Nature Neuroscience Contents: January 2013 Volume 16 Number 1, pp 1 - 110

TABLE OF CONTENTS January 2013 Volume 16, Issue 1 Editorial News and Views Brief Communications Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement We've got something to share with you Access the latest scientific news and research when and where you want it. Download the latest issues to browse at your convenience, zoom in on figures and images, save your searches and synchronize your bookmarks across devices. Tap in to find out more   Editorial Top Making methods clearer   p1 doi:10.1038/nn0113-1 Nature Neuroscience introduces a methods reporting checklist. News and Views Top How do environments talk to genes?   pp2 - 4 Moshe Szyf doi:10.1038/nn.3286 A report elucidates the widely recognized, but poorly understood, concept of gene-environment interaction, finding a molecular mechanism in the case of post-traumatic stress disorder: demethylation of a glucocorticoid response element in the stress response regulator FKBP5 that depends on both the risk allele and childhood trauma. See also: Article by Klengel et al. Forgiving the sins of the fathers   pp4 - 5 Michael D Scofield and Peter W Kalivas doi:10.1038/nn.3288 In a case of sex-linked epigenetic inheritance, paternal cocaine use results in a heritable increase in cortical Bdnf gene expression that confers a cocaine-resistant phenotype in male, but not female, progeny. See also: Article by Vassoler et al. Retooling spare parts: gene duplication and cognition   pp6 - 8 T Grant Belgard and Daniel H Geschwind doi:10.1038/nn.3292 Two new studies provide experimental evidence of how ancient genomic duplications of synaptic genes provided the substrate for diversification that ultimately expanded vertebrate cognitive complexity. See also: Article by Nithianantharajah et al. | Article by Ryan et al. Parietal and prefrontal neurons driven to distraction   pp8 - 9 Behrad Noudoost and Tirin Moore doi:10.1038/nn.3291 The ability to filter out distracting sensory information is crucial to adaptive behavior. A primate study finds that prefrontal cortex is more important than parietal cortex in that function. See also: Article by Suzuki & Gottlieb Neuroscience JOBS of the week MRes / PhD Studentships in Cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological sciences research University of Birmingham – College of Medical & Dental Sciences Faculty Position in Stem Cell, Vascular and Developmental Biology in Ophthalmology Zhongshan Opthalmic Center Sun Yat-sen University Microbiology / Virology Director Level Positions - Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease SRI International, Biosciences Division Microbiology / Virology Director Level Positions - Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease SRI International, Biosciences Division More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Biomarkers for Brain Disorders: Challenges and Opportunities 3-5 Feb 2013 Cambridge, UK More science events from Brief Communications Top Central synapses release a resource-efficient amount of glutamate   pp10 - 12 Leonid P Savtchenko, Sergiy Sylantyev and Dmitri A Rusakov doi:10.1038/nn.3285 The authors use patch clamp recordings and computer simulations to determine the number of molecules of glutamate released at two central synapses. They find that the amount of glutamate released maximizes the synaptic current per glutamate molecule and maximizes the signal's information content, suggesting that synapses operate under conditions that optimize resources. Neurogliaform cells dynamically regulate somatosensory integration via synapse-specific modulation   pp13 - 15 Ramesh Chittajallu, Kenneth A Pelkey and Chris J McBain doi:10.1038/nn.3284 GABAergic neurogliaform cells are thought to use volume transmission and provide widespread cortical inhibition, indiscriminately. To their surprise, Chittajallu et al. found that that neurogliaform cells exert a spatially restricted inhibitory influence on the mouse canonical thalamocortical circuit, as they selectively suppress feed-forward inhibition while sparing feed-forward excitation. Articles Top Synaptic scaffold evolution generated components of vertebrate cognitive complexity   pp16 - 24 Jess Nithianantharajah, Noboru H Komiyama, Andrew McKechanie, Mandy Johnstone, Douglas H Blackwood, David St Clair, Richard D Emes, Louie N van de Lagemaat, Lisa M Saksida, Timothy J Bussey and Seth G N Grant doi:10.1038/nn.3276 In this paper, the authors show that mice lacking Dlg genes each show distinct deficits in various learning paradigms. In addition, they find that humans with DLG2 mutations show similar cognitive deficits to their murine counterparts, suggesting an evolutionary conservation of function. See also: News and Views by Belgard & Geschwind Evolution of GluN2A/B cytoplasmic domains diversified vertebrate synaptic plasticity and behavior   pp25 - 32 Tomás J Ryan, Maksym V Kopanitsa, Tim Indersmitten, Jess Nithianantharajah, Nurudeen O Afinowi, Charles Pettit, Lianne E Stanford, Rolf Sprengel, Lisa M Saksida, Timothy J Bussey, Thomas J O'Dell, Seth G N Grant and Noboru H Komiyama doi:10.1038/nn.3277 The authors examined the differential roles of GluN2A and GluN2B in modulating synaptic plasticity and behavior. This study provides insight into how gene duplication events during evolution can produce new functional consequences. See also: News and Views by Belgard & Geschwind Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions   pp33 - 41 Torsten Klengel, Divya Mehta, Christoph Anacker, Monika Rex-Haffner, Jens C Pruessner, Carmine M Pariante, Thaddeus W W Pace, Kristina B Mercer, Helen S Mayberg, Bekh Bradley, Charles B Nemeroff, Florian Holsboer, Christine M Heim, Kerry J Ressler, Theo Rein and Elisabeth B Binder doi:10.1038/nn.3275 Gene-environment interactions of FKBP5 and early trauma predict adult stress-related psychiatric disorders. In this study, the authors reveal the molecular mechanism of how transcriptionally active variants interact with early trauma leading to long-term allele-specific changes in DNA methylation in glucocorticoid response elements of FKBP5. See also: News and Views by Szyf Epigenetic inheritance of a cocaine-resistance phenotype   pp42 - 47 Fair M Vassoler, Samantha L White, Heath D Schmidt, Ghazaleh Sadri-Vakili and R Christopher Pierce doi:10.1038/nn.3280 In this study, the authors show that self-administration of cocaine by males resulted in an increase in BDNF expression in the mPFC and reduced drug-seeking behavior by their male offspring. This change in BDNF expression was associated with an increase in acetylated histone H3 at the Bdnf promoter IV. See also: News and Views by Scofield & Kalivas A role for Schwann cell–derived neuregulin-1 in remyelination   pp48 - 54 Ruth M Stassart, Robert Fledrich, Viktorija Velanac, Bastian G Brinkmann, Markus H Schwab, Dies Meijer, Michael W Sereda and Klaus-Armin Nave doi:10.1038/nn.3281 The authors show that nerve injury induces expression of NRG1 type I in Schwann cells and that this expression is necessary for efficient remyelination. In addition, axonally expressed NRG1 type III can negatively regulate the expression of NRG1 type I in Schwann cells. The smallest stroke: occlusion of one penetrating vessel leads to infarction and a cognitive deficit   pp55 - 63 Andy Y Shih, Pablo Blinder, Philbert S Tsai, Beth Friedman, Geoffrey Stanley, Patrick D Lyden and David Kleinfeld doi:10.1038/nn.3278 The authors utilize optical occlusion of penetrating blood vessels to induce cortical microinfarcts. Occlusion of even a single such vessel leads to behavioral dysfunction, whereas multiple, yet sparse, occlusions can induce substantial tissue damage. Excitotoxicity blockers ameliorate both effects. Closed-loop optogenetic control of thalamus as a tool for interrupting seizures after cortical injury   pp64 - 70 Jeanne T Paz, Thomas J Davidson, Eric S Frechette, Bruno Delord, Isabel Parada, Kathy Peng, Karl Deisseroth and John R Huguenard doi:10.1038/nn.3269 In this study, the authors report that a focal cortical injury can induce changes in the excitability of thalamocortical neurons that contributes to the maintenance of cortical seizures. In addition, silencing these neurons via a closed-loop optogenetic approach is sufficient to interrupt these seizures. Neural signals of extinction in the inhibitory microcircuit of the ventral midbrain   pp71 - 78 Wei-Xing Pan, Jennifer Brown and Joshua Tate Dudman doi:10.1038/nn.3283 Midbrain dopaminergic neurons show phasic elevations of firing in response to reward-predicting stimuli during learning. Here the authors provide data from in vivo recordings and optogenetic stimulation to support a role for monosynaptic inhibition of dopamine neurons from projection neurons in the substantia nigra in extinction of learned behaviors. Long-term modification of cortical synapses improves sensory perception   pp79 - 88 Robert C Froemke, Ioana Carcea, Alison J Barker, Kexin Yuan, Bryan A Seybold, Ana Raquel O Martins, Natalya Zaika, Hannah Bernstein, Megan Wachs, Philip A Levis, Daniel B Polley, Michael M Merzenich and Christoph E Schreiner doi:10.1038/nn.3274 By pairing acoustic stimuli and electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis neuromodulatory system in rats, the authors show an induction of long-lasting synaptic modifications of the auditory cortex that conserved excitation across the auditory receptive fields. This type of modification also improved auditory sensory detection and behavioral performance in tone perception. Choice-related activity and correlated noise in subcortical vestibular neurons   pp89 - 97 Sheng Liu, Yong Gu, Gregory C DeAngelis and Dora E Angelaki doi:10.1038/nn.3267 Functional links between neuronal activity and perception are studied by examining trial-by-trial correlations (choice probabilities) between neural responses and perceptual decisions. Here the authors report that subcortical vestibular neurons show robust choice probabilities if they selectively represent self-translation, suggesting that choice-related activity emerges from a critical transformation of vestibular signals. Distinct neural mechanisms of distractor suppression in the frontal and parietal lobe   pp98 - 104 Mototaka Suzuki and Jacqueline Gottlieb doi:10.1038/nn.3282 Here the authors show that the suppression of salient, but task-irrelevant, distractors is much stronger in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) than in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). Their results suggest that, although both areas can contribute to perceptual selection, the dlPFC has a decisive influence on whether a salient stimulus influences actions. See also: News and Views by Noudoost & Moore Confidence in value-based choice   pp105 - 110 Benedetto De Martino, Stephen M Fleming, Neil Garrett and Raymond J Dolan doi:10.1038/nn.3279 This study examines the neural coding of decision confidence when human subjects make value-based economic choices, and finds that signals of explicit confidence are encoded in the activity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and its interaction with the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. Top Advertisement Do you want to save money on your lab costs? Receive exclusive discounts from top suppliers of lab products and keep up-to-date with the latest product information as published in Nature and Nature Methods. Nature.com marketplace is the new product focused website brought to you by Nature Publishing Group. 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