Nature contents: 06 June 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 498 Number 7452      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       A*STAR Research - Highlighting the best of research at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore's premier research organization Recent Highlights Optics: Statistics light the way | Plasmonics: A wave without diffraction | Genomics: A rare view of gene regulation The new print edition of A*STAR Research is now available!             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Special - The quantum atom     Niels Bohr introduced what became known as the Bohr model of atomic structure in 1913. The model has since been superseded but the familiar Solar System like structure was based on sound foundations and has served theorists and experiments well down the years. We mark this centenary with a special issue of Nature reviewing the past, present and future of the theory of atom structure. ▼ more       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change   In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was unable to provide an estimate for ice sheet contributions to sea level rise through dynamic processes such as ice acceleration due to changes in subglacial hydrology. Six years on and there is a lot more data on ice sheet mass balance change, and this review crunches the numbers. The conclusion is that accelerated loss from Greenland is a robust finding, but that loss from Antarctica may be much less marked than previously thought.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Chemical mapping of a single molecule by plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering   An imaging technique with chemical recognition and unprecedented resolution, offering a detailed view inside single molecules, is described in Nature this week. The work describes enhancements to Raman spectroscopy — a technology widely used to identify molecules by detecting their signature molecular vibrations — that make it effective at the single-molecule level with spatial resolution below 1 nm. The technique opens a new path to photochemistry at the single-molecule level, offering the potential to design, control, and engineer the functionality of molecules on demand.                   Nature Outlook: Sleep Researchers are defining the various functions of sleep, from how we learn to the regulation of metabolism and immunity. New ways to treat troubled sleeping are being developed, and better sleep practice can help people with mood disorders. Access the Outlook free online for six months. Produced with support from: ResMed                 Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Stepwise acquisition of vocal combinatorial capacity in songbirds and human infants   Both birdsong and the vocalization of human language depend on the arrangement of vocal elements into particular sequences, but it is not clear if these superficially similar capacities are related. This study shows that in two bird species and in pre-verbal human infants, vocal transitions and permutations are established through a common stepwise pattern rather than a single developmental shift. This suggests that there is a common generative process conserved across these species in constructing new vocal communication patterns.       Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: time cloaks, extreme species of atoms, and what's really been happening to ice sheets?           Special - The quantum atom ▲top               Features                   Quantum physics: The quantum atom ▶     One hundred years after Niels Bohr published his model of the atom, a special issue of Nature explores its legacy — and how much there is still to learn about atomic structure.             Bohr's model: Extreme atoms ▶     Physicists are stretching, stripping and contorting atoms to new and bizarre limits.             Comment                   History: The path to the quantum atom ▶     John L. Heilbron describes the route that led Niels Bohr to quantize electron orbits a century ago.             Physics: The enigmatic electron ▶     While we are still learning about the particle's true nature, says Frank Wilczek, let's celebrate its beauty.             News and Views                   Theoretical physics: Sizing up atoms ▶     Niels Bohr's model of the structure of the atom raised the question of how large an atom can be. One hundred years on, the issue is still unresolved. Two physicists discuss the theoretical limits of atomic and nuclear size.               News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   The paper trail ▶     Scientists must embrace funding-agency efforts to track research outputs and encourage open access to the literature.             Moral authority ▶     Research must be seen to be accountable, even if that means hanging on to redundant reviews.             Announcement: Nature papers enhanced ▶             World View                   US clinical-research system in need of review ▶     An imminent rethink is required on the country's approach to government-supported health and pharmaceutical studies, says Arthur J. Ammann.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 31 May–6 June 2013 ▶     The week in science: Transgenic wheat escapes from US testing fields, H7N9 returns after lull in China, and Martian minerals get mapped.             NEWS IN FOCUS           'Plastic wood' is no green guarantee ▶     Researchers question benefits of tropical-wood substitute.             Tensions grow as data-mining discussions fall apart ▶     Scientists want to exempt computer-based text crawling from Europe's copyright law.             Glowing plants spark debate ▶     Critics irked over planned release of engineered organism.             Europe reforms its fisheries ▶     Agreement would set catch limits that are in line with scientific advice.             Geneticists push for global data-sharing ▶     International organization aims to promote exchange and linking of DNA sequences and clinical information.             Agency gets a grip on budget ▶     Reforms increase flexibility and shift spending towards non-communicable disorders.             COMMENT           Nature writing: Cetacean subtleties ▶     Callum Roberts enjoys a celebration of the oceans and their largest denizens.             Biotechnology: Genomics and us ▶     Michael Rawlins examines a call for biotechnology to be geared towards public health.             Economics: A tale of cash and credit ▶     Martin Shubik navigates a study of the complex web of relationships that gives money meaning.             Environment: Piscine plunder ▶     Michael White assesses a film documenting the exploitation of Antarctica's pristine Ross Sea.             Correspondence                   Alien species: Monster fern makes IUCN invader list Franck Courchamp | Germany: Avoid more organ transplant scandals Harald Schrem, Alexander Kaltenborn | Satellites: Make data freely accessible Woody Turner | Satellites: Ambition for forest initiative Giles Foody             Correction                   Correction ▶                         For many years, science in the Asia-Pacific region has been dominated by Japan. However, as seen through the lens of the Nature Publishing Index (NPI), the fastest growth in high-quality research is now coming from other countries- in particular China and Singapore. The 2012 NPI Asia-Pacific presents an analysis of the dynamic changes in the region’s scientific publishing record. www.natureasia.com/en/publishing-index/asia-pacific               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Stem cells: Regulation by alternative splicing ▶     Yair Aaronson, Eran Meshorer             HIV: Integration triggers death ▶     Anna Marie Skalka             Structural biology: Ion channel twists to open ▶     Eitan Reuveny             X-ray structure of the mammalian GIRK2–βγ G-protein complex ▶     Matthew R. Whorton, Roderick MacKinnon     An X-ray structure and electrophysiological analysis of mammalian G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channel GIRK2 in complex with βγ reveals a pre-open channel structure consistent with channel activation by membrane delimited G-protein subunits.             Structural mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS ▶     Filiz Civril, Tobias Deimling, Carina C. de Oliveira Mann et al.     Cytosolic DNA arising from intracellular bacterial or viral infections induces type I interferon through activation of the DNA sensor cGAS, which catalyses the synthesis of cyclic dinucleotide which in turn activates STING; here the crystal structures of a carboxy-terminal fragment of cGAS alone and in complex with UTP and DNA–ATP–GTP complex are determined.             The bromodomain protein Brd4 insulates chromatin from DNA damage signalling ▶     Scott R. Floyd, Michael E. Pacold, Qiuying Huang et al.     Isoform B of the chromatin-binding protein Brd4 acts to suppress DNA damage response signalling.             BACH2 represses effector programs to stabilize Treg-mediated immune homeostasis ▶     Rahul Roychoudhuri, Kiyoshi Hirahara, Kambiz Mousavi et al.     Diverse autoimmune and allergic diseases are associated with polymorphisms in a locus encoding the transcription factor BACH2; here, BACH2 is shown to be a broad regulator of immune activation that stabilizes the differentiation of Treg cells by repressing commitment of CD4+ T cells to alternate cell fates.             Rev-Erbs repress macrophage gene expression by inhibiting enhancer-directed transcription ▶     Michael T. Y. Lam, Han Cho, Hanna P. Lesch et al.     It is unclear whether bidirectional non-coding RNAs transcribed from enhancer elements (eRNAs) have any functional role; here, the repressive functions of Rev-Erb nuclear receptors in macrophages are shown to be linked to their ability to inhibit the transcription of eRNAs.             Functional roles of enhancer RNAs for oestrogen-dependent transcriptional activation ▶     Wenbo Li, Dimple Notani, Qi Ma et al.     It is unclear whether bidirectional non-coding RNAs transcribed from enhancer elements (eRNAs) have any functional role; here, eRNA transcription is shown to be functionally important during the activation of genes by the oestrogen receptor in human breast cancer cells.             Severe malaria is associated with parasite binding to endothelial protein C receptor ▶     Louise Turner, Thomas Lavstsen, Sanne S. Berger et al.     Endothelial protein C receptor is shown to be the receptor for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 variants associated with severe malaria.             High-resolution analysis with novel cell-surface markers identifies routes to iPS cells ▶     James O'Malley, Stavroula Skylaki, Kumiko A. Iwabuchi et al.     Cellular reprogramming is shown to occur in an ordered, stepwise manner, marked by changes in the cell-surface markers CD44, ICAM1 and Nanog–eGFP; molecular characterization of discrete subpopulations of partially reprogrammed cells shows that reprogramming is not simply the reversal of the normal development process.             MBNL proteins repress ES-cell-specific alternative splicing and reprogramming ▶     Hong Han, Manuel Irimia, P. Joel Ross et al.     This study identifies MBNL proteins as negative regulators of alternative splicing events that are differentially regulated between ES cells and other cell types; several lines of evidence show that these proteins repress an ES cell alternative splicing program and the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells.             HIV-1 causes CD4 cell death through DNA-dependent protein kinase during viral integration ▶     Arik Cooper, Mayra García, Constantinos Petrovas et al.     HIV-1 causes CD4+ T-cell death through viral integration by stimulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a protein known to act in the p53 damage response pathway for double-stranded DNA breaks, in activated cells.             Unusual architecture of the p7 channel from hepatitis C virus ▶     Bo OuYang, Shiqi Xie, Marcelo J. Berardi et al.     The structure of the oligomeric hepatitis C virus viroporin p7 protein, solved by NMR spectroscopy, is reported; this protein can self-assemble into a channel complex that conducts cations and has a funnel-like channel architecture.             cGAS produces a 2′-5′-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING ▶     Andrea Ablasser, Marion Goldeck, Taner Cavlar et al.     Cytosolic DNA induces type I interferon via activation of STING; the immediate STING activator is produced by the recently identified DNA sensor cGAS and is shown here to be an unorthodox cyclic dinucleotide harbouring a 2′-5′ linkage between guanosine and adenosine.             Articles and Letters                   The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution ▶     Xijun Ni, Daniel L. Gebo, Marian Dagosto et al.     Understanding the earliest phases of primate evolution is obscured by gaps in the fossil record, but some light is shed by the discovery of a nearly complete and substantially articulated skeleton of a tiny primate from the early Eocene; the new primate lies near the pivotal evolutionary dichotomy separating the tarsier and anthropoid lineages and it possesses features that are characteristic of subsequent members of both lineages.             Rats maintain an overhead binocular field at the expense of constant fusion ▶     Damian J. Wallace, David S. Greenberg, Juergen Sawinski et al.     In freely moving rodents, eye movements serve to keep the visual fields of the two eyes continuously overlapping overhead at the expense of continuous alignment, a strategy that may have evolved to maintain constant overhead surveillance of predators.             KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation couples chromatin sensing to ATM signalling ▶     Abderrahmane Kaidi, Stephen P. Jackson     KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, mediated by the tyrosine kinase c-Abl, increases after DNA damage, promoting KAT5 binding to histone H3K9me3, which triggers KAT5-mediated acetylation of the ATM kinase; this promotes the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and cell survival.             The rewards of restraint in the collective regulation of foraging by harvester ant colonies ▶     Deborah M. Gordon     Desert harvester ant colonies regulate their foraging activity and this collective behaviour appears to be under selection; colonies that forage less when conditions are poor have greater reproductive success, and the regulation of foraging behaviour appears to be inherited from parent to offspring colonies.             Architecture and evolution of a minute plant genome OPEN ▶     Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Eric Lyons, Gustavo Hernández-Guzmán et al.     The genome of the carnivorous bladderwort plant Utricularia gibba is described here; despite having undergone at least three rounds of whole-genome duplication, its genome is unusually small and virtually devoid of intergenic DNA.             Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control ▶     Fredrik H. Karlsson, Valentina Tremaroli, Intawat Nookaew et al.     The faecal metagenome of a cohort of 145 European women with normal, impaired or diabetic glucose control was characterized and discriminant metagenomic markers for type 2 diabetes were identified; the discriminant markers differed from those of a recent Chinese cohort, suggesting that metagenomic predictive tools may need to be specific for age and geographic location.             Stepwise acquisition of vocal combinatorial capacity in songbirds and human infants ▶     Dina Lipkind, Gary F. Marcus, Douglas K. Bemis et al.     In two species of songbirds and in pre-lingual human infants, vocal transitions across syllables are acquired slowly, one by one, indicating that combinatorial ability is not the starting point of vocal development but a laboriously achieved end point.             A key role for mitochondrial gatekeeper pyruvate dehydrogenase in oncogene-induced senescence ▶     Joanna Kaplon, Liang Zheng, Katrin Meissl et al.     Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is identified as a crucial mediator of BRAFV600E-induced cellular senescence: PDH is activated by BRAF-mediated suppression of PDK1, enhancing oxidative glucose metabolism, and PDK1 depletion eradicates mutant BRAF melanomas, indicating that this relationship between cell senescence and metabolism might be exploited therapeutically.             Innate lymphoid cells regulate CD4+ T-cell responses to intestinal commensal bacteria ▶     Matthew R. Hepworth, Laurel A. Monticelli, Thomas C. Fung et al.     Group 3 innate lymphoid cells are shown to process and present antigen and to control CD4+ T-cell responses to intestinal commensal bacteria through an MHC-class-II-dependent mechanism.             Control of angiogenesis by AIBP-mediated cholesterol efflux ▶     Longhou Fang, Soo-Ho Choi, Ji Sun Baek et al.     Gene-expression studies are used to elucidate the relationship between cholesterol regulation and angiogenesis: apolipoprotein A-1 binding protein (AIBP) is found to enhance cholesterol influx from endothelial cells to high-density lipoprotein, and the resulting cholesterol depletion alters membrane lipid order in the vasculature, leading to decreased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling.             Structure-guided discovery of the metabolite carboxy-SAM that modulates tRNA function ▶     Jungwook Kim, Hui Xiao, Jeffrey B. Bonanno et al.     Members of the SAM-dependent methyltransferase superfamily are involved in the modification of wobble uridine to 5-oxacetyl uridine in Gram-negative bacteria; CmoA converts SAM to carboxy-SAM (Cx-SAM; a metabolite that was unknown previously), and CmoB uses Cx-SAM to convert 5-hydroxyuridine to 5-oxyacetyl uridine in tRNA.             News & Views                   Immunology: An innate regulatory cell ▶     Marco Colonna             Biochemistry: The ylide has landed ▶     Bradley J. Landgraf & Squire J. Booker             Genomics: A gut prediction ▶     Willem M. de Vos & Max Nieuwdorp             Stem cells: Regulation by alternative splicing ▶     Yair Aaronson, Eran Meshorer             HIV: Integration triggers death ▶     Anna Marie Skalka             Structural biology: Ion channel twists to open ▶     Eitan Reuveny             Brief Communications Arising                   Intuition and cooperation reconsidered ▶     Gustav Tinghög, David Andersson, Caroline Bonn et al.             Rand et al. reply ▶     David G. Rand, Joshua D. Greene, Martin A. Nowak             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression ▶     Arun Sreekumar, Laila M. Poisson, Thekkelnaycke M. Rajendiran et al.             Research Highlights                   Fisheries: Divers soar after net ban | Conservation biology: The bees are back in Europe | Genomics: Spruce shotgun sequencing | Neuroscience: Romancing the histones | Developmental biology: Thymus development conserved         NEWS & COMMENT           Moral authority | US clinical-research system in need of review | 'Plastic wood' is no green guarantee | Geneticists push for global data-sharing | Nature writing: Cetacean subtleties | Biotechnology: Genomics and us | Economics: A tale of cash and credit | Alien species: Monster fern makes IUCN invader list | Germany: Avoid more organ transplant scandals | Glowing plants spark debate | Agency gets a grip on budget             More Biological Sciences ▶                 Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Structural biology: Ion channel twists to open ▶     Eitan Reuveny             X-ray structure of the mammalian GIRK2–βγ G-protein complex ▶     Matthew R. Whorton & Roderick MacKinnon     An X-ray structure and electrophysiological analysis of mammalian G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channel GIRK2 in complex with βγ reveals a pre-open channel structure consistent with channel activation by membrane delimited G-protein subunits.             Unusual architecture of the p7 channel from hepatitis C virus ▶     Bo OuYang, Shiqi Xie, Marcelo J. Berardi, Xinhao Zhao, Jyoti Dev et al.     The structure of the oligomeric hepatitis C virus viroporin p7 protein, solved by NMR spectroscopy, is reported; this protein can self-assemble into a channel complex that conducts cations and has a funnel-like channel architecture.             The bromodomain protein Brd4 insulates chromatin from DNA damage signalling ▶     Scott R. Floyd, Michael E. Pacold, Qiuying Huang, Scott M. Clarke, Fred C. Lam et al.     Isoform B of the chromatin-binding protein Brd4 acts to suppress DNA damage response signalling.             Structural mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS ▶     Filiz Civril, Tobias Deimling, Carina C. de Oliveira Mann, Andrea Ablasser, Manuela Moldt et al.     Cytosolic DNA arising from intracellular bacterial or viral infections induces type I interferon through activation of the DNA sensor cGAS, which catalyses the synthesis of cyclic dinucleotide which in turn activates STING; here the crystal structures of a carboxy-terminal fragment of cGAS alone and in complex with UTP and DNA–ATP–GTP complex are determined.             Articles and Letters                   KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation couples chromatin sensing to ATM signalling ▶     Abderrahmane Kaidi & Stephen P. Jackson     KAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, mediated by the tyrosine kinase c-Abl, increases after DNA damage, promoting KAT5 binding to histone H3K9me3, which triggers KAT5-mediated acetylation of the ATM kinase; this promotes the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and cell survival.             Argon isotopic composition of Archaean atmosphere probes early Earth geodynamics ▶     Magali Pujol, Bernard Marty, Ray Burgess, Grenville Turner & Pascal Philippot     The analysis of the isotopic signature of argon in 3.5-billion-year-old hydrothermal quartz suggests an early development of the continental crust, with implications for climate variability at that time.             Control of angiogenesis by AIBP-mediated cholesterol efflux ▶     Longhou Fang, Soo-Ho Choi, Ji Sun Baek, Chao Liu, Felicidad Almazan et al.     Gene-expression studies are used to elucidate the relationship between cholesterol regulation and angiogenesis: apolipoprotein A-1 binding protein (AIBP) is found to enhance cholesterol influx from endothelial cells to high-density lipoprotein, and the resulting cholesterol depletion alters membrane lipid order in the vasculature, leading to decreased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling.             Structure-guided discovery of the metabolite carboxy-SAM that modulates tRNA function ▶     Jungwook Kim, Hui Xiao, Jeffrey B. Bonanno, Chakrapani Kalyanaraman, Shoshana Brown et al.     Members of the SAM-dependent methyltransferase superfamily are involved in the modification of wobble uridine to 5-oxacetyl uridine in Gram-negative bacteria; CmoA converts SAM to carboxy-SAM (Cx-SAM; a metabolite that was unknown previously), and CmoB uses Cx-SAM to convert 5-hydroxyuridine to 5-oxyacetyl uridine in tRNA.             News & Views                   Biochemistry: The ylide has landed ▶     Bradley J. Landgraf & Squire J. Booker             Structural biology: Ion channel twists to open ▶     Eitan Reuveny           NEWS & COMMENT           Bohr's model: Extreme atoms             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   The spin Hall effect in a quantum gas ▶     M. C. Beeler, R. A. Williams, K. Jiménez-García et al.     The spin Hall effect, whereby flowing particles experience orthogonally directed, spin-dependent Lorentz-like forces, is observed in a quantum-degenerate gas and used to produce a cold-atom spin transistor.             A temporal cloak at telecommunication data rate ▶     Joseph M. Lukens, Daniel E. Leaird, Andrew M. Weiner     The 'time cloak' experiment is extended here using a time analogue of the Talbot effect in optics — in which a plane wave incident on a diffraction grating produces repeated images of the grating at regular distances — to show that almost half of the time axis can be concealed.             Articles and Letters                   Bounding the pseudogap with a line of phase transitions in YBa2Cu3O6+δ  ▶     Arkady Shekhter, B. J. Ramshaw, Ruixing Liang et al.     Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of high-temperature superconductors detects the thermodynamic signature of the pseudogap phase boundary and its evolution with doping.             Second sound and the superfluid fraction in a Fermi gas with resonant interactions ▶     Leonid A. Sidorenkov, Meng Khoon Tey, Rudolf Grimm et al.     In an ultracold, superfluid Fermi gas, measurements of second sound — a wave in which the superfluid and normal components of the gas oscillate in antiphase — make it possible to determine the temperature dependence of the superfluid fraction.             Chemical mapping of a single molecule by plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering ▶     R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. C. Dong et al.     Chemical mapping of a single molecule by optical means down to subnanometre resolution is achieved by spectrally matching the resonance of a nanocavity plasmon to the vibronic transitions of the molecules being studied, using tip-enhanced Raman scattering.             News & Views                   Theoretical physics: Sizing up atoms ▶     Paul Indelicato, Alexander Karpov             High-temperature superconductivity: The sound of a hidden order ▶     Jan Zaanen             Techniques: Optical spectroscopy goes intramolecular ▶     Joanna M. Atkin, Markus B. Raschke             Research Highlights                   Physical chemistry: Square-packed beads | Particle physics: A meson unmirrored | Quantum physics: Direct view of atomic orbitals         NEWS & COMMENT           'Plastic wood' is no green guarantee | Quantum physics: The quantum atom | Bohr's model: Extreme atoms | History: The path to the quantum atom | Physics: The enigmatic electron | Tensions grow as data-mining discussions fall apart             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Argon isotopic composition of Archaean atmosphere probes early Earth geodynamics ▶     Magali Pujol, Bernard Marty, Ray Burgess et al.     The analysis of the isotopic signature of argon in 3.5-billion-year-old hydrothermal quartz suggests an early development of the continental crust, with implications for climate variability at that time.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change ▶     Edward Hanna, Francisco J. Navarro, Frank Pattyn et al.     A review of the past six years of research on ice-sheet mass-balance change shows that accelerated loss from Greenland is a robust finding, but that loss from Antarctica is probably far lower than previously thought.             News & Views                   Climate science: Plant a tree, but tend it well ▶     Julia Pongratz             Research Highlights                   Fisheries: Divers soar after net ban | Conservation biology: The bees are back in Europe | Climate Science: More rain in ozone's absence         NEWS & COMMENT           'Plastic wood' is no green guarantee | Europe reforms its fisheries | Nature writing: Cetacean subtleties | Environment: Piscine plunder | Satellites: Make data freely accessible | Satellites: Ambition for forest initiative             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                 Careers & Jobs ▲top               Biotechnology: Virtual reality ▶     A growing number of biotechnology companies employ a skeleton crew of managers and outsource hands-on science.                   Turning point: Hana El-Samad ▶     Engineer takes a career risk in moving to biology.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days: 31 May–6 June 2013 | Europe reforms its fisheries Daniel Cressey | Environment: Piscine plunder Michael White | The paper trail | Agency gets a grip on budget Declan Butler               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Research Associate     University of Reading            Lecturer / Senior Lecturer in Physiology     King's College London            Pharmacology and Toxicology     University of Toronto Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology            Postdoctoral Researcher / Senior Postdoctoral Researcher     Louisiana State University (LSU)          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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