Nature contents: 13 June 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 498 Number 7453      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.               See what nature is hiding BD Horizon™ Brilliant Violet™ polymer conjugates are brighter than traditional dyes and can help identify cell populations with lower receptor density than previously possible. Learn how to resolve rare and dim cell populations with our expanded set of tools and information and request a free sample at bdbiosciences.com/go/brilliant.        Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Locomotion dynamics of hunting in wild cheetahs   The cheetah is the fastest animal on land, with a reported top speed in a short burst of 104 kilometres per hour. Few precise measurements have been made, but now a team from the Royal Veterinary College, UK, working with the Botswana Predator Conservation Trust, has used custom-built tracking collars containing GPS and inertial measurement units to analyse the hunting runs of cheetahs in the wild. The data reveal a top speed of about 93 kilometres per hour. Most hunts involve only moderate speeds though, success relying on a combination of power, acceleration and agility.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   A temporal cloak at telecommunication data rate   A pioneering paper published in Nature last year described a 'temporal cloak' that made an isolated event undetectable by creating a temporal gap in an optical signal processing system. Now that concept has been developed further to produce a system that can hide a continuous stream of events at telecommunications data rates. This method of creating 'holes in time' that can hide multiple events could have practical applications in the field of secure communications.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Small effect of water on upper-mantle rheology based on silicon self-diffusion coefficients   Water has been considered an important influence on dynamical processes in the Earth's mantle, such as the movement of tectonic plates, through the lowering of viscosity. It is thought that the viscosity of silicate rocks is controlled by the diffusion of silicon ions. But experiments reported in Nature this week — measuring silicon self-diffusion in mantle-like conditions — suggest that water has a smaller impact on how the Earth's upper mantle flows than previously thought. These findings have implications for theories of the effects of water in the Earth's interior.           Discovery Partnerships with Academia (DPAc)   Discovery Partnerships with Academia is a new approach to early drug discovery - bringing together the insight and creativity of the academic world with the drug discovery expertise of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Through integrated partnerships, we'll work together to help translate innovative research into medicines.  Get the details.           Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: This week, what lives under the sea floor, the mega-prizes turning scientists into millionaires, and how fast do cheetahs actually run?         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   No dishonour in depression ▶     (Live at 9pm BST 12th June 2013) The stigma associated with mental illness discourages investment in finding cures — even though the burden of the disorders on society is immense.             Track the trackers ▶     Oversight and public debate about access to personal data are crucial to preserving privacy.             Young upstarts ▶     Lucrative prizes emulating the Nobels bring welcome money and publicity for science.             World View                   Be prepared for the big genome leak ▶     It is only a matter of time until idealism sees the release of confidential genetic data on study participants, says Steven E. Brenner.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 7–13 June 2013 ▶     The week in science: US sets agenda for gun research; China makes another space launch; and rethinking restrictions on controversial diabetes drug Avandia.             NEWS IN FOCUS           China gets tough on carbon ▶     Cap-and-trade pilot schemes set stage for nationwide roll-out.             'Master protocol' aims to revamp cancer trials ▶     Pilot project will bring drug companies together to test targeted lung-cancer therapies.             FDA gets to grips with faeces ▶     Regulator triggers efforts to standardize faecal transplants.             Light flips transistor switch ▶     Photons emerge as competitors to electrons in computer circuits.             Speed test for wild cheetahs ▶     State-of-the-art collar reveals animal's quick reflexes and phenomenal acceleration.             UK scientists fear further cuts ▶     Funding jitters rife ahead of government spending review.             Features                   Science prizes: The new Nobels ▶     The launch of several science mega-prizes is making some researchers millionaires — but others question whether such awards are the best way to promote their field.             Drones in science: Fly, and bring me data ▶     Unmanned aerial vehicles are poised to take off as popular tools for scientific research.             COMMENT           Cloning debate: Stem-cell researchers must stay engaged ▶     Recent developments have rekindled the ethical debate over human cloning. This is no time for complacency, caution Martin Pera and Alan Trounson.             Astrophysics: Time for an Arab astronomy renaissance ▶     Arab Muslim countries need a new generation of observatories to rejoin the forefront of the field, says Nidhal Guessoum.             Books and Arts                   Environment: New words on the wild ▶     Robert Macfarlane reflects on the recent resurgence in nature writing.             Technology: Built by bicycle ▶     Andrew Robinson mulls over a study of India's adaptation of low-tech inventions.             Ethology: Primatological derring-do ▶     Kelly Stewart revels in a graphic biography that follows the human and scientific stories of three iconic primate researchers.             Correspondence                   Brazil: Save Caatinga from drought disaster Roberto Leonan Morim Novaes, Saulo Felix, Renan de França Souza | Reproducibility: In praise of open research measures Eugene Kolker | Food security: Curb China's rising food wastage Gang Liu, Xiaojie Liu, Shengkui Cheng | Education: Enticing students into science Theodore T. Packard | Education: Science literacy benefits all Aaron C. Hartmann | Climate and war: A call for more research Neil Adger, Jon Barnett, Geoff Dabelko | Climate and war: No clear-cut schism Michael Brzoska, Jürgen Scheffran | Women in science: Gender equality in Australian academies Alan Finkel | Transgenic fish: European concerns over GM salmon J. Robert Britton, Rodolphe E. Gozlan             Correction                   Correction ▶                 The Wellcome Trust and Nature Genetics present: The Genomics of Common Diseases 2013 September 7-10, 2013 Keble College, Oxford, UK  Click here for more information or to register for this conference today!          Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Biomimetics: Flying like a fly ▶     David Lentink             53BP1 is a reader of the DNA-damage-induced H2A Lys 15 ubiquitin mark ▶     Amélie Fradet-Turcotte, Marella D. Canny, Cristina Escribano-Díaz et al.     This study shows that 53BP1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage involves dual recognition of H4K20me2 and H2AK15 histone ubiquitination; the ubiquitin mark and the surrounding epitope on H2A are read by a region of 53BP1 designated the ubiquitination-dependent recruitment motif.             EndMT contributes to the onset and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations ▶     Luigi Maddaluno, Noemi Rudini, Roberto Cuttano et al.     Cerebral cavernous malformations associated with loss of function of Ccm1 are shown to be formed by endothelial cells undergoing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) induced by TGF-β and BMP signalling; inhibition of TGF-β and BMP signalling prevents EndMT and the appearance of CCM lesions.             A single pair of interneurons commands the Drosophila feeding motor program ▶     Thomas F. Flood, Shinya Iguchi, Michael Gorczyca et al.     A pair of Drosophila brain cells is identified and its activation alone is found to induce the fly's complete feeding motor routine when artificially induced; suppressing or ablating these two neurons eliminates the sugar-induced feeding behaviour, but ablation of just one neuron results in asymmetric movements.             Antibiotic treatment expands the resistance reservoir and ecological network of the phage metagenome ▶     Sheetal R. Modi, Henry H. Lee, Catherine S. Spina et al.     By exploring the phageome in mice, antibiotic treatment is shown to lead to enrichment of phage-encoded genes that are related to antibiotic resistance.             Wnt activation in nail epithelium couples nail growth to digit regeneration ▶     Makoto Takeo, Wei Chin Chou, Qi Sun et al.     Nail stem cells (NSCs) reside in the proximal nail matrix, and early nail progenitors undergo Wnt-dependent differentiation into the nail; after amputation, Wnt activation is required for nail and digit regeneration, and amputations proximal to the Wnt-active nail progenitors fail to regenerate, but β-catenin stabilization in the NSC region induces regeneration.             ZFP36L2 is required for self-renewal of early burst-forming unit erythroid progenitors ▶     Lingbo Zhang, Lina Prak, Violeta Rayon-Estrada et al.     Under stress conditions such as acute blood loss or chronic anaemia, glucocorticoids trigger self-renewal of early burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU–E) progenitors in the spleen, however, the mechanism of glucocorticoid action is not well understood; here the RNA binding protein ZFP36L2 is identified as a transcriptional target of the glucocorticoid receptor in BFU-Es and is shown to be involved in the process of erythroid cell expansion following exposure to glucocorticoids.             Pan genome of the phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution OPEN ▶     Betsy A. Read, Jessica Kegel, Mary J. Klute et al.     A reference genome from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is presented, along with sequences from 13 additional isolates, revealing a pan genome comprising core genes and genes variably distributed between strains: E. huxleyi is found to harbour extensive genetic variability under different metabolic repertoires, explaining its ability to thrive under a diverse range of environmental conditions.             Gene expression in the deep biosphere ▶     William D. Orsi, Virginia P. Edgcomb, Glenn D. Christman et al.     Gene expression of microbes in anaerobic sediment from the Peru Margin at depths up to 159 metres below the sea floor is analysed: anaerobic metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids are seen to be the dominant metabolic processes, and genes associated with cell division are found to be correlated with microbial cell concentration, suggesting that ongoing cell division contributes to biomass turnover.             Articles and Letters                   Locomotion dynamics of hunting in wild cheetahs ▶     A. M. Wilson, J. C. Lowe, K. Roskilly et al.     A novel tracking collar provides highly precise location, speed and acceleration data from 367 runs by five cheetahs in the wild; although a top speed of 58 m.p.h. was reported, few runs were above 45 m.p.h. with the average run around 31 m.p.h., and hunting success depended on grip, manoeuvrability and muscle power rather than outright speed.             X-ray structure of the mammalian GIRK2–βγ G-protein complex ▶     Matthew R. Whorton, Roderick MacKinnon     An X-ray structure and electrophysiological analysis of mammalian G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channel GIRK2 in complex with βγ reveals a pre-open channel structure consistent with channel activation by membrane delimited G-protein subunits.             Barium distributions in teeth reveal early-life dietary transitions in primates ▶     Christine Austin, Tanya M. Smith, Asa Bradman et al.     The patterning of barium in tooth enamel is shown to be a reliable marker of lactation in humans and macaques; furthermore, the study of a tooth from a Neanderthal child reveals the weaning process in this extinct species.             De novo mutations in histone-modifying genes in congenital heart disease ▶     Samir Zaidi, Murim Choi, Hiroko Wakimoto et al.     Exome sequencing of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and their unaffected parents reveals an excess of strong-effect, protein-altering de novo mutations in genes expressed in the developing heart, many of which regulate chromatin modification in key developmental genes; collectively, these mutations are predicted to account for approximately 10% of severe CHD cases.             RIP1-driven autoinflammation targets IL-1α independently of inflammasomes and RIP3 ▶     John R. Lukens, Peter Vogel, Gordon R. Johnson et al.     This study defines a novel RIP1-kinase- and IL-1α-dependent autoinflammatory pathway that depends on NF-κB and is controlled by the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1.             Vector transmission regulates immune control of Plasmodium virulence ▶     Philip J. Spence, William Jarra, Prisca Lévy et al.     Serial passage of the malaria parasite through rodents, primates or human hosts increases parasite virulence, suggesting that vector transmission regulates virulence, although direct evidence for this has been lacking; mosquito transmission is shown here to intrinsically modify asexual blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi, which elicits altered host immune responses that, in turn, modify disease severity.             Negligible impact of rare autoimmune-locus coding-region variants on missing heritability ▶     Karen A. Hunt, Vanisha Mistry, Nicholas A. Bockett et al.     A search for variants in coding exons of 25 genome-wide association study risk genes in a large cohort of autoimmune patients finds that rare coding-region variants at known loci have a negligible role in common autoimmune disease susceptibility, arguing against the previously proposed rare-variant synthetic genome-wide association hypothesis.             Single-cell transcriptomics reveals bimodality in expression and splicing in immune cells ▶     Alex K. Shalek, Rahul Satija, Xian Adiconis et al.     Single-cell RNA sequencing is used to investigate the transcriptional response of 18 mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells after lipopolysaccharide stimulation; many highly expressed genes, such as key immune genes and cytokines, show bimodal variation in both transcript abundance and splicing patterns. This variation reflects differences in both cell state and usage of an interferon-driven pathway involving Stat2 and Irf7.             MBNL proteins repress ES-cell-specific alternative splicing and reprogramming ▶     Hong Han, Manuel Irimia, P. Joel Ross et al.     This study identifies MBNL proteins as negative regulators of alternative splicing events that are differentially regulated between ES cells and other cell types; several lines of evidence show that these proteins repress an ES cell alternative splicing program and the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells.             The bromodomain protein Brd4 insulates chromatin from DNA damage signalling ▶     Scott R. Floyd, Michael E. Pacold, Qiuying Huang et al.     Isoform B of the chromatin-binding protein Brd4 acts to suppress DNA damage response signalling.             Chromosome-specific nonrandom sister chromatid segregation during stem-cell division ▶     Swathi Yadlapalli, Yukiko M. Yamashita     Using a CO-FISH method with single-chromosome resolution, sister chromatids of the sex chromosomes, but not autosomes, are shown to segregate nonrandomly during asymmetric cell divisions of Drosophila male germline stem cells; this suggests that it is unlikely that nonrandom sister chromatid segregation serves to protect the 'immortal strand' to avoid replication-induced mutations as proposed previously.             News & Views                   Stem cells: Cloning human embryos ▶     Christine L. Mummery, Bernard A. J. Roelen             Stem cells: Regulation by alternative splicing ▶     Yair Aaronson & Eran Meshorer             Malaria: The vector as protector ▶     Andrew F. Read & Nicole Mideo             50 & 100 Years Ago ▶             Structural biology: Ion channel twists to open ▶     Eitan Reuveny             Biomimetics: Flying like a fly ▶     David Lentink             Brief Communications Arising                   Properties of native brain α-synuclein ▶     Jacqueline Burré, Sandro Vivona, Jiajie Diao et al.             Bartels & Selkoe reply ▶     Tim Bartels, Dennis J. Selkoe             Conserved regulatory elements in AMPK ▶     Lei Chen, Feng-Jiao Xin, Jue Wang et al.             Corrigenda                   Corrigendum: Domain organization of human chromosomes revealed by mapping of nuclear lamina interactions ▶     Lars Guelen, Ludo Pagie, Emilie Brasset et al.             Corrigendum: Glutamine supports pancreatic cancer growth through a KRAS-regulated metabolic pathway ▶     Jaekyoung Son, Costas A. Lyssiotis, Haoqiang Ying et al.             Corrigendum: Immune surveillance by CD8αα+ skin-resident T cells in human herpes virus infection ▶     Jia Zhu, Tao Peng, Christine Johnston et al.             Erratum                   Erratum: Integrated genomic characterization of endometrial carcinoma ▶             Research Highlights                   Climate science: Reindeer keep the ground cool | Development: Birds' mysterious missing penises | Animal behaviour: Sea stars shed too-hot arms | Cancer biology: Immunity let loose | Enzyme engineering: Serendipity outstrips design | Molecular biology: Boosting plant defence | Palaeontology: Big lizard among mammals | Plant sciences: Tomatoes make tubers         NEWS & COMMENT           No dishonour in depression | Young upstarts | Be prepared for the big genome leak | Speed test for wild cheetahs | Science prizes: The new Nobels | 'Master protocol' aims to revamp cancer trials | FDA gets to grips with faeces | Cloning debate: Stem-cell researchers must stay engaged | Ethology: Primatological derring-do | Brazil: Save Caatinga from drought disaster | Transgenic fish: European concerns over GM salmon             More Biological Sciences ▶                   Mired in single-analyte assays? Bring your biomarkers to life. If you're measuring one cancer marker at a time, you'll miss changes in key pathways like cell metabolism and inflammation. Monitor multiple circulating and intracellular biomarkers per sample with MILLIPLEX® MAP multiplex assays to save time, sample and your research. >> Request free Cancer & Metastasis Wall Chart          Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   53BP1 is a reader of the DNA-damage-induced H2A Lys 15 ubiquitin mark ▶     Amélie Fradet-Turcotte, Marella D. Canny, Cristina Escribano-Díaz, Alexandre Orthwein, Charles C. Y. Leung et al.     This study shows that 53BP1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage involves dual recognition of H4K20me2 and H2AK15 histone ubiquitination; the ubiquitin mark and the surrounding epitope on H2A are read by a region of 53BP1 designated the ubiquitination-dependent recruitment motif.             Articles and Letters                   X-ray structure of the mammalian GIRK2–βγ G-protein complex ▶     Matthew R. Whorton & Roderick MacKinnon     An X-ray structure and electrophysiological analysis of mammalian G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channel GIRK2 in complex with βγ reveals a pre-open channel structure consistent with channel activation by membrane delimited G-protein subunits.             Heat dissipation in atomic-scale junctions ▶     Woochul Lee, Kyeongtae Kim, Wonho Jeong, Linda Angela Zotti, Fabian Pauly et al.     An innovative technique based on scanning tunnelling probes with integrated thermocouples is developed and used to measure heat dissipation in the electrodes of atomic and molecular junctions.             Barium distributions in teeth reveal early-life dietary transitions in primates ▶     Christine Austin, Tanya M. Smith, Asa Bradman, Katie Hinde, Renaud Joannes-Boyau et al.     The patterning of barium in tooth enamel is shown to be a reliable marker of lactation in humans and macaques; furthermore, the study of a tooth from a Neanderthal child reveals the weaning process in this extinct species.             The bromodomain protein Brd4 insulates chromatin from DNA damage signalling ▶     Scott R. Floyd, Michael E. Pacold, Qiuying Huang, Scott M. Clarke, Fred C. Lam et al.     Isoform B of the chromatin-binding protein Brd4 acts to suppress DNA damage response signalling.             News & Views                   Structural biology: Ion channel twists to open ▶     Eitan Reuveny             Brief Communications Arising                   Conserved regulatory elements in AMPK ▶     Lei Chen, Feng-Jiao Xin, Jue Wang, Jicheng Hu, Yuan-Yuan Zhang et al.             Research Highlights                   Enzyme engineering: Serendipity outstrips design | Chemistry: One polymer with multiple forms           More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Biomimetics: Flying like a fly ▶     David Lentink             Articles and Letters                   Sodium content as a predictor of the advanced evolution of globular cluster stars ▶     Simon W. Campbell, Valentina D'Orazi, David Yong et al.     Investigations show that all the second-generation stars in the globular cluster NGC 6752 fail to reach the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase; every AGB star in the sample has a low sodium abundance, indicating that they are exclusively first-generation stars.             The spin Hall effect in a quantum gas ▶     M. C. Beeler, R. A. Williams, K. Jiménez-García et al.     The spin Hall effect, whereby flowing particles experience orthogonally directed, spin-dependent Lorentz-like forces, is observed in a quantum-degenerate gas and used to produce a cold-atom spin transistor.             A temporal cloak at telecommunication data rate ▶     Joseph M. Lukens, Daniel E. Leaird, Andrew M. Weiner     The 'time cloak' experiment is extended here using a time analogue of the Talbot effect in optics — in which a plane wave incident on a diffraction grating produces repeated images of the grating at regular distances — to show that almost half of the time axis can be concealed.             Heat dissipation in atomic-scale junctions ▶     Woochul Lee, Kyeongtae Kim, Wonho Jeong et al.     An innovative technique based on scanning tunnelling probes with integrated thermocouples is developed and used to measure heat dissipation in the electrodes of atomic and molecular junctions.             News & Views                   Condensed-matter physics: Spintronics, the atomic way ▶     Peter van der Straten             Cosmology: Hydrogen wisps reveal dark energy ▶     Tamara M. Davis             Biomimetics: Flying like a fly ▶     David Lentink             Research Highlights                   Astronomy: Trap holds protoplanet dust | Chemistry: One polymer with multiple forms         NEWS & COMMENT           Track the trackers | Young upstarts | Science prizes: The new Nobels | Drones in science: Fly, and bring me data | Light flips transistor switch | Astrophysics: Time for an Arab astronomy renaissance             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Atmospheric science: The seeds of ice in clouds ▶     Thomas Koop, Natalie Mahowald             Gene expression in the deep biosphere ▶     William D. Orsi, Virginia P. Edgcomb, Glenn D. Christman et al.     Gene expression of microbes in anaerobic sediment from the Peru Margin at depths up to 159 metres below the sea floor is analysed: anaerobic metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids are seen to be the dominant metabolic processes, and genes associated with cell division are found to be correlated with microbial cell concentration, suggesting that ongoing cell division contributes to biomass turnover.             The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds ▶     James D. Atkinson, Benjamin J. Murray, Matthew T. Woodhouse et al.     Feldspar minerals are shown to dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust in clouds containing both liquid water and ice particles, despite feldspar being a minor component of the dust believed to be the main source of ice nuclei.             Articles and Letters                   Small effect of water on upper-mantle rheology based on silicon self-diffusion coefficients ▶     Hongzhan Fei, Michael Wiedenbeck, Daisuke Yamazaki et al.     Measurements of the silicon self-diffusion coefficients in olivine at high temperature show that the effect of water content on rock deformation is actually very small, not large as was previously thought.             News & Views                   Conservation: Spare our restored soil ▶     Johan Six             Earth science: Water may be a damp squib ▶     John Brodholt             Atmospheric science: The seeds of ice in clouds ▶     Thomas Koop, Natalie Mahowald             Research Highlights                   Climate science: Reindeer keep the ground cool         NEWS & COMMENT           China gets tough on carbon | Environment: New words on the wild | Brazil: Save Caatinga from drought disaster | Climate and war: A call for more research | Climate and war: No clear-cut schism | Transgenic fish: European concerns over GM salmon             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Special - Technology Feature ▲top               Biology: The big challenges of big data ▶     As they grapple with increasingly large data sets, biologists and computer scientists uncork new bottlenecks.                 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nature Genetics, and Nature Reviews Cancer present: Nuclear Reprogramming and the Cancer Genome St. Catherine's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK September 25-27, 2013  Click here for more information or to register for this conference!         Careers & Jobs ▲top               Ecology: Conservation in captivity ▶     Zoos provide an opportunity to work on crucial issues of biodiversity while reaching out to the public.                   On the job ▶     Graduate-degree holders have higher pay and lower unemployment than bachelor's-degree holders.                   Oncology burnout ▶     Survey finds high levels of burnout among oncologists.                   Prizes for the young ▶     US awards programme aims to encourage innovation among early-career researchers.             Careers related news & comment                   Young upstarts | Seven days: 7–13 June 2013 | Science prizes: The new Nobels Zeeya Merali | Brazil: Save Caatinga from drought disaster Roberto Leonan Morim Novaes, Saulo Felix, Renan de França Souza | Education: Enticing students into science Theodore T. Packard | Education: Science literacy benefits all Aaron C. Hartmann | Women in science: Gender equality in Australian academies Alan Finkel | UK scientists fear further cuts Daniel Cressey | Social science: The cost of children Ruth Mace               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Scientist     Wisconsin Institute for Discovery            Research Technician     UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX            Scientific Officer     EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory)            Postdoctoral Fellow     Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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