Nature Neuroscience Contents: October 2012 Volume 15 Number 10, pp 1321 - 1465

Advertisement Just added! New knockout rat models of autism now available: MeCP2, Nrxn1, mGluR5, Fmr1, and Nlgn3! TABLE OF CONTENTS October 2012 Volume 15, Issue 10 Focus Editorial News and Views Reviews Brief Communications Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Online-only personal subscriptions now available to Nature Neuroscience For only 49 USD/29 GBP/29 EUR Subscribe now!   Focus Top Feeding Control Focus issue: October 2012 Volume 15, No 10 Contents Reviews Editorial Top Focus on neural control of feeding   p1321 doi:10.1038/nn.3231 We present a special focus that highlights research on the role of the CNS in the regulation of feeding behavior and how disruption of such regulation can lead to obesity. News and Views Top To sleep: perchance to learn   pp1322 - 1323 Robert Stickgold doi:10.1038/nn.3223 Not only can the sleeping brain perceive sensory information, it can learn from this information, leading to changed behaviors the next day: it can come to associate a sound with a pleasant or unpleasant odor and react, both while still asleep and after waking, with a deeper or shallower breath. But classic 'sleep learning' remains just a dream. See also: Article by Arzi et al. Arc illuminates Alzheimer's pathophysiology   pp1323 - 1325 Mario M Dorostkar and Jochen Herms doi:10.1038/nn.3226 Pathological alterations in Alzheimer's disease disrupt neuronal network function. An in vivo imaging study using a fluorescent reporter of neuronal activity finds dysfunction specifically in those neurons near amyloid plaques. See also: Article by Rudinskiy et al. Knockout punch: cardiolipin oxidation in trauma   pp1325 - 1327 Robin B Chan and Gilbert Di Paolo doi:10.1038/nn.3222 During brain injury, mechanical injuries to neural cells initiate an apoptotic cascade through cardiolipin oxidation. Mitochondrially targeted electron scavenger compounds block this process, suggesting new therapeutic avenues. See also: Article by Ji et al. Sleep tight, wake up bright   pp1327 - 1329 Eduard Kelemen and Jan Born doi:10.1038/nn.3227 Sleep consolidates memory. By cuing specific memories during sleep, a study now links this consolidation of memory to the replay of neuronal ensemble activity that occurs in the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep after learning. See also: Article by Bendor & Wilson Changing behavior with epigenetics   p1329 Charvy Narain doi:10.1038/nn1012-1329 Neuroscience JOBS of the week Tenure Track Faculty Positions in Neuroscience Medical College of Wisconsin - Neuroscience Research Center Graduate and Postdoctoral Researchers (m / f) for the Simulation Lab Neuroscience Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH Behavioral Neuroscience Faculty Search University of California, Los Angeles Neuroscience Project Director - PK and Modelling MedImmune UK Faculty Position in Behavioral Neuroscience University of Washington Department of Psychology More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Neurodegeneration Conference 2012 27.11.-01.12.12 Mexico More science events from Reviews Top The drive to eat: comparisons and distinctions between mechanisms of food reward and drug addiction   pp1330 - 1335 Ralph J DiLeone, Jane R Taylor and Marina R Picciotto doi:10.1038/nn.3202 Many comparisons between obesity and drug addiction have been made in recent years. In this review, the authors critically compare the behavioral responses to food and drugs of abuse, as well as the neural circuitry involved in each, pointing out key differences between the two. Synaptic plasticity in neuronal circuits regulating energy balance   pp1336 - 1342 Lori M Zeltser, Randy J Seeley and Matthias H Tschöp doi:10.1038/nn.3219 Energy balance is maintained by neuronal populations throughout the central nervous system, but is primarily localized in the mediobasal hypothalamus. In this review, the authors discuss recent work examining plastic changes in hypothalamic circuits in response changes in nutrient availability and long-term energy status. Unraveling the brain regulation of appetite: lessons from genetics   pp1343 - 1349 Giles S H Yeo and Lora K Heisler doi:10.1038/nn.3211 This review discusses what we have learned about the neural regulation of feeding from genetic studies, both from studies in mutant mice and more recent genome-wide association studies in humans. From neuroanatomy to behavior: central integration of peripheral signals regulating feeding behavior   pp1350 - 1355 Kevin W Williams and Joel K Elmquist doi:10.1038/nn.3217 Circuits have been described in the hypothalamus and brainstem involved in regulating feeding and energy balance. In this review, the authors discuss the many peripheral signals that influence these central circuits to affect feeding behavior and energy balance. See also: News and Views by Narain Brief Communications Top Low prefrontal PSA-NCAM confers risk for alcoholism-related behavior   pp1356 - 1358 Jacqueline M Barker, Mary M Torregrossa and Jane R Taylor doi:10.1038/nn.3194 By examining natural behavioral variation of an outbred strain of mice on a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer task, the authors show that the level of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) can predict the extinction and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. The study also shows that depleting endogenous PSA-NCAM in the vmPFC in mice confers resistance to the extinction of alcohol seeking. Chronic alcohol remodels prefrontal neurons and disrupts NMDAR-mediated fear extinction encoding   pp1359 - 1361 Andrew Holmes, Paul J Fitzgerald, Kathryn P MacPherson, Lauren DeBrouse, Giovanni Colacicco, Shaun M Flynn, Sophie Masneuf, Kristen E Pleil, Chia Li, Catherine A Marcinkiewcz, Thomas L Kash, Ozge Gunduz-Cinar and Marguerite Camp doi:10.1038/nn.3204 Alcoholism and post-traumatic stress disorder are frequently co-morbid. The authors show that chronic intermittent exposure to ethanol impairs extinction of fear conditioning in mice. In vivo recordings showed that extinction encoding was impaired in infralimbic medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neurons, which are associated with downregulation of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 in mPFC. Diminished temporal coding with sensorineural hearing loss emerges in background noise   pp1362 - 1364 Kenneth S Henry and Michael G Heinz doi:10.1038/nn.3216 Noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss selectively worsens peripheral temporal coding in noisy compared with quiet conditions reports this study in chinchillas. This may explain why noisy conditions are particularly difficult for hearing-impaired people. Spaces within spaces: rat parietal cortex neurons register position across three reference frames   pp1365 - 1367 Douglas A Nitz doi:10.1038/nn.3213 Neurons in the parietal cortex have been shown to encode position in external reference frames. This work demonstrates that parietal cortex neurons can simultaneously register spatial information in multiple external reference frames. The form this takes suggests a mechanism for encoding relationships between parts and the whole that they compose. Saccadic eye movements evoked by optogenetic activation of primate V1   pp1368 - 1370 Mehrdad Jazayeri, Zachary Lindbloom-Brown and Gregory D Horwitz doi:10.1038/nn.3210 Optogenetic manipulations of behavior in primates have largely been unsuccessful. Here, the authors report that monkeys reliably shift their gaze toward the receptive field of optically driven channelrhodopsin-2-expressing V1 neurons. Reversible switching between epigenetic states in honeybee behavioral subcastes   pp1371 - 1373 Brian R Herb, Florian Wolschin, Kasper D Hansen, Martin J Aryee, Ben Langmead, Rafael Irizarry, Gro V Amdam and Andrew P Feinberg doi:10.1038/nn.3218 This paper reports that there are substantial differences in DNA methylation patterns between nurses and forager caste phenotypes in honeybees, and that reverting foragers back to nurses reestablishes methylation levels for a majority of genes. Articles Top Positive modulation of a Cys-loop acetylcholine receptor by an auxiliary transmembrane subunit   pp1374 - 1381 Thomas Boulin, Georgia Rapti, Luis Briseño-Roa, Christian Stigloher, Janet E Richmond, Pierre Paoletti and Jean-Louis Bessereau doi:10.1038/nn.3197 In this paper, Bessereau and colleagues identify MOLO-1 as an auxiliary subunit for levamisole-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (L-AChRs) present at the neuromuscular junction of C. elegans. MOLO-1 is the first auxiliary subunit ever found for a member of the Cys-loop receptor superfamily. REST-dependent epigenetic remodeling promotes the developmental switch in synaptic NMDA receptors   pp1382 - 1390 Alma Rodenas-Ruano, Andrés E Chávez, Maria J Cossio, Pablo E Castillo and R Suzanne Zukin doi:10.1038/nn.3214 Expression of GluN2 subunit of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) in rodents is developmentally regulated such that GluN2B expression is high during early postnatal period but is replaced by GluN2A in adulthood, thus conferring different NMDAR channel properties and kinetics. This study identifies a molecular mechanism for GluN2A/B switch that is mediated by the transcriptional repressor REST. This process is also shown to be affected by postnatal stress induced by maternal deprivation, leading to long-lasting effects on NMDAR-subunit composition in the hippocampus. Rho-kinase regulates energy balance by targeting hypothalamic leptin receptor signaling   pp1391 - 1398 Hu Huang, Dong Kong, Kyung Hee Byun, Chianping Ye, Shuichi Koda, Dae Ho Lee, Byung-Chul Oh, Sam W Lee, Bonghee Lee, Janice M Zabolotny, Min Seon Kim, Christian Bjørbæk, Bradford B Lowell and Young-Bum Kim doi:10.1038/nn.3207 Leptin regulates energy balance. The authors show that Rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1) regulates leptin signaling by increasing activation of signaling molecules downstream of leptin receptor. Deletion of ROCK1 from POMC or AgRP neurons leads to obesity and reduced leptin sensitivity. Astrocytes regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis through ephrin-B signaling   pp1399 - 1406 Randolph S Ashton, Anthony Conway, Chinmay Pangarkar, Jamie Bergen, Kwang-Il Lim, Priya Shah, Mina Bissell and David V Schaffer doi:10.1038/nn.3212 This work shows that ephrin-B2 from astrocytes provides a critical niche signal for cell fate determination in adult mouse hippocampus, in part by directing neuronal differentiation of adult neural stem cells through EphB4-dependent juxtacrine signaling. Lipidomics identifies cardiolipin oxidation as a mitochondrial target for redox therapy of brain injury   pp1407 - 1413 Jing Ji, Anthony E Kline, Andrew Amoscato, Alejandro K Samhan-Arias, Louis J Sparvero, Vladimir A Tyurin, Yulia Y Tyurina, Bruno Fink, Mioara D Manole, Ava M Puccio, David O Okonkwo, Jeffrey P Cheng, Henry Alexander, Robert S B Clark, Patrick M Kochanek, Peter Wipf, Valerian E Kagan and Hulya Bayir doi:10.1038/nn.3195 The authors show that traumatic brain injury can induce peroxidation of cardiolipin, leading to accumulation of numerous oxygenated species and the induction of neuronal cell death. This accumulation of cardiolipin and the associated toxicity can be ameliorated by mitochondria-targeted delivery of an electron scavenger. See also: News and Views by Chan & Di Paolo Calcium entry induces mitochondrial oxidant stress in vagal neurons at risk in Parkinson's disease   pp1414 - 1421 Joshua A Goldberg, Jaime N Guzman, Chad M Estep, Ema Ilijic, Jyothisri Kondapalli, Javier Sanchez-Padilla and D James Surmeier doi:10.1038/nn.3209 The pathology in Parkinson's disease is known to extend beyond mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, but it is unclear why. Here the authors show that vulnerable neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus have similar physiological features, including basal mitochondrial oxidant stress, providing an insight into the distributed disease pathology. Orchestrated experience-driven Arc responses are disrupted in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease   pp1422 - 1429 Nikita Rudinskiy, Jonathan M Hawkes, Rebecca A Betensky, Megumi Eguchi, Shun Yamaguchi, Tara L Spires-Jones and Bradley T Hyman doi:10.1038/nn.3199 The immediate-early gene Arc mediates synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Whether Arc is dysregulated by amyloid-beta or in Alzheimer's disease is controversial. Here, a study used a reporter mouse line expressing destabilized fluorescent protein Venus under the control of the Arc promoter to show that Arc induction pattern, brain regional difference and precise location of active neurons with respect to senile plaque are major determinants of differential Arc response in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. See also: News and Views by Dorostkar & Herms Mnemonic representations of transient stimuli and temporal sequences in the rodent hippocampus in vitro    pp1430 - 1438 Robert A Hyde and Ben W Strowbridge doi:10.1038/nn.3208 Dentate mossy cells in hippocampal slice can temporarily store stimulus information from the perforant path with persistent up-state-like activity. Here, Hyde and Strowbridge show that hippocampal dentate hilar cells can store several distinct patterns of information simultaneously for several seconds and that the activity of the local network in the dentate gyrus can predict which input conveyed the stimulus information and what temporal sequence of stimuli was presented. Biasing the content of hippocampal replay during sleep   pp1439 - 1444 Daniel Bendor and Matthew A Wilson doi:10.1038/nn.3203 The authors report that, during sleep, a task-related auditory cue biases hippocampal reactivation events towards replaying the spatial memory associated with that cue. These results indicate that sleep replay can be manipulated by external stimulation, and provide further evidence for the role of hippocampal replay in memory consolidation. See also: News and Views by Kelemen & Born Path integration: how the head direction signal maintains and corrects spatial orientation   pp1445 - 1453 Stephane Valerio and Jeffrey S Taube doi:10.1038/nn.3215 Path integration allows animals to track their body position in planar space by relying on both external cues and internal cues. For monitoring internal cues, head direction cells in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus are one of the best candidates for the neural mechanism underlying path integration. This study shows that head-direction cells in rats act as a mediator of path integration such that their firing matches the level of movement trajectory heading errors in a cumulative manner, and that head-direction cells correct their firing when internal error is corrected by external cues. Motor circuits are required to encode a sensory model for imitative learning   pp1454 - 1459 Todd F Roberts, Sharon M H Gobes, Malavika Murugan, Bence P Ölveczky and Richard Mooney doi:10.1038/nn.3206 Here the authors test the proposal that premotor circuits participate in sensory learning for imitation using convergent approaches in the juvenile zebra finch, including optogenetic disruption and in vivo multiphoton imaging. Their findings provide evidence that premotor circuits help to encode sensory information prior to shaping and executing imitative behaviors. Humans can learn new information during sleep   pp1460 - 1465 Anat Arzi, Limor Shedlesky, Mor Ben-Shaul, Khitam Nasser, Arie Oksenberg, Ilana S Hairston and Noam Sobel doi:10.1038/nn.3193 Although it is well-known that sleep can strengthen existing memories, this study demonstrates that people can acquire completely new associations (between distinct tones and pleasant/unpleasant smells) during sleep, which are preserved during the awake state. See also: News and Views by Stickgold Top Advertisement Nature Neuroscience FOCUS ON NEURO-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS This special Focus highlights some of the most recent and interesting research aimed at understanding the relationship between neural processes and immune reactions via a series of reviews or opinionated articles commissioned from key leaders in the field. 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