Nature contents: 11 October 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 490 Number 7419      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Light sheet microscopy is a powerful alternative to established fluorescence imaging methods, especially when it comes to 3-D imaging deep within tissue or whole living organisms. Visit us at Neuroscience 2012 in New Orleans and get a glimpse of the unique new light sheet microscope Lightsheet Z.1 from Carl Zeiss, capable of obtaining brilliant time lapse images of whole developing embryos.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Special Stress and resilience     Stress can take many forms, from a backlog of e-mails to the trauma of war. And if stress is particularly acute or prolonged, it can damage the mind, triggering conditions from depression to post-traumatic stress disorder. Now researchers are getting to grips with how stress can alter the biology of the brain, and tip a mind into illness. Here, Nature takes a look at what they have learned so far about the impacts of adversity - and the secrets of resilience. ▼ more       Specials - Outlook: Physics masterclass     From subatomic particles to cosmic-scale phenomena, Nature Outlook Physics Masterclass uses the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting 2012 to launch an examination of some of the biggest breakthroughs in physics — featuring conversations between physics laureates and the young researchers who hope to emulate them. ▼ more       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research   Animal studies have contributed immensely to our understanding of diseases and the development of new drugs, but poor experimental reporting can sometimes make such studies difficult to reproduce and to translate into the clinic. This article reports on a recent NIH workshop that addressed the problem — and offered some solutions.                   Hamamatsu offers a wide variety of detectors for microarray scanners. They include fluorescence detectors with improved sensitivity such as side-on PMTs and PMT modules. We also offer advanced detectors, such as multianode PMTs and hybrid photodetectors, for next-generation microarray scanners. Also available are CCD and scientific CMOS cameras for high scanning throughput.                 Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   A roadmap for graphene   Graphene, the one-atom-thick two-dimensional form of carbon, boasts a range of properties with potential practical applications and now that economic means for its mass production have been developed some of those applications may soon become realities. This review looks at recent advances in graphene research — and predicts that new technologies such as printable and flexible electronics and flexible solar cells will soon be with us.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management   Improved nutrient and water management could boost crop production by up to 70% in some of the poorest countries of the world. A study of global data on yields for 17 major crops, along with climate, irrigation and nutrient data, shows exactly where such gains could be made. And in many areas it should be possible simply to cut back on the overuse of nutrients and water without reducing yields — even, in some cases — increasing yields by perhaps as much as 30%.       Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: a very brainy fossil, a new clue to the Earth's missing noble gas, and why city life is linked to psychosis. Plus, a round-up of the science Nobel Prizes.           Special - Stress and resilience ▲top               Editorial                   Life stresses ▶     It is time for sociologists and biologists to bury the hatchet and cooperate to study the effects of environmental stress on how people behave.             Features                   Stress and the brain: Under pressure ▶     A special section of Nature traces the emerging links between stress and mental illness.             Stress and the city: Urban decay ▶     Scientists are testing the idea that the stress of modern city life is a breeding ground for psychosis.             Stress: The roots of resilience ▶     Most people bounce back from trauma — but some never recover. Scientists are trying to work out what underlies the difference.             Comment                   Telomeres and adversity: Too toxic to ignore ▶     A stark warning about the societal costs of stress comes from links between shortened telomeres, chronic stress and disease, say Elizabeth H. Blackburn and Elissa S. Epel.             Epigenetics: Stress makes its molecular mark ▶     Trauma affects people differently. Epigenetics may be partly to blame, says Eric J. Nestler.             Naturejobs                   Mental health: Under a cloud ▶     Depression is rife among graduate students and postdocs. Universities are working to get them the help they need.               News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Share alike ▶     To make progress in clinical genomics, institutions must work out how to pass on data.             Fighting chance ▶     Collaboration between geneticists and economists has the potential to bear fruit.             World View                   Expert assessments can work if lessons are learned ▶     For the Oxford Martin Commission on Future Generations to be heard, it should learn from previous mistakes, argues Ehsan Masood.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 5-11 October 2012 ▶     The week in science: Drug hope for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Europe's nuclear plants need safety upgrade and a well-preserved mammoth is revealed in Siberia.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Cell rewind wins medicine Nobel ▶     Researchers awarded prestigious prize for their work on reprogramming mature cells to a pluripotent state.             Physics Nobel for quantum optics ▶     Award for methods that 'revolutionized' atomic physics.             Boston scandal exposes backlog ▶     Chemist charged with fraud shows system under pressure.             Economics and genetics meet in uneasy union ▶     Use of population-genetic data to predict economic success sparks war of words.             Genome interpreter vies for place in clinical market ▶     Launch of system that keeps data local aims to address privacy fears.             Hyped GM maize study faces growing scrutiny ▶     Food-safety bodies slam feeding study that claims increased cancer incidence in rats.             US biologists decry funding changes ▶     National Science Foundation policy may harm tenure seekers.           COMMENT           Books and Arts                   Sleep science: Broken dreams ▶     Meredith Wadman lifts the blanket on the creeping medicalization of sleep in the United States.             Psychiatry: The dispossessed ▶     Amy Maxmen views a prizewinning film that shines a light into the dark corners of US psychiatric care.             Books in brief ▶             Correspondence                   NIH: Drop re-review for big grant holders Hemant K. Roy | Researcher mobility: EU scientific visa is a success in Ireland Conor O'Carroll | History: Who discovered Universe expansion? Ian Steer | Aquatic conservation: Environment in Queensland at risk Andrew Chin, Jimmy White & Nick Dulvy           Correction                   Correction ▶                         Nature Outlook: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Although this incurable, progressive condition is difficult-to-diagnose, a bevy of new treatment options could give COPD patients a breath of fresh air. Access the Outlook free online for six months. Produced with support from Novartis Pharma AG               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cancer therapy: Tumours switch to resist ▶     Antoni Ribas & Paul C. Tumeh             Structural biology: Snapshot of an activated peptide receptor ▶     Felix Hausch & Florian Holsboer             Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells ▶     Francesco Antonica, Dominika Figini Kasprzyk, Robert Opitz, Michelina Iacovino, Xiao-Hui Liao et al.     Transient overexpression of the transcription factors NKX2-1 and PAX8 in a murine cell model is shown to direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells towards a thyroid follicular cell lineage; the resulting three-dimensional thyroid follicles created by subsequent thyrotropin treatment show hallmarks of thyroid function in vitro and rescue thyroid function in vivo when transplanted into athyroid mice, adding to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid development.             Structure of the agonist-bound neurotensin receptor ▶     Jim F. White, Nicholas Noinaj, Yoko Shibata, James Love, Brian Kloss et al.     The X-ray crystal structure of a rat neurotensin receptor in complex with the C-terminal portion of neurotensin is presented; this is the first structure of a member of the β group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors.             MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells ▶     Lars Kjer-Nielsen, Onisha Patel, Alexandra J. Corbett, Jérôme Le Nours, Bronwyn Meehan et al.     The structure of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule MR1 in complex with a vitamin B9 derivative is determined; metabolites of vitamin B2 are shown to activate MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells, implicating them in microbial immunosurveillance.             CaMKII determines mitochondrial stress responses in heart ▶     Mei-ling A. Joiner, Olha M. Koval, Jingdong Li, B. Julie He, Chantal Allamargot et al.             Melanomas resist T-cell therapy through inflammation-induced reversible dedifferentiation ▶     Jennifer Landsberg, Judith Kohlmeyer, Marcel Renn, Tobias Bald, Meri Rogava et al.     A genetically engineered mouse model is used to determine the mechanism of acquired resistance to adoptive therapy with cytotoxic T cells specific for a melanocytic differentiation antigen; tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is identified as a crucial factor that causes reversible dedifferentiation of mouse and human melanoma cells.             EZH2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for lymphoma with EZH2-activating mutations ▶     Michael T. McCabe, Heidi M. Ott, Gopinath Ganji, Susan Korenchuk, Christine Thompson et al.     EZH2 is a methyltransferase that is mutated in lymphoma; here a potent small molecule inhibitor of EZH2 is described, which inhibits the proliferation of EZH2 mutant cell lines and growth of EZH2 mutant xenografts in mice, thus providing a potential treatment for EZH2 mutant lymphoma.             Visualizing transient low-populated structures of RNA ▶     Elizabeth A. Dethoff, Katja Petzold, Jeetender Chugh, Anette Casiano-Negroni & Hashim M. Al-Hashimi     This study develops an NMR-based approach that can capture previously inaccessible, highly transient, lowly populated ‘excited states’ in RNA; the localized rearrangements in base pairing giving rise to these states are found to affect function by changing the exposure of residues required for a specific biological process.             Self-renewal of embryonic-stem-cell-derived progenitors by organ-matched mesenchyme ▶     Julie B. Sneddon, Malgorzata Borowiak & Douglas A. Melton     The pancreatic lineage is used as a model for embryonic-stem-cell differentiation, and shows that co-culture with organ-matched mesenchyme permits proliferation and self-renewal of progenitors, enabling an expansion of more than a million-fold for human endodermal cells with full retention of developmental potential.             The spatial architecture of protein function and adaptation ▶     Richard N. McLaughlin Jr, Frank J. Poelwijk, Arjun Raman, Walraj S. Gosal & Rama Ranganathan     A high-throughput mutagenesis study in a PDZ domain shows that biochemical function and adaptation primarily originate from a collectively evolving amino acid network within the structure termed a protein sector             Genetic programs constructed from layered logic gates in single cells ▶     Tae Seok Moon, Chunbo Lou, Alvin Tamsir, Brynne C. Stanton & Christopher A. Voigt     The creation of orthogonal ‘AND’ logic gates by combining DNA-binding proteins into complex, layered circuits opens the way to the design of programmable integrated circuits in synthetic biology.             Intrinsically determined cell death of developing cortical interneurons ▶     Derek G. Southwell, Mercedes F. Paredes, Rui P. Galvao, Daniel L. Jones, Robert C. Froemke et al.     The cell death of inhibitory neurons, which originate far from the cortical areas to which they migrate during embryonic development, is determined autonomously rather than by competition for trophic signals from other cell types.             Articles and Letters                   Small heat-shock proteins protect from heat-stroke-associated neurodegeneration ▶     Nikos Kourtis, Vassiliki Nikoletopoulou & Nektarios Tavernarakis     Heat stroke triggers necrotic cell death and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans, but hormetic preconditioning at a mildly elevated temperature strongly protects C. elegans from necrosis induced by several insults, including heat, and shields mammalian neurons from heat cytotoxicity, suggesting that this protective mechanism is conserved.             Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system ▶     James B. Ackman, Timothy J. Burbridge & Michael C. Crair     In live neonatal mice, waves of spontaneous retinal activity are present and can propagate patterned information capable of guiding activity-dependent development of complex intra- and inter-hemispheric circuits throughout the visual system before the onset of vision (before eye opening).             A neural circuit for spatial summation in visual cortex ▶     Hillel Adesnik, William Bruns, Hiroki Taniguchi, Z. Josh Huang & Massimo Scanziani     The activity of somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons (SOMs) in the superficial layers of the mouse visual cortex increases with stimulation of the receptive-field surround, thereby contributing to the surround suppression of pyramidal cells.             Complex brain and optic lobes in an early Cambrian arthropod ▶     Xiaoya Ma, Xianguang Hou, Gregory D. Edgecombe & Nicholas J. Strausfeld     An arthropod specimen from an early Cambrian deposit in China shows a nervous system very similar to that of modern insects and crustaceans, suggesting that insect and crustacean nervous systems evolved from a relatively complex ancestral one, and that simple animals, such as branchiopod shrimps, have evolved a marked reduction in the complexity of their nervous systems.             Dopaminergic neurons inhibit striatal output through non-canonical release of GABA ▶     Nicolas X. Tritsch, Jun B. Ding & Bernardo L. Sabatini     Activation of midbrain dopamine neurons rapidly inhibits action potential firing in both direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons through VMAT2-dependent vesicular release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid).             FTO genotype is associated with phenotypic variability of body mass index ▶     Jian Yang, Ruth J. F. Loos, Joseph E. Powell, Sarah E. Medland, Elizabeth K. Speliotes et al.     A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of phenotypic variation for height and body mass index in human populations using 170,000 samples shows that one single nucleotide polymorphism at the FTO locus, which is associated with obesity, is also associated with phenotypic variation.             Controlling interneuron activity in Caenorhabditis elegans to evoke chemotactic behaviour ▶     Askin Kocabas, Ching-Han Shen, Zengcai V. Guo & Sharad Ramanathan     Optogenetic neuronal control of freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans to drive the animals up virtual ‘optical’ gradients combined with real-time tracking demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons is technically sufficient to determine such guided locomotion.             Restoration of auditory evoked responses by human ES-cell-derived otic progenitors ▶     Wei Chen, Nopporn Jongkamonwiwat, Leila Abbas, Sarah Jacob Eshtan, Stuart L. Johnson et al.     Two types of human ES-cell-derived otic progenitors are shown to have the ability to differentiate in vitro into hair-cell-like cells and auditory neurons, and to engraft, differentiate and improve auditory-evoked response thresholds when transplanted into an auditory neuropathy model; this indicates that it may be possible to use cell-based therapeutic strategies to recover damaged sensory circuitry in deafness.             HIV-infected T cells are migratory vehicles for viral dissemination ▶     Thomas T. Murooka, Maud Deruaz, Francesco Marangoni, Vladimir D. Vrbanac, Edward Seung et al.     Using intravital microscopy, this study visualizes HIV-1-infected T cells within the lymph nodes of humanized mice, demonstrating that infected cells have reduced motility and long membrane processes; treating infected mice with a lymphocyte egress inhibitor prevents HIV-1 from spreading to the circulation during the course of treatment.             Caspase-11 increases susceptibility to Salmonella infection in the absence of caspase-1 ▶     Petr Broz, Thomas Ruby, Kamila Belhocine, Donna M. Bouley, Nobuhiko Kayagaki et al.     Activation of the non-canonical, pro-inflammatory caspase-11 by Salmonella typhimurium is shown to contribute to bacterial spread and pathogenesis by the induction of macrophage cell death.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Molecular machines governing exocytosis of synaptic vesicles ▶     Reinhard Jahn & Dirk Fasshauer     A brief survey of the molecular mechanisms that give the vesicle cycle in intact synapses its efficiency.             News & Views                   Neuroscience: Promiscuous vesicles ▶     John T. Williams             Palaeontology: Cambrian nervous wrecks ▶     Graham E. Budd             Animal migration: Catching the wave ▶     John M. Fryxell & Tal Avgar             Brain development: The neuron family tree remodelled ▶     Oscar Marín             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Cancer therapy: Tumours switch to resist ▶     Antoni Ribas & Paul C. Tumeh             Structural biology: Snapshot of an activated peptide receptor ▶     Felix Hausch & Florian Holsboer             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure ▶     Takafumi Oka, Shungo Hikoso, Osamu Yamaguchi, Manabu Taneike, Toshihiro Takeda et al.             Erratum                   Erratum: Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma ▶     The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network             Research Highlights                   Biomaterials: Different webs snag different prey | Reproductive biology: Mouse eggs from stem cells | Ecology: Contemplating a coral comeback | Cancer biology: A genome-wide 'on' switch | Organismal biology: How slime moulds keep track | Fisheries: Questioning tuna marine reserves | Animal behaviour: Echolocation for communication         NEWS & COMMENT           High-throughput anatomy: Charting the brain's networks | Life stresses | Share alike | Cell rewind wins medicine Nobel | Economics and genetics meet in uneasy union | Genome interpreter vies for place in clinical market | Stress and the brain: Under pressure | Stress and the city: Urban decay | Stress: The roots of resilience | Telomeres and adversity: Too toxic to ignore | Epigenetics: Stress makes its molecular mark | Sleep science: Broken dreams | Psychiatry: The dispossessed             More Biological Sciences ▶                         The Gel Doc™ EZ imager from Bio-Rad delivers high-quality gel images and analysis with ease and accuracy. Simply slide in the sample tray, press a single button, and you'll get publication-ready images in just seconds. Its compact size also frees up bench space. To learn more, go to http://www.bio-rad.com/ad/GelDocEZ               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Structural biology: Snapshot of an activated peptide receptor ▶     Felix Hausch & Florian Holsboer             Structure of the agonist-bound neurotensin receptor ▶     Jim F. White, Nicholas Noinaj, Yoko Shibata, James Love, Brian Kloss et al.     The X-ray crystal structure of a rat neurotensin receptor in complex with the C-terminal portion of neurotensin is presented; this is the first structure of a member of the β group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors.             The origin of the terrestrial noble-gas signature ▶     Svyatoslav S. Shcheka & Hans Keppler     The solubility of argon in lower mantle minerals is shown to be much higher than for xenon, so that the depletion of xenon relative to argon in Earth’s atmosphere can be explained by mantle degassing.             The spatial architecture of protein function and adaptation ▶     Richard N. McLaughlin Jr, Frank J. Poelwijk, Arjun Raman, Walraj S. Gosal & Rama Ranganathan     A high-throughput mutagenesis study in a PDZ domain shows that biochemical function and adaptation primarily originate from a collectively evolving amino acid network within the structure termed a protein sector             Articles and Letters                   The hexadehydro-Diels–Alder reaction ▶     Thomas R. Hoye, Beeraiah Baire, Dawen Niu, Patrick H. Willoughby & Brian P. Woods     The de novo generation of benzynes—through a hexadehydro-Diels–Alder reaction—followed by their in situ elaboration is reported; the reaction is metal-free and reagent-free, and reveals new modes of intrinsic benzyne reactivity.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Molecular machines governing exocytosis of synaptic vesicles ▶     Reinhard Jahn & Dirk Fasshauer     A brief survey of the molecular mechanisms that give the vesicle cycle in intact synapses its efficiency.             News & Views                   Organic chemistry: Single molecules put a ring on it ▶     John T. S. Yeoman & Sarah E. Reismanr             Structural biology: Snapshot of an activated peptide receptor ▶     Felix Hausch & Florian Holsboer             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Bonding and structure of a reconstructed (001) surface of SrTiO3 from TEM ▶     Guo-zhen Zhu, Guillaume Radtke & Gianluigi A. Botton     A simple and accessible method of probing the nature of bonding on the very surface of a material is reported, using transmission electron microscopy: the technologically important compound strontium titanate is examined as an example.             Genetic programs constructed from layered logic gates in single cells ▶     Tae Seok Moon, Chunbo Lou, Alvin Tamsir, Brynne C. Stanton & Christopher A. Voigt     The creation of orthogonal ‘AND’ logic gates by combining DNA-binding proteins into complex, layered circuits opens the way to the design of programmable integrated circuits in synthetic biology.             Articles and Letters                   Unexpectedly large mass loss during the thermal pulse cycle of the red giant star R Sculptoris ▶     M. Maercker, S. Mohamed, W. H. T. Vlemmings, S. Ramstedt, M. A. T. Groenewegen et al.     A thin, spherical shell with a clumpy structure around the red giant star R Sculptoris is shown to contain a spiral structure, implying that the star is a binary system that underwent a thermal pulse 1,800 years ago, ejecting three times more mass than expected             Probing graphene grain boundaries with optical microscopy ▶     Dinh Loc Duong, Gang Hee Han, Seung Mi Lee, Fethullah Gunes, Eun Sung Kim et al.     A simple method to observe grain boundaries in graphene is reported, using ultraviolet irradiation in humid conditions followed by optical microscopy.             Controlling interneuron activity in Caenorhabditis elegans to evoke chemotactic behaviour ▶     Askin Kocabas, Ching-Han Shen, Zengcai V. Guo & Sharad Ramanathan     Optogenetic neuronal control of freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans to drive the animals up virtual ‘optical’ gradients combined with real-time tracking demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons is technically sufficient to determine such guided locomotion.             Reviews and Perspectives                   A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research ▶     Story C. Landis, Susan G. Amara, Khusru Asadullah, Chris P. Austin, Robi Blumenstein et al.     Deficiencies in methods reporting in animal experimentation lead to difficulties in reproducing experiments; the authors propose a set of reporting standards to improve scientific communication and study design.             A roadmap for graphene ▶     K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Fal′ko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G. Schwab et al.     Graphene’s numerous highly desirable properties mean that it has many possible applications in various technologies and devices; these are reviewed and analysed here.             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing permafrost ▶     Robert M. DeConto, Simone Galeotti, Mark Pagani, David Tracy, Kevin Schaefer et al.             Research Highlights                   Biomaterials: Different webs snag different prey         NEWS & COMMENT           High-throughput anatomy: Charting the brain's networks | Physics Nobel for quantum optics | History: Who discovered Universe expansion? Ian Steer             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   The origin of the terrestrial noble-gas signature ▶     Svyatoslav S. Shcheka & Hans Keppler     The solubility of argon in lower mantle minerals is shown to be much higher than for xenon, so that the depletion of xenon relative to argon in Earth’s atmosphere can be explained by mantle degassing.             Articles and Letters                   April 2012 intra-oceanic seismicity off Sumatra boosted by the Banda-Aceh megathrust ▶     Matthias Delescluse, Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Rodolphe Cattin, Luce Fleitout, Olga Trubienko et al.     The two earthquakes of respective magnitudes 8.6 and 8.2 that occurred off the coast of the Sumatra subduction zone on 11 April 2012 are shown to be part of a continuing boost of the intraplate deformation between India and Australia that followed the Aceh 2004 and Nias 2005 megathrust earthquakes.             En échelon and orthogonal fault ruptures of the 11 April 2012 great intraplate earthquakes ▶     Han Yue, Thorne Lay & Keith D. Koper     The magnitude 8.7 earthquake that occurred off the coast of the Sumatra subduction zone on 11 April 2012 is shown to have had an extraordinarily complex four-fault rupture; these great ruptures represent large lithospheric deformation that may eventually lead to a localized boundary between the Indian and Australian plates.             The 11 April 2012 east Indian Ocean earthquake triggered large aftershocks worldwide ▶     Fred F. Pollitz, Ross S. Stein, Volkan Sevilgen & Roland Bürgmann     Although strong remote aftershocks are exceedingly rare, their rate increased fivefold during the six days following the 2012 east Indian Ocean earthquake, perhaps as a result of the strike-slip nature of the 2012 event or a build up of close-to-failure nucleation sites.             Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management ▶     Nathaniel D. Mueller, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Deepak K. Ray, Navin Ramankutty et al.     Global yields of major crops are analysed using climate, irrigation and new nutrient data to show that large production increases are possible from closing yield gaps to 100% of attainable yields, and that changes in management practices needed to close yield gaps vary considerably by region and current intensity.             News & Views                   Earth science: When an oceanic tectonic plate cracks ▶     Jean-Yves Royer             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing permafrost ▶     Robert M. DeConto, Simone Galeotti, Mark Pagani, David Tracy, Kevin Schaefer et al.             Research Highlights                   Earth science: Planetary wanderlust         NEWS & COMMENT           Aquatic conservation: Environment in Queensland at risk Andrew Chin, Jimmy White & Nick Dulvy             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Special - Nature Outlook: Physics masterclassFree Access ▲top               Physics masterclass ▶     Michelle Grayson             Cosmology: Out of the darkness ▶     The 62nd Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting opened with a talk by Brian Schmidt, who shared the 2011 physics prize for the shocking revelation that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. Fifteen years after Schmidt's initial discovery, the 'dark energy' invoked to explain this cosmic acceleration is still a mystery.              Astronomy: A conversation about observation ▶     In the spirit of the Lindau Meeting, we present a dialogue between a Nobel laureate and a young researcher. This interchange started online, where it continues to unfold. Here is a digest of this conversation, which has developed across time and space.              Finding fascination in nature ▶     Douglas Osheroff is a Stanford University physicist focused on ultralow-temperature physics of quantum fluids and solids. Co-recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of superfluidity in helium-3, Osheroff spent much of his childhood performing science experiments — often with an element of danger — that helped hone his technical skills.              Coming to terms with the Higgs ▶     This year's Lindau meeting coincided with the biggest particle-physics discovery in a generation. Theoretical particle physicist Martinus Veltman, emeritus professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the 'standard model' of particle physics — the theory that predicted the Higgs boson. Yet he has spent the past 30 years doubting whether the Higgs exists.              In search of ignorance ▶     William Phillips is a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. He was joint winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded for the development of laser cooling and trapping methods, and is still beguiled by the lure of the unknown.              From Los Alamos to Stockholm ▶     Roy Glauber shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005. He was cited for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence, which explains why many experiments, using lasers for example, can only be understood if light is explicitly considered to be granular (composed of individual photons). His work laid the foundations of a field now known as quantum optics.              Socially responsible science ▶     The first Mexican-born scientist to become a Nobel laureate in chemistry, Mario Molina shared the 1995 prize for his role in discovering the threat posed by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to Earth's ozone layer. An optimist who passionately pursued science from a young age, Molina now focuses on finding practical solutions to environmental challenges.          Sponsors             Special - Technology Feature ▲top               High-throughput anatomy: Charting the brain's networks ▶     The field of connectomics is pulling neuroscience into a speedy, high-throughput lane that is generating vast amounts of data.                         Confronting the Universe - 5 short films on physics At the 2012 Meeting of Nobel Laureates, we filmed five debates on issues that matter to the current generation of researchers. Watch the full series of films including this week's releases 'Beyond the classroom' featuring Harry Kroto and Dudley Herschbach, and 'Betting on the cosmos' featuring Robert Laughlin and David Gross. nature.com/lindau/2012 Supported by Mars, Incorporated and published weekly from Sept 19th - Oct 10th               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Mental health: Under a cloud ▶     Depression is rife among graduate students and postdocs. Universities are working to get them the help they need.                   Advising on the edge ▶     Interdisciplinary mentorship must evolve to keep pace with innovative programmes, argues Katherine Mackey.                   Correction ▶                   Careers related news & comment                   US biologists decry funding changes | NIH: Drop re-review for big grant holders Hemant K. Roy | Researcher mobility: EU scientific visa is a success in Ireland Conor O'Carroll | Aquatic conservation: Environment in Queensland at risk Andrew Chin, Jimmy White & Nick Dulvy             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Post-doctoral position, Université Paris Descartes     Universite Paris Descartes            Faculty Position in Molecular Neuroscience     The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) Research Institute            Senior Lecturer in Medical Statistics     Imperial College London - Faculty of Medicine            Two postdoc positions in Computational and Systems Biology     Mount Sinai School of Medicine          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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