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| | | | | | | | | | Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide | | Autophagy is an essential degradation pathway that eliminates damaged proteins in cells and can also protect against infection. Beth Levine and colleagues have constructed a cell-permeable peptide derived from part of an autophagy protein called beclin 1. This peptide is a potent inducer of autophagy in mammalian cells and in vivo in mice and was effective in the clearance of several viruses including chikungunya virus, West Nile virus and HIV-1. This work suggets that small autophagy-inducing peptide may be effective in the prevention and treatment of of human diseases. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The structure of the asteroid 4 Vesta as revealed by models of planet-scale collisions | | NASA's Dawn mission to the asteroid 4 Vesta revealed unexpected features, including a huge crater, named Veneneia, underlying the even larger crater, Rheasilvia. New three-dimensional simulations of Vesta's global evolution through two planet-scale collisions have been used to produce an accurate model of Vesta's topography. The model accurately reproduces the asteroid's observed shape and provides a basis for the interpretation of the surface mineralogy and geology of Vesta and other small Solar System bodies. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence | | Several lines of evidence suggest that biodiversity loss in an ecosystem can affect pathogen transmission and host disease, with pathogens gaining the upper hand. This study combines wetland field surveys with experimental mesocosms to show that, in an amphibian community experiencing infection with a parasitic flatworm, the negative correlation between disease and diversity is the result of a 'dilution effect'. This occurs when pathogens tend to infect multiple host species that vary in their ability to maintain and transmit infections. The net result is often a species-poor communities dominated by highly susceptible hosts. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Check out Hamamatsu's new cameras for microscopy. The new ImagEM X2, a completely redesigned and faster EM-CCD camera, delivers 70 fps imaging, very high signal-to-noise values, and extremely low dark current. The new and improved ORCA-Flash4.0 V2 sCMOS camera has many new features such as two scan speeds, a readout mode for light sheet microscopy, and two interfaces (USB 3.0 and Camera Link). | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In this week's podcast: this week, modelling the dramatic landscape on asteroid Vesta, the US stem cell company offering unapproved therapies, and the sweet smell of attraction. | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A deal on the horizon ▶ | | | | Leaders have finally thrashed out the European Union budget for the next seven years. But how much money will go to research is yet to be confirmed. | | | | | | | | | | | | Preventive therapy ▶ | | | | Stem-cell trials must be made easier, so that treatments can be based on real data. | | | | | | | | | | | | Damage control ▶ | | | | Planning for extreme events must incorporate not just infrastructure but societal preparedness. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Seven days: 8–14 February 2013 ▶ | | | | The week in science: North Korea tests nuclear weapon; European leaders agree on seven-year budget; and the NSF's director quits early. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Eco-engineering: Living in a materials world ▶ | | | | From concrete to plastics, the megatonnes of stuff in the built environment are mostly manufactured and used with little thought for waste and pollution. Radical moves are afoot to refashion the urban fabric. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | High salt recruits aversive taste pathways ▶ | | | | Yuki Oka, Matthew Butnaru, Lars von Buchholtz, Nicholas J. P. Ryba & Charles S. Zuker | | | | High concentrations of salt activate sour- and bitter-taste-sensing cells in the tongues of mice, and genetic silencing of these pathways abolishes behavioural aversion to concentrated salt; this ‘co-opting’ of the two primary aversive taste pathways (sour and bitter) may have evolved so that high salt levels reliably trigger behavioural rejection. | | | | | | | | | | | | Abundant SAR11 viruses in the ocean ▶ | | | | Yanlin Zhao, Ben Temperton, J. Cameron Thrash, Michael S. Schwalbach, Kevin L. Vergin et al. | | | | Viruses are isolated from the SAR11 bacterial clade, the most abundant group of bacteria in the ocean, that were thought to be resistant to viral infection; because of the essential role of SAR11 in carbon cycling these viruses are also an important factor in biogeochemical cycling. | | | | | | | | | | | | Membrane potential dynamics of grid cells ▶ | | | | Cristina Domnisoru, Amina A. Kinkhabwala & David W. Tank | | | | Intracellular membrane potential changes are directly measured in mouse grid cells during navigation along linear tracks in virtual reality; the recordings reveal that slow ramps of depolarization are the sub-threshold signatures of firing fields, as in attractor network models of grid cells, whereas theta oscillations pace action potential timing. | | | | | | | | | | | | High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Trypanosoma brucei ribosome ▶ | | | | Yaser Hashem, Amedee des Georges, Jie Fu, Sarah N. Buss, Fabrice Jossinet et al. | | | | High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy shows that the Trypanosoma brucei kinetoplastid ribosome is characterized by the presence of large expansion segments, ribosomal-protein extensions and additional rRNA insertions, which may have implications for the protein-translation regulation process. | | | | | | | | | | | | Evolutionary rescue from extinction is contingent on a lower rate of environmental change ▶ | | | | Haley A. Lindsey, Jenna Gallie, Susan Taylor & Benjamin Kerr | | | | Populations experiencing environmental change can often only avoid extinction through evolutionary change; in a system in which Escherichia coli has to evolve resistance to an antibiotic, the authors show that gradual environmental change allows mutational pathways that rapid change precludes, and can therefore make the difference between extinction and survival. | | | | | | | | | | | | Control of substrate access to the active site in methane monooxygenase ▶ | | | | Seung Jae Lee, Michael S. McCormick, Stephen J. Lippard & Uhn-Soo Cho | | | | The crystal structure of the complex between the hydroxylase and regulatory component of soluble methane monooxygenase is presented, revealing how the latter component controls substrate access to the hydroxylase active site. | | | | | | | | | | | | ‘See-saw’ expression of microRNA-198 and FSTL1 from a single transcript in wound healing ▶ | | | | Gopinath M. Sundaram, John E. A. Common, Felicia E. Gopal, Satyanarayana Srikanta, Krishnaswamy Lakshman et al. | | | | A post-transcriptional switch that controls spatiotemporal and mutually exclusive expression of two alternative gene products from a single transcript is reported; these gene products—miR-198 and FSTL1—are found to have opposing functions on keratinocyte migration and wound healing. | | | | | | | | | | | | NANOG-dependent function of TET1 and TET2 in establishment of pluripotency ▶ | | | | Yael Costa, Junjun Ding, Thorold W. Theunissen, Francesco Faiola, Timothy A. Hore et al. | | | | The authors show that the pluripotency factor NANOG interacts with TET1 and TET2 methylcytosine hydroxylases, and that the hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine enhances the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming in a NANOG-dependent manner. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide ▶ | | | | Sanae Shoji-Kawata, Rhea Sumpter, Matthew Leveno, Grant R. Campbell, Zhongju Zou et al. | | | | A cell-permeable peptide is constructed that is derived from a region of an essential autophagy protein called beclin 1; the peptide is a potent inducer of autophagy in mammalian cells and in vivo in mice, and is effective in the clearance of several viruses. | | | | | | | | | | | | Vertebral architecture in the earliest stem tetrapods ▶ | | | | Stephanie E. Pierce, Per E. Ahlberg, John R. Hutchinson, Julia L. Molnar, Sophie Sanchez et al. | | | | X-ray synchrotron microtomography has revealed the three-dimensional vertebral architecture of Ichthyostega, and other crucial and celebrated early tetrapods; a surprising feature is the relationship between the vertebral elements, with the pleurocentra unexpectedly attached to the succeeding intercentrum, suggesting a ‘reverse’ rhachitomous design. | | | | | | | | | | | | Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence ▶ | | | | Pieter T. J. Johnson, Daniel L. Preston, Jason T. Hoverman & Katherine L. D. Richgels | | | | A combination of extensive field surveys and realistic experiments involving an amphibian disease system reveals that biodiversity reduces pathogen transmission due to a predictable link between species richness and the ability of communities to support infection. | | | | | | | | | | | | Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross ▶ | | | | Joshua S. Bloom, Ian M. Ehrenreich, Wesley T. Loo, Thúy-Lan Võ Lite & Leonid Kruglyak | | | | In a cross between two yeast strains, detected loci are found to explain nearly the entire additive contribution to heritable variation for a number of quantitative traits. | | | | | | | | | | | | Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation ▶ | | | | Guohong Cui, Sang Beom Jun, Xin Jin, Michael D. Pham, Steven S. Vogel et al. | | | | In mice performing an operant task, increases in neural activity in direct- and indirect-pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs) are associated with action initiation but not with inactivity, and concurrent activation of SPNs from both pathways in one hemisphere precedes the initiation of contraversive movements. | | | | | | | | | | | | A direct and melanopsin-dependent fetal light response regulates mouse eye development ▶ | | | | Sujata Rao, Christina Chun, Jieqing Fan, J. Matthew Kofron, Michael B. Yang et al. | | | | During retinal vascular development there is simultaneous regression of the hyaloid vasculature and formation of the retinal vasculature; here it is demonstrated that regression of developing vasculature is light dependent and acts via the photoreceptor melanopsin. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance ▶ | | | | Meghna Das Thakur, Fernando Salangsang, Allison S. Landman, William R. Sellers, Nancy K. Pryer et al. | | | | BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib have shown promising effects in patients with BRAF-mutant melanomas, but the tumours generally develop resistance; vemurafenib-resistant melanomas are now shown to be drug dependent, and an intermittent dosing schedule can help prevent drug resistance. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A T-bet gradient controls the fate and function of CCR6−RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells ▶ | | | | Christoph S. N. Klose, Elina A. Kiss, Vera Schwierzeck, Karolina Ebert, Thomas Hoyler et al. | | | | The graded expression of the transcription factor T-bet in CCR6−RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells is found to be involved in the control of interferon-γ expression, a cytokine that is required to protect the epithelial barrier against Salmonella infections. | | | | | | | | | | | | A complete mass-spectrometric map of the yeast proteome applied to quantitative trait analysis ▶ | | | | Paola Picotti, Mathieu Clément-Ziza, Henry Lam, David S. Campbell, Alexander Schmidt et al. | | | | High-throughput peptide synthesis and mass spectrometry are used to generate a near-complete reference map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome; two versions of the map (supporting discovery- and hypothesis-driven proteomics) are then applied to a protein-based quantitative trait locus analysis. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors ▶ | | | | A. J. Venkatakrishnan, Xavier Deupi, Guillaume Lebon, Christopher G. Tate, Gebhard F. Schertler et al. | | | | A systematic investigation of high-resolution G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures uncovers a conserved inter-helical network of non-covalent contacts that defines the GPCR fold, and provides insights into the molecular determinants of different GPCR conformations. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Control of substrate access to the active site in methane monooxygenase ▶ | | | | Seung Jae Lee, Michael S. McCormick, Stephen J. Lippard & Uhn-Soo Cho | | | | The crystal structure of the complex between the hydroxylase and regulatory component of soluble methane monooxygenase is presented, revealing how the latter component controls substrate access to the hydroxylase active site. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A complete mass-spectrometric map of the yeast proteome applied to quantitative trait analysis ▶ | | | | Paola Picotti, Mathieu Clément-Ziza, Henry Lam, David S. Campbell, Alexander Schmidt et al. | | | | High-throughput peptide synthesis and mass spectrometry are used to generate a near-complete reference map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome; two versions of the map (supporting discovery- and hypothesis-driven proteomics) are then applied to a protein-based quantitative trait locus analysis. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors ▶ | | | | A. J. Venkatakrishnan, Xavier Deupi, Guillaume Lebon, Christopher G. Tate, Gebhard F. Schertler et al. | | | | A systematic investigation of high-resolution G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures uncovers a conserved inter-helical network of non-covalent contacts that defines the GPCR fold, and provides insights into the molecular determinants of different GPCR conformations. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Control of substrate access to the active site in methane monooxygenase ▶ | | | | Seung Jae Lee, Michael S. McCormick, Stephen J. Lippard & Uhn-Soo Cho | | | | The crystal structure of the complex between the hydroxylase and regulatory component of soluble methane monooxygenase is presented, revealing how the latter component controls substrate access to the hydroxylase active site. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The structure of the asteroid 4 Vesta as revealed by models of planet-scale collisions ▶ | | | | M. Jutzi, E. Asphaug, P. Gillet, J.-A. Barrat & W. Benz | | | | Three-dimensional simulations of the global evolution of asteroid 4 Vesta under two overlapping planet-scale collisions closely reproduce its observed shape; but expected large areas of olivine-rich rocks and pure diogenites are not observed on the surface, possibly implying that the outer ∼100 km is composed mainly of a basaltic crust (eucrites) with ultramafic intrusions (diogenites). | | | | | | | | | | | | Hybrid circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics with a micromechanical resonator ▶ | | | | J.-M. Pirkkalainen, S. U. Cho, Jian Li, G. S. Paraoanu, P. J. Hakonen et al. | | | | The properties of a quantum bit coupled to both a microwave cavity and a phonon mode in a micromechanical resonator suggest that such systems may allow for storage of quantum information in long-lived phonon states and read-out via microwave photons, with applications in quantum information control. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A complete mass-spectrometric map of the yeast proteome applied to quantitative trait analysis ▶ | | | | Paola Picotti, Mathieu Clément-Ziza, Henry Lam, David S. Campbell, Alexander Schmidt et al. | | | | High-throughput peptide synthesis and mass spectrometry are used to generate a near-complete reference map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome; two versions of the map (supporting discovery- and hypothesis-driven proteomics) are then applied to a protein-based quantitative trait locus analysis. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The structure of the asteroid 4 Vesta as revealed by models of planet-scale collisions ▶ | | | | M. Jutzi, E. Asphaug, P. Gillet, J.-A. Barrat & W. Benz | | | | Three-dimensional simulations of the global evolution of asteroid 4 Vesta under two overlapping planet-scale collisions closely reproduce its observed shape; but expected large areas of olivine-rich rocks and pure diogenites are not observed on the surface, possibly implying that the outer ∼100 km is composed mainly of a basaltic crust (eucrites) with ultramafic intrusions (diogenites). | | | | | | | | | | | | Insolation-induced mid-Brunhes transition in Southern Ocean ventilation and deep-ocean temperature ▶ | | | | Qiuzhen Yin | | | | Model simulations show that in response to insolation changes only, southern westerlies and feedbacks between sea ice, temperature, evaporation and salinity caused vigorous Southern Ocean ventilation and cooler deep ocean during the interglacials before the mid-Brunhes transition, suggesting that this transition may in fact have resulted from a series of individual interglacial responses to various combinations of insolation conditions. | | | | | | | | | | | | Vertebral architecture in the earliest stem tetrapods ▶ | | | | Stephanie E. Pierce, Per E. Ahlberg, John R. Hutchinson, Julia L. Molnar, Sophie Sanchez et al. | | | | X-ray synchrotron microtomography has revealed the three-dimensional vertebral architecture of Ichthyostega, and other crucial and celebrated early tetrapods; a surprising feature is the relationship between the vertebral elements, with the pleurocentra unexpectedly attached to the succeeding intercentrum, suggesting a ‘reverse’ rhachitomous design. | | | | | | | | | | | | Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence ▶ | | | | Pieter T. J. Johnson, Daniel L. Preston, Jason T. Hoverman & Katherine L. D. Richgels | | | | A combination of extensive field surveys and realistic experiments involving an amphibian disease system reveals that biodiversity reduces pathogen transmission due to a predictable link between species richness and the ability of communities to support infection. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nature Outlook: Heart Health
While improved diet and lifestyle changes play huge roles in combating heart disease, discoveries about the biochemical and cellular mechanisms involved are bringing forth new treatments - from better drugs to surgical procedures.
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