Nature contents: 06 September 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 489 Number 7414      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Olympus launches the new IX3 series - the next generation of inverted microscope systems. Olympus has released the innovative new IX3 series of inverted research microscope systems for effortless, intuitive live cell imaging and clinical analysis. The new systems offer exceptional ease-of-use and unprecedented optical flexibility via a new, customisable light path. New components can be easily slid into the light path using a series of swappable decks.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   ENCODE: guidebook to the human genome   The ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) project aims to describe all functional elements encoded in the human genome. Nine years on from ENCODE's launch, its main efforts culminate this week with the coordinated publication of thirty papers, six of them in this issue of Nature.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   No meridional plasma flow in the heliosheath transition region   After holding a steady course for 25-years, the veteran space probe Voyager 1 has changed tack — by periodic rotation through 70º — to reposition its ion charged particle detectors to test theoretical predictions. And the results suggest that Voyager is not as close to leaving the Solar System as was thought.       Chemical Sciences More Chemical sciences ▼   Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels   A tough new hydrogel that can be stretched to 20 times its original length could make these materials much more useful in medicine and other applications. Currently available hydrogels can be found in flexible contact lenses, as scaffolds for tissue engineering and in drug delivery systems, where mechanical strength is not important.                   The new NanoZoomer-XR redefines the art of whole-slide imaging with hassle-free, error-free, and blur-free scanning. This high-throughput scanner quickly and automatically scans up to 320 slides. It is extremely easy to use, and offers accurate, error-free scanning and automatic quality checking. These features, coupled with an outstanding optics system and real-time dynamic focus, result in images of top tier quality and clarity.                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: the latest findings from the ENCODE project, dinosaur hunting in China, and a step towards the quantum internet. In an ENCODE-related video Voices of ENCODE, ENCODE's lead coordinator, Ewan Birney, and Nature editor Magdalena Skipper talk about the challenges of managing a colossal genetics project and what we've learnt about the human genome.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Accountable and transparent ▶     The US government has changed how biomedical scientists disclose their financial interests. The revised rules are welcome, but Internet access to the identified conflicts should be a requirement.             Spinning threads ▶     Publication of ENCODE data drives innovation in data mining.             Moonlight drive ▶     The data from the ageing Voyager probes are illuminating the edge of the Solar System.             World View                   We must be open about our mistakes ▶     Greater transparency about the scientific process and a closer focus on correcting defective data are the way forward, says  Jim Woodgett.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 31 August–6 September 2012 ▶     The week in science: arXiv finds fresh funding; hantavirus outbreak surprises experts; and Australia says it will join Europe's emissions trading system.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Alzheimer's drugs take a new tack ▶     Hopes pinned on pre-emptive clinical trials after latest setbacks.             India's forest area in doubt ▶     Reliance on satellite data blamed for over-optimistic estimates of forest cover.             Trade deal to curb generic-drug use ▶     Tighter patent rules could raise drug costs in poor countries.             Electro-optic dye triggers ethics row ▶     Dispute puts focus on reporting standards for major grants.             Databases fight funding cuts ▶     Online tools are becoming ever more important to biology, but financial support is unstable.             Voyager's long goodbye ▶     NASA probes find surprises at the edge of the Solar System.             Features                   China's dinosaur hunter: The ground breaker ▶     As he revolutionizes ideas about dinosaur evolution, Xing Xu is helping to make china into a palaeontological powerhouse.             ENCODE: The human encyclopaedia ▶     First they sequenced it. Now they have surveyed its hinterlands. But no one knows how much more information the human genome holds, or when to stop looking for it.           COMMENT           Policy: Rethink chemical risk assessments ▶     The US Environmental Protection Agency needs to speed up its risk analyses and address uncertainty, say George M. Gray and Joshua T. Cohen.             The making of ENCODE: Lessons for big-data projects ▶     To be successful, consortia need clear management, codes of conduct and participants who are committed to working for the common good, says ENCODE lead analysis coordinator Ewan Birney.             Books and Arts                   Architecture: Life in stone ▶     Georgina Ferry enjoys a biography of a little-known Victorian woman who built monuments to nature.             Technology: Baroque geekery ▶     Tim Boon assesses a take on the evolving technology behind recordings of J. S. Bach.             Books in brief ▶             Q&A: Maths demystifier ▶     Mathematician Glen Whitney left a job in finance to set up the Museum of Mathematics (MoMath), which is due to open in Manhattan, New York, on 15 December. He wants to spread the word that mathematics is a beautiful discipline and all around us, from the geometry of soap bubbles to the algorithms that control traffic lights.             Correspondence                   Space science: NASA bids are not a popularity contest Michael F. A'Hearn | Conservation: Tourism ban won't help Indian tigers Ralf C. Buckley & H. S. Pabla | Bioethics: Tighten up Japan's stem-cell practices Hiroshi Ikegaya | Renewable energy: Avoid constructing wind farms on peat Jo Smith, Dali Rani Nayak & Pete Smith | Toilet technology: Improve sanitation on India's railways Abhishek Sharma, M. K. Unnikrishnan & Ankush Madaan           Obituary                   Martin Fleischmann (1927–2012) ▶     Pioneering electrochemist who claimed to have discovered cold fusion.             Correction                   Corrections ▶                         nature.com webcasts Macmillan Science Communication, Exclusive partner of Nature Publishing Group, Publisher of Nature and Scientific American presents a custom webcast on: The Power of Flow Cytometry in Microbiology Applications Date: September 27th 2012 Time: 1 pm Eastern / 10 a.m. Pacific 6 p.m. GMT / 7 p.m. CET Register for FREE: www.nature.com/webcasts Sponsored by: BD Biosciences               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   The long-range interaction landscape of gene promoters  OPEN ▶     Amartya Sanyal, Bryan R. Lajoie, Gaurav Jain & Job Dekker     Chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C) is used to look at the relationships between functional elements and distal target genes in 1% of the human genome in three dimensions; the study describes numerous long-range interactions between promoters and distal sites that include elements resembling enhancers, promoters and CTCF-bound sites, their genomic distribution and complex interactions.             A transcriptomic hourglass in plant embryogenesis ▶     Marcel Quint, Hajk-Georg Drost, Alexander Gabel, Kristian Karsten Ullrich, Markus Bönn et al.     As it develops from a single-celled zygote to a mature plant embryo, the thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana passes through a stage during which phylogenetically very ancient genes are preferentially expressed, showing that animals and plants have independently acquired the developmental hourglass as a similar way of managing gene expression as they pass through embryogenesis, even though their morphological development is very different.             Distinct contribution of stem and progenitor cells to epidermal maintenance ▶     Guilhem Mascré, Sophie Dekoninck, Benjamin Drogat, Khalil Kass Youssef, Sylvain Brohée et al.     Whether a single group of stem cells or multiple populations contribute to the homeostasis of the interfollicular epidermis is controversial; here the authors use lineage tracing and mathematical modelling to show that the progenitors that maintain mouse epidermis are underpinned by slow-cycling stem cells that become mobilised on injury.             Interaction landscape of membrane-protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ▶     Mohan Babu, James Vlasblom, Shuye Pu, Xinghua Guo, Chris Graham et al.     A survey of 1,590 putative integral, peripheral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals unexpected physical associations underlying the membrane biology of eukaryotes and delineates the global topological landscape of the membrane interactome.             Structural basis for RNA-duplex recognition and unwinding by the DEAD-box helicase Mss116p ▶     Anna L. Mallam, Mark Del Campo, Benjamin Gilman, David J. Sidote & Alan M. Lambowitz     Analysis of the yeast DEAD-box nucleic acid helicase Mss116p provides a structural model for how DEAD-box proteins recognize and unwind RNA duplexes.             Alternating-access mechanism in conformationally asymmetric trimers of the betaine transporter BetP ▶     Camilo Perez, Caroline Koshy, Özkan Yildiz & Christine Ziegler     The crystal structure of the osmotically regulated symporter BetP is reported in four new conformations, providing information about the key conformational changes that take place during the transport cycle.             Nonlinear dendritic processing determines angular tuning of barrel cortex neurons in vivo ▶     Maria Lavzin, Sophia Rapoport, Alon Polsky, Liora Garion & Jackie Schiller     In vivo whole-cell recordings combined with an intracellular N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blocker and membrane hyperpolarization are used to examine the contribution of dendritic NMDAR-dependent regenerative responses to the angular tuning of layer 4 neurons; the results show that active dendritic processing sharpens the sensory responses of cortical neurons in vivo.             Articles and Letters                   An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome  OPEN ▶     The ENCODE Project Consortium     This overview of the ENCODE project outlines the data accumulated so far, revealing that 80% of the human genome now has at least one biochemical function assigned to it; the newly identified functional elements should aid the interpretation of results of genome-wide association studies, as many correspond to sites of association with human disease.             The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome  OPEN ▶     Robert E. Thurman, Eric Rynes, Richard Humbert, Jeff Vierstra, Matthew T. Maurano et al.     An extensive map of human DNase I hypersensitive sites, markers of regulatory DNA, in 125 diverse cell and tissue types is described; integration of this information with other ENCODE-generated data sets identifies new relationships between chromatin accessibility, transcription, DNA methylation and regulatory factor occupancy patterns.             An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints  OPEN ▶     Shane Neph, Jeff Vierstra, Andrew B. Stergachis, Alex P. Reynolds, Eric Haugen et al.     DNase I footprinting in 41 cell and tissue types reveals millions of short sequence elements encoding an expansive repertoire of conserved recognition sequences for DNA-binding proteins.             Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from ENCODE data  OPEN ▶     Mark B. Gerstein, Anshul Kundaje, Manoj Hariharan, Stephen G. Landt, Koon-Kiu Yan et al.     A description is given of the ENCODE consortium’s efforts to examine the principles of human transcriptional regulatory networks; the results are integrated with other genomic information to form a hierarchical meta-network where different levels have distinct properties.             Landscape of transcription in human cells  OPEN ▶     Sarah Djebali, Carrie A. Davis, Angelika Merkel, Alex Dobin, Timo Lassmann et al.     A description is given of the ENCODE effort to provide a complete catalogue of primary and processed RNAs found either in specific subcellular compartments or throughout the cell, revealing that three-quarters of the human genome can be transcribed, and providing a wealth of information on the range and levels of expression, localization, processing fates and modifications of known and previously unannotated RNAs.             Structure of a RING E3 ligase and ubiquitin-loaded E2 primed for catalysis ▶     Anna Plechanovová, Ellis G. Jaffray, Michael H. Tatham, James H. Naismith & Ronald T. Hay     This study presents the crystal structure of a RING-type E3 ligase bound to ubiquitin-loaded E2; the structure reveals how ubiquitin binding to E2 leads to changes in the catalytic site, priming it for catalysis by the E3 enzyme.             Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels ▶     Jeong-Yun Sun, Xuanhe Zhao, Widusha R. K. Illeperuma, Ovijit Chaudhuri, Kyu Hwan Oh et al.     Hydrogels with improved mechanical properties, made by combining polymer networks with ionic and covalent crosslinks, should expand the scope of applications, and may serve as model systems to explore mechanisms of deformation and energy dissipation.             Dopamine neurons modulate pheromone responses in Drosophila courtship learning ▶     Krystyna Keleman, Eleftheria Vrontou, Sebastian Krüttner, Jai Y. Yu, Amina Kurtovic-Kozaric et al.     Young male fruitflies learn to avoid futile courtship of non-virgin females because the latter are scented with the male pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate; this behaviour results from an increase in the males’ innate sensitivity for the pheromone and is controlled by a small set of dopaminergic neurons.             Neuronal circuitry mechanism regulating adult quiescent neural stem-cell fate decision ▶     Juan Song, Chun Zhong, Michael A. Bonaguidi, Gerald J. Sun, Derek Hsu et al.     Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons regulate the activation and fate choice of adult neural stem cells.             Heterodimeric JAK–STAT activation as a mechanism of persistence to JAK2 inhibitor therapy ▶     Priya Koppikar, Neha Bhagwat, Outi Kilpivaara, Taghi Manshouri, Mazhar Adli et al.     Chronic exposure to JAK2 inhibitors leads to reactivation of downstream signalling through the formation of heterodimers between JAK2 and other JAK kinases in myeloproliferative neoplasms, which can be overcome with Hsp90 inhibitors.             Endogenous antigen tunes the responsiveness of naive B cells but not T cells ▶     Julie Zikherman, Ramya Parameswaran & Arthur Weiss     Mature B cells encounter antigens during development that induce anergy or functional unresponsiveness; this large reservoir of dormant autoreactive B cells may serve as a pool of extended antibody specificity for purposes of protective immunity, as well as the source of pathogenic autoantibodies that characterize rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.             News & Views                   Neuroscience: Lessons from heartbreak ▶     Aki Ejima             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Structural biology: A protein engagement RING ▶     Christopher D. Lima & Brenda A. Schulman             Genomics: ENCODE explained ▶     Joseph R. Ecker, Wendy A. Bickmore, Inês Barroso, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Yoav Gilad et al.             11 years ago: The draft human genome ▶             Research Highlights                   Materials: Why barnacles stick around | Palaeontology: Excavation of a digger | Ocean biochemistry: The mystery of high seas methane | Evolutionary anthropology: Small families in rich societies | Botany: Plants split cells to put down roots | Biogeosciences: Pruning back carbon estimates | Anthropology: Hunter-gatherer workout disproved         NEWS & COMMENT           Accountable and transparent | Spinning threads | Alzheimer's drugs take a new tack | Trade deal to curb generic-drug use | China's dinosaur hunter: The ground breaker | ENCODE: The human encyclopaedia | Policy: Rethink chemical risk assessments | The making of ENCODE: Lessons for big-data projects | Architecture: Life in stone | Books in brief | Conservation: Tourism ban won't help Indian tigers Ralf C. Buckley & H. S. Pabla | Bioethics: Tighten up Japan's stem-cell practices Hiroshi Ikegaya | Toilet technology: Improve sanitation on India's railways Abhishek Sharma, M. K. Unnikrishnan & Ankush Madaan | Presenting ENCODE           CAREERS           Advice for protégés             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Human and Mouse Exome NGS $798, guaranteed coverage RNA-Seq from $798: 20 million guaranteed reads 4-6 weeks, fastest turnaround time in the industry http://www.otogenetics.com/               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Interaction landscape of membrane-protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ▶     Mohan Babu, James Vlasblom, Shuye Pu, Xinghua Guo, Chris Graham et al.     A survey of 1,590 putative integral, peripheral and lipid-anchored membrane proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals unexpected physical associations underlying the membrane biology of eukaryotes and delineates the global topological landscape of the membrane interactome.             Structural basis for RNA-duplex recognition and unwinding by the DEAD-box helicase Mss116p ▶     Anna L. Mallam, Mark Del Campo, Benjamin Gilman, David J. Sidote & Alan M. Lambowitz     Analysis of the yeast DEAD-box nucleic acid helicase Mss116p provides a structural model for how DEAD-box proteins recognize and unwind RNA duplexes.             Alternating-access mechanism in conformationally asymmetric trimers of the betaine transporter BetP ▶     Camilo Perez, Caroline Koshy, Özkan Yildiz & Christine Ziegler     The crystal structure of the osmotically regulated symporter BetP is reported in four new conformations, providing information about the key conformational changes that take place during the transport cycle.             Articles and Letters                   Structure of a RING E3 ligase and ubiquitin-loaded E2 primed for catalysis ▶     Anna Plechanovová, Ellis G. Jaffray, Michael H. Tatham, James H. Naismith & Ronald T. Hay     This study presents the crystal structure of a RING-type E3 ligase bound to ubiquitin-loaded E2; the structure reveals how ubiquitin binding to E2 leads to changes in the catalytic site, priming it for catalysis by the E3 enzyme.             Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels ▶     Jeong-Yun Sun, Xuanhe Zhao, Widusha R. K. Illeperuma, Ovijit Chaudhuri, Kyu Hwan Oh et al.     Hydrogels with improved mechanical properties, made by combining polymer networks with ionic and covalent crosslinks, should expand the scope of applications, and may serve as model systems to explore mechanisms of deformation and energy dissipation.             News & Views                   50 & 100 years ago ▶             Structural biology: A protein engagement RING ▶     Christopher D. Lima & Brenda A. Schulman             Research Highlights                   Materials: Why barnacles stick around | Chemistry: When alkanes turn tail | Ocean biochemistry: The mystery of high seas methane | Biogeosciences: Pruning back carbon estimates         NEWS & COMMENT           Policy: Rethink chemical risk assessments | Martin Fleischmann (1927–2012)             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Environmental science: The rainforest's water pump ▶     Luiz E. O. C. Aragão             Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests ▶     D. V. Spracklen, S. R. Arnold & C. M. Taylor     Remote sensing and simulated atmospheric transport patterns are used to show that air passage over tropical forests produces about twice as much rain as passage over sparse vegetation; in an idealized Amazonian deforestation scenario, a reduction in seasonal precipitation of approximately 12–21% is estimated.             Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward ▶     Xiao-Song Ma, Thomas Herbst, Thomas Scheidl, Daqing Wang, Sebastian Kropatschek et al.     The benchmark for a global quantum internet — quantum teleportation of independent qubits using active feed-forward over a free-space link whose attenuation corresponds to the path between a satellite and a ground station — has now been successfully achieved over a distance of 143 km, between the Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife.             Articles and Letters                   Observation of interstellar lithium in the low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud ▶     J. Christopher Howk, Nicolas Lehner, Brian D. Fields & Grant J. Mathews     The abundance of interstellar 7Li in the low-metallicity gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a nearby galaxy with a quarter the Sun’s metallicity, is nearly equal to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis predictions.             No meridional plasma flow in the heliosheath transition region ▶     Robert B. Decker, Stamatios M. Krimigis, Edmond C. Roelof & Matthew E. Hill     The radially outward flow of plasma from the Sun is expected to be deflected when it meets the flow of interstellar plasma through which the Solar System moves, but the spacecraft Voyager 1 unexpectedly finds that the deflected, meridional, flow is consistent with zero within the transition region.             Flexible metal-oxide devices made by room-temperature photochemical activation of sol–gel films ▶     Yong-Hoon Kim, Jae-Sang Heo, Tae-Hyeong Kim, Sungjun Park, Myung-Han Yoon et al.     A method for annealing metal-oxide semiconductor films with deep-ultraviolet light yields thin-film transistors with performance comparable to that of thermally annealed devices, and widens the range of substrates on which such devices can be fabricated.             Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels ▶     Jeong-Yun Sun, Xuanhe Zhao, Widusha R. K. Illeperuma, Ovijit Chaudhuri, Kyu Hwan Oh et al.     Hydrogels with improved mechanical properties, made by combining polymer networks with ionic and covalent crosslinks, should expand the scope of applications, and may serve as model systems to explore mechanisms of deformation and energy dissipation.             Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia ▶     J. E. Vonk, L. Sánchez-García, B. E. van Dongen, V. Alling, D. Kosmach et al.     Extensive release of carbon from coastal permafrost is found to dominate the sedimentary carbon budget of the world’s largest continental shelf, with about two-thirds of this old carbon escaping to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.             Recent Antarctic Peninsula warming relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history ▶     Robert Mulvaney, Nerilie J. Abram, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Carol Arrowsmith, Louise Fleet et al.     An ice-core record from the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula shows that the present warming period in the region is unusual in the context of natural climate variability over the past two thousand years, and that continued warming could cause ice-shelf instability farther south along the peninsula.             News & Views                   Materials science: A hard concept in soft matter ▶     Kenneth R. Shull             Cosmology: The lithium problem ▶     Garik Israelian             Climate change: Brief but warm Antarctic summer ▶     Eric J. Steig             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Surface science: Separation by reconfiguration ▶     Robert W. Field             Astronomy: Outflows from the first quasars ▶     Daniel Mortlock             Environmental science: The rainforest's water pump ▶     Luiz E. O. C. Aragão             Research Highlights                   Materials: Why barnacles stick around | Astrophysics: Disintegrating planet spotted | Biogeosciences: Pruning back carbon estimates | Materials: Sticking the unstickable         NEWS & COMMENT           Moonlight drive | Databases fight funding cuts | Voyager's long goodbye | Books in brief | Space science: NASA bids are not a popularity contest Michael F. A'Hearn | Renewable energy: Avoid constructing wind farms on peat Jo Smith, Dali Rani Nayak & Pete Smith | Martin Fleischmann (1927–2012)             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Environmental science: The rainforest's water pump ▶     Luiz E. O. C. Aragão             Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests ▶     D. V. Spracklen, S. R. Arnold & C. M. Taylor     Remote sensing and simulated atmospheric transport patterns are used to show that air passage over tropical forests produces about twice as much rain as passage over sparse vegetation; in an idealized Amazonian deforestation scenario, a reduction in seasonal precipitation of approximately 12–21% is estimated.             Ploughing the deep sea floor ▶     Pere Puig, Miquel Canals, Joan B. Company, Jacobo Martín, David Amblas et al.     Bottom trawling is a fishing technique whereby heavy nets and gear scrape along the sea bed, and is shown here to disturb sediment fluxes and modify the sea floor morphology over large spatial scales.             Articles and Letters                   Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia ▶     J. E. Vonk, L. Sánchez-García, B. E. van Dongen, V. Alling, D. Kosmach et al.     Extensive release of carbon from coastal permafrost is found to dominate the sedimentary carbon budget of the world’s largest continental shelf, with about two-thirds of this old carbon escaping to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.             Recent Antarctic Peninsula warming relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history ▶     Robert Mulvaney, Nerilie J. Abram, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Carol Arrowsmith, Louise Fleet et al.     An ice-core record from the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula shows that the present warming period in the region is unusual in the context of natural climate variability over the past two thousand years, and that continued warming could cause ice-shelf instability farther south along the peninsula.             News & Views                   Climate change: Brief but warm Antarctic summer ▶     Eric J. Steig             Environmental science: The rainforest's water pump ▶     Luiz E. O. C. Aragão             Research Highlights                   Ocean biochemistry: The mystery of high seas methane | Astrophysics: Disintegrating planet spotted | Biogeosciences: Pruning back carbon estimates         NEWS & COMMENT           Moonlight drive | India's forest area in doubt | Policy: Rethink chemical risk assessments | Architecture: Life in stone | Space science: NASA bids are not a popularity contest Michael F. A'Hearn | Conservation: Tourism ban won't help Indian tigers Ralf C. Buckley & H. S. Pabla | Renewable energy: Avoid constructing wind farms on peat Jo Smith, Dali Rani Nayak & Pete Smith             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         The Naturejobs Career Expo London 2012 UK's largest career fair and conference focused exclusively on the scientific world. 20 September 2012 - Business Design Centre, London, UK Register today! Career fair is FREE of charge. Conference fee is £40. Conference keynote speaker: Jorge Cham               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Collaborations: A single cog in a complex machine ▶     If they remain vigilant, early-career researchers can reap benefits from taking part in big international projects.                   Investment increases ▶     Growth in research spending among European businesses could prompt recruitment in developing nations.                   Teachers lack resources ▶     Restrictions among non-tenure-track faculty members impair students' educational experience.                   Advice for protégés ▶     Novice entrepreneurs build business skills best when they trust their mentors.                   Careers related news & comment                   Accountable and transparent | We must be open about our mistakes | Trade deal to curb generic-drug use | Electro-optic dye triggers ethics row | Databases fight funding cuts | The making of ENCODE: Lessons for big-data projects | Books in brief | Q&A: Maths demystifier             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral position     University Children's Hospital Zurich            Research Associate in Ageing Research     Imperial College London            Postdoctoral Research Associate     Kansas State University            Research Scientist - Nursery and Landscape Horticulture (Trees)     Vineland Research and Innovation Centre          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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