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| |  | TABLE OF CONTENTS
| September 2012 Volume 15, Issue 9 |  | | |  |  News and Views
Review
Brief Communications
Articles
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| | | | News and Views |  Top | |  | | Running just to stand still pp1175 - 1176
Donald A Wilson
doi:10.1038/nn.3192
Sensory deprivation can result in impaired perception in most sensory modalities owing to experience-dependent changes in neural processing. Odor perception, however, appears to be relatively immune to periods of deprivation. Work in humans now suggests that this stability may be due to robust, reversible, compensatory plasticity in cortex.
See also: Article by Wu et al.
| | | | Shaping barrels: activity moves NG2+ glia pp1176 - 1178
Leda Dimou and Magdalena Gotz
doi:10.1038/nn.3191
NG2+ glia, the progenitors of myelinating oligodendrocytes, receive synaptic input, but why? A study now finds that sensory input regulates the proliferation and location of NG2+ glia in the mouse somatosensory cortex barrel field.
See also: Brief Communication by Mangin et al.
| | | | Bursting for exploration pp1178 - 1179
Joaquim Alves da Silva and Rui M Costa
doi:10.1038/nn.3198
Phasic bursting of dopaminergic neurons influences many behaviors. A study now finds that ATP-sensitive potassium channels mediate bursting in dopaminergic neurons of the medial substantia nigra and affect novelty-induced exploration.
See also: Article by Schiemann et al.
| | | | Target practice: HDAC inhibitors for schizophrenia pp1180 - 1181
Steven E Hyman
doi:10.1038/nn.3200
A report in this issue suggests that inhibiting histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) could be therapeutic in schizophrenia. Targeting chromatin remodeling in adults to treat a chronic brain disorder is not, however, likely to be easy.
See also: Article by Kurita et al.
| | | | The value of competition in the rat race pp1182 - 1183
Mark E Walton and Mathieu Baudonnat
doi:10.1038/nn.3196
Animals often must vie with others for scarce resources, such as food, water and mates. Deciding when to engage and when to avoid such contests might critically depend on the activity of anterior cingulate cortex neurons.
See also: Article by Hillman & Bilkey
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| | Review | Top | | | | Decision-making in the adolescent brain pp1184 - 1191
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Trevor W Robbins
doi:10.1038/nn.3177
This review compares and contrasts decision-making processes in adults versus adolescents, to highlight how adolescent decision-making is particularly susceptible to modulation by emotional and social factors (such as peer pressure).
| | Brief Communications | Top | | | | Experience-dependent regulation of NG2 progenitors in the developing barrel cortex pp1192 - 1194
Jean-Marie Mangin, Peijun Li, Joseph Scafidi and Vittorio Gallo
doi:10.1038/nn.3190
NG2 proteoglycan+ cells are neural and oligodendrocyte progenitors, and NG2+ cells in the developing barrel cortex receive glutamatergic thalamocortical inputs. Here, the authors show that NG2+ cells are primarily localized in barrel septa and that sensory deprivation induces NG2+ cell proliferation and differential localization in and around the barrels.
See also: News and Views by Dimou & Gotz
| | | | Coactivation of multiple tightly coupled calcium channels triggers spontaneous release of GABA pp1195 - 1197
Courtney Williams, Wenyan Chen, Chia-Hsueh Lee, Daniel Yaeger, Nicholas P Vyleta and Stephen M Smith
doi:10.1038/nn.3162
The authors show that spontaneous transmission from inhibitory synapses, in contrast with excitatory synapses, is triggered by voltage-dependent calcium channel activity. In addition, they find that spontaneous GABA release involves coincident opening of multiple closely packed calcium channels.
| | | | Direct gating and mechanical integrity of Drosophila auditory transducers require TRPN1 pp1198 - 1200
Thomas Effertz, Björn Nadrowski, David Piepenbrock, Jörg T Albert and Martin C Göpfert
doi:10.1038/nn.3175
The identity of the mechanosensitive channel responsible for sound transduction in the ear has remained elusive. Here the authors show, using interferometry, that the gating compliance of the fly's hearing organ is disrupted after deletion of TRPN1, identifying this channel as the sound transducer and/or its gating springs.
| | Articles | Top | | | | DOCK7 interacts with TACC3 to regulate interkinetic nuclear migration and cortical neurogenesis pp1201 - 1210
Yu-Ting Yang, Chia-Lin Wang and Linda Van Aelst
doi:10.1038/nn.3171
This study describes how interactions between DOCK7 and TACC3 are key to the switch from proliferation to differentiation in developing radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs). DOCK7 exerts its effects via interactions with the centrosome-associated protein TACC3, and these interactions are likely to modulate the RGCs' apically directed interkinetic nuclear migration.
| | | | Trans-mesenteric neural crest cells are the principal source of the colonic enteric nervous system pp1211 - 1218
Chihiro Nishiyama, Toshihiro Uesaka, Takayuki Manabe, Yohei Yonekura, Takashi Nagasawa, Donald F Newgreen, Heather M Young and Hideki Enomoto
doi:10.1038/nn.3184
In this study, the authors show that, during the development of the enteric nervous system, a subset of enteric neural crest cells migrate from midgut across the mesentery to colonize caudal hindgut. This trans-mesenteric migration requires GDNF and GFRα1 signaling.
| | | | Cooperation of Syd-1 with Neurexin synchronizes pre- with postsynaptic assembly pp1219 - 1226
David Owald, Omid Khorramshahi, Varun K Gupta, Daniel Banovic, Harald Depner, Wernher Fouquet, Carolin Wichmann, Sara Mertel, Stefan Eimer, Eric Reynolds, Matthew Holt, Hermann Aberle and Stephan J Sigrist
doi:10.1038/nn.3183
The Drosophila proteins Neuroligin (Nlg1) and Neurexin (Nrx-1) form a trans-synaptic complex that regulates synapse formation at the neuromuscular junction. Here the authors show that Syd-1, also known to regulate active zone formation, interacts with presynaptic Nrx-1, promoting synaptic clustering and immobilization of Nrx-1, and subsequent glutamate receptor incorporation.
| | | | Alzheimer amyloid-β oligomer bound to postsynaptic prion protein activates Fyn to impair neurons pp1227 - 1235
Ji Won Um, Haakon B Nygaard, Jacqueline K Heiss, Mikhail A Kostylev, Massimiliano Stagi, Alexander Vortmeyer, Thomas Wisniewski, Erik C Gunther and Stephen M Strittmatter
doi:10.1038/nn.3178
Here the authors show that the binding of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers to cellular prion protein (PrPc) activates Fyn kinase. Aβ stimulation of PrPc/Fyn signaling drives phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors, with a subsequent loss of receptor surface expression and dendritic spines.
| | | | Paradoxical contribution of SK3 and GIRK channels to the activation of mouse vomeronasal organ pp1236 - 1244
SangSeong Kim, Limei Ma, Kristi L Jensen, Michelle M Kim, Chris T Bond, John P Adelman and C Ron Yu
doi:10.1038/nn.3173
In this study, the authors show that two K+ channels, SK3 and GIRK, are important for the pheromone-induced activation of olfactory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). In addition, they show that K+ ion concentrations are maintained at high levels in the VNO lumen, permitting inward K+ flux through these channels.
| | | | HDAC2 regulates atypical antipsychotic responses through the modulation of mGlu2 promoter activity pp1245 - 1254
Mitsumasa Kurita, Terrell Holloway, Aintzane García-Bea, Alexey Kozlenkov, Allyson K Friedman, José L Moreno, Mitra Heshmati, Sam A Golden, Pamela J Kennedy, Nagahide Takahashi, David M Dietz, Giuseppe Mocci, Ane M Gabilondo, James Hanks, Adrienne Umali, Luis F Callado, Amelia L Gallitano, Rachael L Neve, Li Shen, Joseph D Buxbaum, Ming-Hu Han, Eric J Nestler, J Javier Meana, Scott J Russo and Javier González-Maeso
doi:10.1038/nn.3181
The authors show that chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs decreases expression of mGlu2 and histone acetylation at its promoter in frontal cortex. This is mediated through 5-HT2A receptor-dependent upregulation of HDAC2. HDAC inhibitors prevent this decrease in mGluR2, augmenting the behavioral effects of antipsychotics.
See also: News and Views by Hyman
| | | | MEF2 negatively regulates learning-induced structural plasticity and memory formation pp1255 - 1264
Christina J Cole, Valentina Mercaldo, Leonardo Restivo, Adelaide P Yiu, Melanie J Sekeres, Jin-Hee Han, Gisella Vetere, Tetyana Pekar, P Joel Ross, Rachael L Neve, Paul W Frankland and Sheena A Josselyn
doi:10.1038/nn.3189
The authors report that endogenous myocyte enhance factor 2 (MEF2) levels affect spatial and fear memory formation in adult mice. MEF2-induced memory disruption was rescued by interfering with AMPA receptor endocytosis.
| | | | Behavior-dependent specialization of identified hippocampal interneurons pp1265 - 1271
Damien Lapray, Balint Lasztoczi, Michael Lagler, Tim James Viney, Linda Katona, Ornella Valenti, Katja Hartwich, Zsolt Borhegyi, Peter Somogyi and Thomas Klausberger
doi:10.1038/nn.3176
Using juxtacellular recording and labeling of hippocampal interneurons in drug-free and behaving rats, the authors show that parvalbumin-expressing basket interneurons fire in a behavioral state-dependent manner, in contrast with neuropeptide Y- and nitiric oxide synthase-expressing ivy cells.
| | | | K-ATP channels in dopamine substantia nigra neurons control bursting and novelty-induced exploration pp1272 - 1280
Julia Schiemann, Falk Schlaudraff, Verena Klose, Markus Bingmer, Susumu Seino, Peter J Magill, Kareem A Zaghloul, Gaby Schneider, Birgit Liss and Jochen Roeper
doi:10.1038/nn.3185
The authors show that K-ATP channels in dopamine (DA) neurons of the medial substantia nigra (m-SN) enable burst firing in vitro and in vivo. Silencing K-ATP channel activity in m-SN DA neurons decreases novelty-dependent exploratory behavior in mice.
See also: News and Views by da Silva & Costa
| | | | Transient stimulation of distinct subpopulations of striatal neurons mimics changes in action value pp1281 - 1289
Lung-Hao Tai, A Moses Lee, Nora Benavidez, Antonello Bonci and Linda Wilbrecht
doi:10.1038/nn.3188
In tasks involving goal-directed action selection, striatal neural activity has been shown to represent the value of competing actions. Here the authors show that transient optogenetic stimulation of dorsal striatal D1 and D2 receptor-expressing neurons during decision-making biases choices in a way that mimics an additive change in action value.
| | | | Neural encoding of competitive effort in the anterior cingulate cortex pp1290 - 1297
Kristin L Hillman and David K Bilkey
doi:10.1038/nn.3187
The anterior cingulate cortex is known to be involved in determining cost versus benefit, but, by recording from rats choosing to engage in competition with another rat for limited rewards, the authors found that this area is also involved in competitive effort.
See also: News and Views by Walton & Baudonnat
| | | | The neuroimaging signal is a linear sum of neurally distinct stimulus- and task-related components pp1298 - 1306
Mariana M B Cardoso, Yevgeniy B Sirotin, Bruss Lima, Elena Glushenkova and Aniruddha Das
doi:10.1038/nn.3170
Using simultaneous electrophysiological and optical imaging, this study finds that it is the linear summation of stimulus-independent trial-related and stimulus-dependent components that yield the signal seen in neuroimaging studies. However, the trial-related component, which does not correlate with neural spiking or LFPs, can account for over half of the neuroimaging signal, suggesting that it is crucial to take this component into account when interpreting neuroimaging studies.
| | | | Social error monitoring in macaque frontal cortex pp1307 - 1312
Kyoko Yoshida, Nobuhito Saito, Atsushi Iriki and Masaki Isoda
doi:10.1038/nn.3180
Humans and other animals can learn from errors of other individuals. Here, using two paired monkeys monitoring each other's action for their own action selection, the authors identify neurons in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) that have activity correlated with another's errors. This suggests that the MFC could contribute to monitoring others' mistakes.
| | | | Olfactory input is critical for sustaining odor quality codes in human orbitofrontal cortex pp1313 - 1319
Keng Nei Wu, Bruce K Tan, James D Howard, David B Conley and Jay A Gottfried
doi:10.1038/nn.3186
The olfactory system is vulnerable to sensory deprivation owing to the prevalence of rhinosinusitis, but how the brain encodes and maintains odor information under such circumstances remains poorly understood. Using fMRI, the authors find evidence for transient changes in olfactory brain regions that sustain odor perception following disrupted sensory input.
See also: News and Views by Wilson
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