identified as stemming largely from mutation heterogeneity, and a new analytical methodology designed to overcome this problem is described.             Carbon catabolite repression of the maltose transporter revealed by X-ray crystallography ▶     Shanshuang Chen, Michael L. Oldham, Amy L. Davidson et al.     The X-ray crystal structure of a member of the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system (EIIAGlc) bound to the MalFGK2 maltose transporter is presented, revealing that two EIIAGlc proteins bind to the cytoplasmic ATPase subunits of the maltose transporter to stabilize it in an inward-facing conformation that prevents ATP hydrolysis.             High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat ▶     Xiao Tian, Jorge Azpurua, Christopher Hine et al.     Naked mole rats seem almost entirely protected from developing cancer, and this can now, at least in part, be explained by the production of a unique high-molecular-mass form of hyaluronan, a component of the extracellular matrix; together with an increased sensitivity of naked mole-rat cells to hyaluronan signalling, this form protects its cells from oncogenic transformation.             In vivo cardiac reprogramming contributes to zebrafish heart regeneration ▶     Ruilin Zhang, Peidong Han, Hongbo Yang et al.     A cardiac injury study in zebrafish reveals the plasticity of heart cell lineages as shown by a Notch-dependent transdifferentiation of atrial to ventricular cardiomyocytes, regenerating a cell type that is damaged in human heart failure.             Activity-dependent phosphorylation of MECP2 threonine 308 regulates interaction with NcoR ▶     Daniel H. Ebert, Harrison W. Gabel, Nathaniel D. Robinson et al.     Rett's syndrome is caused by mutations in MECP2, and this study identifies a site on MECP2, T308, whose phosphorylation is regulated by neuronal activity; phosphorylation of T308 blocks the interaction of MECP2 with the NCoR co-repressor complex, suppressing MECP2's ability to repress transcription, and mice carrying mutations of MeCP2 T308 show Rett's-syndrome-related symptoms.             Articles and Letters                   The linear ubiquitin-specific deubiquitinase gumby regulates angiogenesis ▶     Elena Rivkin, Stephanie M. Almeida, Derek F. Ceccarelli et al.     This study identifies a deubiquitinase (DUB) that specifically recognises and cleaves linear ubiquitin chains, implicating linear (de)ubiquitination in Wnt signalling and angiogenesis; mutations in gumby cause defects in angiogenesis in mice, and structural and biochemical analysis shows that gumby encodes a linear-ubiquitin-specific DUB.             RAS–MAPK–MSK1 pathway modulates ataxin 1 protein levels and toxicity in SCA1 ▶     Jeehye Park, Ismael Al-Ramahi, Qiumin Tan et al.     Cross-species genetic screens reveal that decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling reduces polyglutamine-expanded ataxin 1 levels and toxicity in models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.             Structural mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS ▶     Filiz Civril, Tobias Deimling, Carina C. de Oliveira Mann et al.     Cytosolic DNA arising from intracellular bacterial or viral infections induces type I interferon through activation of the DNA sensor cGAS, which catalyses the synthesis of cyclic dinucleotide which in turn activates STING; here the crystal structures of a carboxy-terminal fragment of cGAS alone and in complex with UTP and DNA–ATP–GTP complex are determined.             A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds ▶     Pascal Godefroit, Andrea Cau, Hu Dong-Yu et al.     The complete skeleton of a new avialan dinosaur from the Tiaojishan Formation (Middle–Late Jurassic period) of Liaoning Province, China, is described and included in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of basal Paraves.             Distinct behavioural and network correlates of two interneuron types in prefrontal cortex ▶     D. Kvitsiani, S. Ranade, B. Hangya et al.     Two major classes of inhibitory neurons in mouse anterior cingulate cortex, somatostatin and parvalbumin interneurons, form functionally homogeneous populations that are recruited at distinct moments in time and encode unique behavioral variables in a foraging task.             Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin ▶     Keisha Findley, Julia Oh, Joy Yang et al.     Microbial sequencing of samples obtained from multiple skin sites in healthy human adults shows that core-body and arm sites are dominated by fungal species of the genus Malassezia, whereas foot sites show high fungal diversity, and that skin topography is associated with differential compositions of bacterial and fungal communities.             Neutrophil swarms require LTB4 and integrins at sites of cell death in vivo  ▶     Tim Lämmermann, Philippe V. Afonso, Bastian R. Angermann et al.     Two-photon intravital imaging is used here to define the regulation of interstitial neutrophil migration at local sites of cell death upon sterile tissue injury and infection; leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is shown to act between neutrophils as a signal relay molecule that acts to enhance the radius of neutrophil recruitment within the inflamed interstitium, and also to control, in concert with integrin receptors, dense neutrophil clustering for tight wound seal formation.             HIV-1 causes CD4 cell death through DNA-dependent protein kinase during viral integration ▶     Arik Cooper, Mayra García, Constantinos Petrovas et al.     HIV-1 causes CD4+ T-cell death through viral integration by stimulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a protein known to act in the p53 damage response pathway for double-stranded DNA breaks, in activated cells.             cGAS produces a 2′-5′-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING ▶     Andrea Ablasser, Marion Goldeck, Taner Cavlar et al.     Cytosolic DNA induces type I interferon via activation of STING; the immediate STING activator is produced by the recently identified DNA sensor cGAS and is shown here to be an unorthodox cyclic dinucleotide harbouring a 2′-5′ linkage between guanosine and adenosine.             Polymerase IV occupancy at RNA-directed DNA methylation sites requires SHH1 ▶     Julie A. Law, Jiamu Du, Christopher J. Hale et al.     In Arabidopsis, RNA-directed DNA methylation is a poorly understood gene silencing pathway in which small interfering RNAs generated by RNA polymerase IV (Pol-IV) target a DNA methyltransferase to its sites of action; here structural and genomic analyses demonstrate that SHH binds chromatin via repressive histone modifications and recruits Pol-IV to enable siRNA production.             Modulation of allostery by protein intrinsic disorder ▶     Allan Chris M. Ferreon, Josephine C. Ferreon, Peter E. Wright et al.     Single-molecule FRET is used to examine how an intrinsically disordered protein, the adenovirus E1A oncoprotein, interacts with two different protein partners (the pocket domain of pRb and the TAZ2 domain of CBP/p300); the biophysical behaviour of E1A depends on whether the N-terminal region and/or the CR2 region of E1A is free to interact with potential protein partners or whether they are 'masked' (that is, via their absence or a pre-existing interaction with another protein partner).             News & Views                   Behavioural biology: Archaeology meets primate technology ▶     Andrew Whiten             HIV: Integration triggers death ▶     Anna Marie Skalka             Biomimetics: Flying like a fly ▶     David Lentink             Structural biology: Signalling from disordered proteins ▶     Vincent J. Hilser             Virology: The virus whose family expanded ▶     Oliver G. Pybus, Rebecca R. Gray             Neuroscience: Stem cells in multiple time zones ▶     Stefan Thor             Regenerative medicine: Heartbroken embryos heal ▶     Kenneth R. Chien             Research Highlights                   Evolution: Diving is in the blood | Ecology: Salt water fuels nitrogen release | Biology: A fluorescent protein from eels | Animal behaviour: Turtle tots chase warm spots | Neurobiology: Mutations alter brain amyloid | Palaeontology: Early animals' revealing tracks         NEWS & COMMENT           Brain blast | Entomology: The apian way | Books in brief | Neuroscience: Rise of the neurocrats | Environment: Use oil wealth to save Brazil's biodiversity | Reproducibility: Priming-effect author responds | Christian de Duve (1917–2013) | Sharing information is preferable to patenting | Myriad ruling causes confusion | Dog genetics spur scientific spat | China drugs head fired over article row             More Biological Sciences ▶                 CNIO, Nature, Nature Cell Biology and Nature Reviews Cancer present: CNIO Cancer Symposium: Frontiers in Tumor Heterogeneity and Plasticity October 27-30, 2013 Madrid, Spain  Click here for more information or to register for this conference today!         Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Defect pair separation as the controlling step in homogeneous ice melting ▶     Kenji Mochizuki, Masakazu Matsumoto, Iwao Ohmine     Molecular dynamics simulations of melting ice have identified the spatial separation of a defect pair into its constituent components as a crucial first step: once this step has been taken, defects can persist and grow, and rapidly turn ice into liquid water.             Research Highlights                   Chemistry: Catalyst targets spot on carbon ring           More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Quantum physics: Spooky action gets collective ▶     Matthias Weidemüller             Entanglement between light and an optical atomic excitation ▶     L. Li, Y. O. Dudin, A. Kuzmich     Trapped Rydberg atoms are used to achieve deterministic entanglement between light and an optical atomic coherence, paving the way for functional, many-node quantum networks.             Articles and Letters                   Anisotropic leaky-mode modulator for holographic video displays ▶     D. E. Smalley, Q. Y. J. Smithwick, V. M. Bove et al.     Realizing holographic video displays is proving far from straightforward, but it is shown here that it may be possible to overcome the limitations of present displays by harnessing the desirable optical manipulation properties of anisotropic leaky-mode spatial light modulators.             The rapid assembly of an elliptical galaxy of 400 billion solar masses at a redshift of 2.3 ▶     Hai Fu, Asantha Cooray, C. Feruglio et al.     An observation of a rare merger of two massive submillimetre bright galaxies that is forming stars at an unexpectedly high rate of 2,000 solar masses a year shows that such mergers can indeed form the most massive elliptical galaxies by about redshift 1.5.             Masses of exotic calcium isotopes pin down nuclear forces ▶     F. Wienholtz, D. Beck, K. Blaum et al.     The masses of the exotic calcium isotopes 53Ca and 54Ca measured by a multi-reflection time-of-flight method confirm predictions of calculations including nuclear three-body interactions.             Defect pair separation as the controlling step in homogeneous ice melting ▶     Kenji Mochizuki, Masakazu Matsumoto, Iwao Ohmine     Molecular dynamics simulations of melting ice have identified the spatial separation of a defect pair into its constituent components as a crucial first step: once this step has been taken, defects can persist and grow, and rapidly turn ice into liquid water.             News & Views                   Biomimetics: Flying like a fly ▶     David Lentink             Physics: Heavy calcium nuclei weigh in ▶     Alexandra Gade             50 & 100 Years Ago ▶             Quantum physics: Spooky action gets collective ▶     Matthias Weidemüller             Research Highlights                   Astrophysics: Magnetic energy of supernovae | Chemistry: Catalyst targets spot on carbon ring         NEWS & COMMENT           NASA sets sights on the Sun | Computing: The quantum company | Books in brief | Environment: Use oil wealth to save Brazil's biodiversity | Quark quartet opens fresh vista on matter             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Volcanism on Mars controlled by early oxidation of the upper mantle ▶     J. Tuff, J. Wade, B. J. Wood     The compositions of the 3.7-billion-year-old surface rocks on Mars — as observed by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater — are shown to be consistent with early mixing of oxidized surface material into the uppermost Martian mantle: such oxidation appears to have had less influence on more recent volcanic rocks, which are sampled as Martian meteorites.             The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds ▶     James D. Atkinson, Benjamin J. Murray, Matthew T. Woodhouse et al.     Feldspar minerals are shown to dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust in clouds containing both liquid water and ice particles, despite feldspar being a minor component of the dust believed to be the main source of ice nuclei.             News & Views                   Atmospheric science: The seeds of ice in clouds ▶     Thomas Koop & Natalie Mahowald             Research Highlights                   Ecology: Salt water fuels nitrogen release | Climate change: Acidic waters do not toughen corals | Marine science: Marine dumping detailed         NEWS & COMMENT           Risk management | Space rovers in record race | Seismology: Quake catcher | Communication: Positive energy             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                 Choose Scientific Reports for fast, efficient, open access publishing  93% of authors said they are likely or very likely to recommend Scientific Reports to their colleagues* 92% of authors would publish in Scientific Reports again*   SUBMIT your paper today!   *Nature Publishing Group author survey, data correct as of April 2013         Careers & Jobs ▲top               Mobile apps: A conference in your pocket ▶     Meeting attendees can use apps to network and ease logistical hassles.                   Roadside science ▶     Sometimes the best outreach happens when lay people stumble over research unawares, says Carolyn Beans.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days: 14–20 June 2013 | Computing: The quantum company Nicola Jones | Environment: Use oil wealth to save Brazil's biodiversity Renan de França Souza, Roberto Leonan Morim Novaes, Saulo Felix | Policy: Social change vital to sustainability goals Albert V. 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