Nature contents: 19 July 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 487 Number 7407      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Nurture your career with the new-look Naturejobs As the world's largest dedicated jobs boards for the scientific community, Naturejobs is the ideal resource to build your career. Our new and improved functionality enables you to search, save and apply for jobs quickly and easily. Search over 10,000 vacancies to find exactly the right job for you at: www.naturejobs.com             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Special: Olympics 2012     Science has had a hand in every aspect of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, from training regimens to doping checks. Here, Nature takes a look at how research will shape the events in London 2012 and how it will influence sporting competition in the future. ▼ more       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom   The iron hypothesis proposes that supply of iron-bearing dust to certain oceanic regions stimulates phytoplankton blooms that, by sinking in the deep ocean, sequester carbon from exchange with the atmosphere. This paper presents several lines of evidence to confirm that carbon is exported to the deep ocean as a result of iron fertilization, with at least half of the bloom biomass sinking to below 1,000 metres, where it could be stored for centuries.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Non-invasive prenatal measurement of the fetal genome   Prenatal genetic testing usually requires invasive sampling, with associated risks to the health of the fetus and mother. Here Stephen Quake and colleagues describe how molecular counting can be used to reconstruct the fetal genome noninvasively from maternal blood. They use shotgun sequencing to determine which of the two haplotypes within each parent is over-represented in maternal plasma DNA and has therefore been inherited by the fetus. The fetal exome can then be screened for clinically relevant alleles that were paternally inherited or had arisen as germline mutations.                   Scientific Reports publishes 457 open access papers in its first year Publishing technically sound research articles, Scientific Reports is Nature Publishing Group’s fastest growing journal. Given the speed and visibility offered, no wonder 93% of our authors said that they are “likely” or “very likely” to submit again. Keep your research moving. Submit to Scientific Reports                 Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology   This paper undermines one of the main arguments used against the idea that the dinosaurs could have been enodtherms — that is, warm-blooded. Histological features known as 'lines of paused growth' on bones were thought to be indicative of cold-bloodedness and have been seen on dinosaur bones. This study provides evidence these markers do not mean that an animal is cold-blooded — they are found in large endothermic mammals (deer, antelope and reindeer) that like ectotherms, experience arrested growth during unfavourable seasons.       Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: fertilising the Southern Ocean, gut microbes in the elderly, and building a super-athlete. Plus, the best of the rest from this week's Nature.         Special - Olympics 2012 ▲top               Editorial                   London calling ▶     The battle for gold is about to begin — and science is taking its place behind the podium.             Features                   Performance enhancement: Superhuman athletes ▶     Enhancements such as doping are illegal in sport — but if all restrictions were lifted, science could push human performance to new extremes.             Science at the Olympics: Team science ▶     The Olympics is a vast experiment in human performance, sport technology and global travel. Nature meets some of the scientists behind the scenes.             Racing just to keep up ▶     Anti-doping researchers are looking for new ways to catch cheaters. Can a biological passport help to save the sport?             Comment                   Olympics: Run for your life ▶     Humans evolved to run. This helps to explain our athletic capacity and our susceptibility to modern diseases, argue Timothy Noakes and Michael Spedding.             Olympics: Genetically enhanced Olympics are coming ▶     Future Olympic Games may allow handicaps and gene therapy for people born without genes linked to athleticism, predict Juan Enriquez and Steve Gullans.               News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   A different agenda ▶     An attempt by Congress to save money by not funding political science seems to be motivated by ideological rather than financial reasons.             Death of evidence ▶     Changes to Canadian science raise questions that the government must answer.             World View                   Wildfires ignite debate on global warming ▶     As temperatures soar, forests blaze and houses burn, the media and public may be forced to face up to the reality of a changing climate, says Max A. Moritz.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 13–19 July 2012 ▶     The week in science: FDA spied on employees; GSK buys up Human Genome Sciences; and Hubble finds a fifth moon around Pluto.           NEWS IN FOCUS           The legacy of Lonesome George ▶     Tortoise's death spurs Galapagos conservation efforts.             Theorists feast on Higgs data ▶     But usurpers of 'standard model' have little to chew on.             Gene data to hit milestone ▶     With close to one million gene-expression data sets now in publicly accessible repositories, researchers can identify disease trends without ever having to enter a laboratory.             Wary approval for drug to prevent HIV ▶     US regulators seek to mitigate risks of combined pill.             Cosmic survey finds global appeal ▶     Partners line up to join the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.             Europe joins UK open-access bid ▶     Britain plans to dip in to research funding to pay for results to be freely available.             Florida abuzz over mosquito plan ▶     Biotech firm's bid to control dengue fever using genetically modified insects faces growing public opposition.           COMMENT           Public health: Towards a cure for HIV ▶     Steven G. Deeks and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi present an international research agenda to seek out a cure for AIDS.             Books and Arts                   Epigenetics: Different under the skin ▶     Michael G. Sargent enjoys a discussion of twin studies that aims to unpick the effects of nurture on nature.             Books in brief ▶             Pathology: The dead reborn ▶     Artworks confronting the ethical dimensions of pathology specimens intrigue Alison Abbott.             Q&A: Superpower sleuth ▶     The US television series Alphas features an unusual breed of superhero: ordinary people with extreme abilities. In the run-up to the second season, head writer Bruce Miller explains how he sifts through the latest scientific findings to craft an array of superpowers.             Correspondence                   Open access: Let's go for gold Michael Jubb | Open access: A green light for archiving Stevan Harnad | Open science: Data sharing is harder to reward Gerrit Hirschfeld | Environment: Costa Rica pioneers ecosystem services Ina Porras | Sanitation: Sewage recycles antibiotic resistance Julian Davies           Correction                   Correction ▶             Correction ▶                 Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   APJ acts as a dual receptor in cardiac hypertrophy ▶     Maria Cecilia Scimia, Cecilia Hurtado, Saugata Ray, Scott Metzler, Ke Wei et al.     APJ is shown to be a bifunctional receptor for both mechanical stretch and the endogenous peptide apelin, a finding that is important for the development of APJ agonist to treat heart failure.             Interpreting cancer genomes using systematic host network perturbations by tumour virus proteins ▶     Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen, Rahul C. Deo, Megha Padi, Guillaume Adelmant, Michael A. Calderwood et al.     Combining analysis of host proteome and transcriptome perturbations induced by tumour virus proteins with ongoing genome-wide studies of cancer facilitates the prioritization of cancer genes.             Viral immune modulators perturb the human molecular network by common and unique strategies ▶     Andreas Pichlmair, Kumaran Kandasamy, Gualtiero Alvisi, Orla Mulhern, Roberto Sacco et al.     A systems approach provides a global perspective of the different strategies that viruses use to modulate the cellular innate immune response; this may be useful in the design of future viral intervention strategies.             A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in Drosophila ▶     Chang Liu, Pierre-Yves Plaçais, Nobuhiro Yamagata, Barret D. Pfeiffer, Yoshinori Aso et al.     A group of dopamine neurons that are distinct from those mediating aversive reinforcement is found to signal sugar reward in the fly brain, highlighting the evolutionarily conserved function of dopamine neurons in reward processing.             Sex-specific volatile compounds influence microarthropod-mediated fertilization of moss ▶     Todd N. Rosenstiel, Erin E. Shortlidge, Andrea N. Melnychenko, James F. Pankow & Sarah M. Eppley     Volatile scents of moss Ceratodon purpureus show sex-specific differences and are similar in chemical diversity to those of plant–insect pollination mutualisms; and moss-dwelling microarthropods, whose presence increases C. purpureus fertilization rates, prefer scents of reproductive female C. purpureus to reproductive males, indicating a scent-based ‘plant–pollinator-like’ relationship between mosses and microarthropods.             A nuclear Argonaute promotes multigenerational epigenetic inheritance and germline immortality ▶     Bethany A. Buckley, Kirk B. Burkhart, Sam Guoping Gu, George Spracklin, Aaron Kershner et al.     Double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) in Caenorhabditis elegans is heritable; here a genetic screen for factors required for RNAi inheritance identifies the nuclear-localized Argonaute gene hrde-1, which acts in the germ cells of progeny to promote multigenerational inheritance of silencing and, also, germline immortality.             Programmed elimination of cells by caspase-independent cell extrusion in C. elegans ▶     Daniel P. Denning, Victoria Hatch & H. Robert Horvitz     Cells programmed to die during C. elegans embryogenesis can be eliminated from the embryo and undergo apoptosis in the absence of caspase activity via an extrusion mechanism that depends on activation of the AMPK-related kinase PIG-1 by an LKB1-like kinase complex.             HVEM signalling at mucosal barriers provides host defence against pathogenic bacteria ▶     Jr-Wen Shui, Alexandre Larange, Gisen Kim, Jose Luis Vela, Sonja Zahner et al.     The TNF receptor HVEM is shown to control the innate immune response to pathogenic bacteria by regulating mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine and lung.             The dynamic disulphide relay of quiescin sulphydryl oxidase ▶     Assaf Alon, Iris Grossman, Yair Gat, Vamsi K. Kodali, Frank DiMaio et al.     The X-ray crystal structures of trypanosome and mammalian quiescin sulphydryl oxidase are determined; these structures and follow-up biochemical studies show that large conformational changes occur as the enzyme relays disulphide bonds through its redox-active sites.             Mutations in the profilin 1 gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ▶     Chi-Hong Wu, Claudia Fallini, Nicola Ticozzi, Pamela J. Keagle, Peter C. Sapp et al.     Mutations in the profilin 1 (PFN1) gene, which is crucial for the conversion of monomeric to filamentous actin, can cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, suggesting that alterations in cytoskeletal pathways contribute to disease pathogenesis.             Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly ▶     Marcus J. Claesson, Ian B. Jeffery, Susana Conde, Susan E. Power, Eibhlís M. O’Connor et al.     The microbial communities in the human intestine vary between individuals, and this variation is greater in older people; here it is shown that diet is the main factor that drives microbiota variation, which correlates with health.             Articles and Letters                   Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom ▶     Victor Smetacek, Christine Klaas, Volker H. Strass, Philipp Assmy, Marina Montresor et al.     The study of an iron-fertilized phytoplankton bloom dominated by diatoms, which takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, shows that a substantial proportion of the bloom eventually sinks to the deep-sea floor, sequestering the carbon for timescales of centuries or more.             Non-invasive prenatal measurement of the fetal genome ▶     H. Christina Fan, Wei Gu, Jianbin Wang, Yair J. Blumenfeld, Yasser Y. El-Sayed et al.     Prenatal testing usually requires invasive sampling; here molecular counting of parental haplotypes in the maternal plasma allows the fetal genome to be deciphered and molecular counting of individual alleles enables the fetal exome to be captured.             Myocardial infarction accelerates atherosclerosis ▶     Partha Dutta, Gabriel Courties, Ying Wei, Florian Leuschner, Rostic Gorbatov et al.     Myocardial infarction accelerates atherosclerosis through activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and the consequent release of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.             Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer  OPEN ▶     The Cancer Genome Atlas Network     The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium reports on their genome-wide characterization of somatic alterations in colorectal cancer; in addition to revealing a remarkably consistent pattern of genomic alteration, with 24 genes being significantly mutated, the study identifies new targets for therapeutic intervention and suggests an important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.             Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology ▶     Meike Köhler, Nekane Marín-Moratalla, Xavier Jordana & Ronny Aanes     Dinosaurs were not necessarily cold-blooded: the main argument in favour of this, namely the presence of seasonal lines of arrested bone growth, has been demolished by a comprehensive study of extant ruminants.             Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services ▶     Yanhui Lu, Kongming Wu, Yuying Jiang, Yuyuan Guo & Nicolas Desneux     The widespread use of Bt crops reduces the outbreaks of certain targeted pests and the need for insecticide use, leading to enhanced biocontrol of other potential pest species in the Bt crops; neighbouring non-Bt crops may also benefit.             Ecological opportunity and sexual selection together predict adaptive radiation ▶     Catherine E. Wagner, Luke J. Harmon & Ole Seehausen     Adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes is predictable, but only when species traits and environmental factors are jointly considered.             Proto-genes and de novo gene birth ▶     Anne-Ruxandra Carvunis, Thomas Rolland, Ilan Wapinski, Michael A. Calderwood, Muhammed A. Yildirim et al.     Novel protein-coding genes can arise either from pre-existing genes or de novo; here it is shown that functional genes emerge de novo through transitory proto-genes generated by widespread translational activity in non-genic sequences.             Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum diversity in natural infections by deep sequencing ▶     Magnus Manske, Olivo Miotto, Susana Campino, Sarah Auburn, Jacob Almagro-Garcia et al.     Next-generation sequencing is used here to analyse Plasmodium falciparum genome variation directly from clinical blood samples, as well as cultured isolates, from Africa, Asia and Oceania.             SHARP1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by promoting degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors ▶     Marco Montagner, Elena Enzo, Mattia Forcato, Francesca Zanconato, Anna Parenti et al.     SHARP1, which is itself regulated by the p63 metastasis suppressor, regulates the invasive and metastatic phenotype in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) through inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factors, and this process operates independently from oxygen levels.             Structure of the immature retroviral capsid at 8 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy ▶     Tanmay A. M. Bharat, Norman E. Davey, Pavel Ulbrich, James D. Riches, Alex de Marco et al.     A hybrid cryo-electron microscopy/tomography approach is used to solve the structure of the immature Mason–Pfizer monkey virus Gag lattice at a resolution of 8 Å, allowing the derivation of a model for the structure of retroviral capsid in the immature Gag shell.             Heterogeneous pathways and timing of factor departure during translation initiation ▶     Albert Tsai, Alexey Petrov, R. Andrew Marshall, Jonas Korlach, Sotaro Uemura et al.     A single-molecule approach is used to investigate the kinetics of assembly of the translation initiation complex, revealing that there is more than one pathway by which the necessary factors can assemble.             News & Views                   Prenatal diagnostics: Fetal genes in mother's blood ▶     Diana W. Bianchi             Cardiology: Bad matters made worse ▶     Ira Tabas             Chemical biology: Greasy tags for protein removal ▶     Taavi K. Neklesa & Craig M. Crews             Evolutionary physiology: A bone for all seasons ▶     Kevin Padian             Research Highlights                   Ecology: For more than just kissing | Neuroscience: Hormone linked to depression | Palaeoanthropology: Lucy's relatives walked upright | Microbiology: Watching biofilms form | Cognitive neuroscience: A smart hub in the brain | Biophysics: Trout nose yields magnetic cells | Biodiversity: Extinctions still to come | Cancer biology: p53 can be cancer's friend, not foe         NEWS & COMMENT           London calling | The legacy of Lonesome George | Gene data to hit milestone | Wary approval for drug to prevent HIV | Florida abuzz over mosquito plan | Performance enhancement: Superhuman athletes | Science at the Olympics: Team science | Public health: Towards a cure for HIV | Olympics: Run for your life | Olympics: Genetically enhanced Olympics are coming | Epigenetics: Different under the skin | Pathology: The dead reborn | Q&A: Superpower sleuth | Sanitation: Sewage recycles antibiotic resistance Julian Davies           CAREERS           Clinical course for PhDs             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Nature Medicine and the Volkswagen Foundation present: Herrenhausen Symposium on Metastasis October 8-10, 2012 - Seeon, Germany A subset of leaders in the field will attend the Herrenhausen Symposium and participate in an interdisciplinary discussion that will point in the direction of solutions to the greatest challenges that the field of metastasis faces. Apply today!               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   APJ acts as a dual receptor in cardiac hypertrophy ▶     Maria Cecilia Scimia, Cecilia Hurtado, Saugata Ray, Scott Metzler, Ke Wei et al.     APJ is shown to be a bifunctional receptor for both mechanical stretch and the endogenous peptide apelin, a finding that is important for the development of APJ agonist to treat heart failure.             Viral immune modulators perturb the human molecular network by common and unique strategies ▶     Andreas Pichlmair, Kumaran Kandasamy, Gualtiero Alvisi, Orla Mulhern, Roberto Sacco et al.     A systems approach provides a global perspective of the different strategies that viruses use to modulate the cellular innate immune response; this may be useful in the design of future viral intervention strategies.             The dynamic disulphide relay of quiescin sulphydryl oxidase ▶     Assaf Alon, Iris Grossman, Yair Gat, Vamsi K. Kodali, Frank DiMaio et al.     The X-ray crystal structures of trypanosome and mammalian quiescin sulphydryl oxidase are determined; these structures and follow-up biochemical studies show that large conformational changes occur as the enzyme relays disulphide bonds through its redox-active sites.             Articles and Letters                   Dodecagonal tiling in mesoporous silica ▶     Changhong Xiao, Nobuhisa Fujita, Keiichi Miyasaka, Yasuhiro Sakamoto & Osamu Terasaki     The well-established self-assembly of surfactant micelles is used to produce a new mesoporous silica structure, a dodecagonal quasicrystal, which offers larger length scales than intermetallic quasicrystals and improved structural quality compared with soft-matter mesoscale quasicrystals.             SHARP1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by promoting degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors ▶     Marco Montagner, Elena Enzo, Mattia Forcato, Francesca Zanconato, Anna Parenti et al.     SHARP1, which is itself regulated by the p63 metastasis suppressor, regulates the invasive and metastatic phenotype in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) through inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factors, and this process operates independently from oxygen levels.             Heterogeneous pathways and timing of factor departure during translation initiation ▶     Albert Tsai, Alexey Petrov, R. Andrew Marshall, Jonas Korlach, Sotaro Uemura et al.     A single-molecule approach is used to investigate the kinetics of assembly of the translation initiation complex, revealing that there is more than one pathway by which the necessary factors can assemble.             News & Views                   Chemical biology: Greasy tags for protein removal ▶     Taavi K. Neklesa & Craig M. Crews           NEWS & COMMENT           Performance enhancement: Superhuman athletes             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Materials science: The abilities of instabilities ▶     Ali Passian & Thomas Thundat             Structured spheres generated by an in-fibre fluid instability ▶     Joshua J. Kaufman, Guangming Tao, Soroush Shabahang, Esmaeil-Hooman Banaei, Daosheng S. Deng et al.     Uniformly sized, structured spherical particles can be made in large quantities and across a wide range of sizes by an ingenious technique involving heating and drawing out multi-component fibres.             Articles and Letters                   High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z=2.18 ▶     David R. Law, Alice E. Shapley, Charles C. Steidel, Naveen A. Reddy, Charlotte R. Christensen et al.     A rare grand-design spiral galaxy is identified at redshift greater than 2; the rarity of such galaxies may be partly explained by evidence for perturbation by a merging companion.             How atomic nuclei cluster ▶     J.-P. Ebran, E. Khan, T. Nikšić & D. Vretenar     The theoretical framework of energy-density functionals has been used to show that the depth of the confining nuclear potential has an important role in cluster formation, with a pronounced effect for relativistic functionals.             Terahertz-field-induced insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide metamaterial ▶     Mengkun Liu, Harold Y. Hwang, Hu Tao, Andrew C. Strikwerda, Kebin Fan et al.     An innovative technique uses ultrafast below-bandgap electric-field pulses to induce and probe an insulator–metal transition in an oxide thin film on which a metamaterial structure has been deposited.             Dodecagonal tiling in mesoporous silica ▶     Changhong Xiao, Nobuhisa Fujita, Keiichi Miyasaka, Yasuhiro Sakamoto & Osamu Terasaki     The well-established self-assembly of surfactant micelles is used to produce a new mesoporous silica structure, a dodecagonal quasicrystal, which offers larger length scales than intermetallic quasicrystals and improved structural quality compared with soft-matter mesoscale quasicrystals.             News & Views                   Nuclear physics: Nucleons come together ▶     Martin Freer             Materials science: The abilities of instabilities ▶     Ali Passian & Thomas Thundat             Research Highlights                   Astronomy: Dark galaxies revealed         NEWS & COMMENT           Wildfires ignite debate on global warming | Theorists feast on Higgs data | Cosmic survey finds global appeal             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom ▶     Victor Smetacek, Christine Klaas, Volker H. Strass, Philipp Assmy, Marina Montresor et al.     The study of an iron-fertilized phytoplankton bloom dominated by diatoms, which takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, shows that a substantial proportion of the bloom eventually sinks to the deep-sea floor, sequestering the carbon for timescales of centuries or more.             Solid–liquid iron partitioning in Earth’s deep mantle ▶     Denis Andrault, Sylvain Petitgirard, Giacomo Lo Nigro, Jean-Luc Devidal, Giulia Veronesi et al.     Iron in partially molten rocks under deep-mantle conditions partitions into the melt phase less than previously reported, suggesting that melt generated near the core–mantle boundary should segregate upwards.             News & Views                   Biogeochemistry: The great iron dump ▶     Ken O. Buesseler           NEWS & COMMENT           Wildfires ignite debate on global warming | Environment: Costa Rica pioneers ecosystem services Ina Porras | Sanitation: Sewage recycles antibiotic resistance Julian Davies             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                 Careers & Jobs ▲top               Risky research: The sky's the limit ▶     Transformative research projects can bring big rewards. But securing funding requires a particular set of strategies.                   Unionization review ▶     Union membership could reopen for US research assistants.                   Clinical course for PhDs ▶     Programme aims to broaden career options of biomedical students.                   Advocacy group forms ▶     Global coalition will promote improved work conditions for early-career researchers.                   Careers related news & comment                   Death of evidence | London calling | Europe joins UK open-access bid | Olympics: Genetically enhanced Olympics are coming | Books in brief | Open access: Let's go for gold Michael Jubb | Open access: A green light for archiving Stevan Harnad | Open science: Data sharing is harder to reward Gerrit Hirschfeld             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Researchers in Lung and Colon Cancer     Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalitzada del Càncer (IMPPC)            Postdoctoral fellow in nanomaterials     INRS - Institut national de la recherche scientifique-University of Quebec            Career Opportunities in Life Sciences for Research Fellows     University of Manchester            Research Technician III-IV     Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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