NASA's WISE Survey Uncovers Millions Of Black Holes

Aug. 29, 2012

J.D. Harrington
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-5241
j.d.harrington@nasa.gov


Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-354-4673
whitney.clavin@jpl.nasa.gov



RELEASE: 12-295

NASA'S WISE SURVEY UNCOVERS MILLIONS OF BLACK HOLES

WASHINGTON -- NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
mission has led to a bonanza of newfound supermassive black holes and
extreme galaxies called hot DOGs, or dust-obscured galaxies.


Images from the telescope have revealed millions of dusty black hole
candidates across the universe and about 1,000 even dustier objects
thought to be among the brightest galaxies ever found. These powerful
galaxies that burn brightly with infrared light are nicknamed hot
DOGs.
"WISE has exposed a menagerie of hidden objects," said Hashima Hasan,
WISE program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "We've
found an asteroid dancing ahead of Earth in its orbit, the coldest
star-like orbs known and now, supermassive black holes and galaxies
hiding behind cloaks of dust."

WISE scanned the whole sky twice in infrared light, completing its
survey in early 2011. Like night-vision goggles probing the dark, the
telescope captured millions of images of the sky. All the data from
the mission have been released publicly, allowing astronomers to dig
in and make new discoveries.

The latest findings are helping astronomers better understand how
galaxies and the behemoth black holes at their centers grow and
evolve together. For example, the giant black hole at the center of
our Milky Way galaxy, called Sagittarius A*, has 4 million times the
mass of our sun and has gone through periodic feeding frenzies where
material falls towards the black hole, heats up, and irradiates its
surroundings. Bigger central black holes, up to a billion times the
mass of our sun, even may shut down star formation in galaxies.

In one study, astronomers used WISE to identify about 2.5 million
actively feeding supermassive black holes across the full sky,
stretching back to distances more than 10 billion light-years away.
About two-thirds of these black holes never had been detected before
because dust blocks their visible light. WISE easily sees these
monsters because their powerful, accreting black holes warm the dust,
causing it to glow in infrared light.

In two other WISE papers, researchers report finding what are among
the brightest galaxies known, one of the main goals of the mission.
So far, they have identified about 1,000 candidates.

These extreme objects can pour out more than 100 trillion times as
much light as our sun. They are so dusty, however, that they appear
only in the longest wavelengths of infrared light captured by WISE.
NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope followed up on the discoveries in more
detail and helped show that, in addition to hosting supermassive
black holes feverishly snacking on gas and dust, these DOGs are busy
churning out new stars.


"These dusty, cataclysmically forming galaxies are so rare WISE had to
scan the entire sky to find them," said Peter Eisenhardt, lead author
of the paper on the first of these bright, dusty galaxies, and
project scientist for WISE at JPL. "We are also seeing evidence that
these record setters may have formed their black holes before the
bulk of their stars. The 'eggs' may have come before the 'chickens.'"



More than 100 of these objects, located about 10 billion light-years
away, have been confirmed using the W.M. Keck Observatory on Mauna
Kea, Hawaii, as well as the Gemini Observatory in Chile, Palomar's
200-inch Hale telescope near San Diego, and the Multiple Mirror
Telescope Observatory near Tucson, Ariz.

The WISE observations combined with data at even longer infrared
wavelengths from Caltech's Submillimeter Observatory atop Mauna Kea,
Hawaii, revealed that these extreme galaxies are more than twice as
hot as other infrared-bright galaxies. One theory is their dust is
being heated by an extremely powerful burst of activity from the
supermassive black hole.


"We may be seeing a new, rare phase in the evolution of galaxies,"
said Jingwen Wu of JPL, lead author of the study on the submillimeter
observations. All three papers are being published in the
Astrophysical Journal.


For more information about WISE, visit:



http://www.nasa.gov/wise


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