Nature contents: 24 May 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 485 Number 7399      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       RIKEN RESEARCH - The latest in news and research from RIKEN, Japan's flagship research organization Research highlights: Inside a plant's pharma factory | Maintaining restraint in the face of danger | At the edge of awareness News, research highlights and in-depth interviews with RIKEN's leading researchers, updated weekly and all completely free. Keep up to date by registering for the weekly email alert!             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Superflares on solar-type stars   The Kepler satellite, usually to be found searching for extrasolar planets, is also proving ideal for the study of 'superflares'. These explosive events in the atmospheres of stars are many thousands of times more energetic than the average solar flare. They can occur on Sun-like stars but luckily, this paper suggests that our Sun is extremely unlikely to produce a superflare.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms   'Clock genes' have been studied in many organisms and their variety encourages the view that each clock evolved independently. But the recent discovery of circadian oscillations linked to the oxidation-reduction cycles of peroxiredoxin proteins in human red blood cells and algae suggests otherwise. This type of cellular time-keeping may have co-evolved with redox homeostatic mechanisms for 2.5 billion years.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Discovery of a sensory organ that coordinates lunge feeding in rorqual whales   Rorqual whales, a group that includes the largest vertebrates known, living or extinct, have evolved a method of feeding called lunge feeding, unique among vertebrates. This involves swimming at speed whilst gulping large volumes of prey-laden water. Now a new study reavels a unique sensory organ in the jaws of fin, minke and other roquals that plays a crucial role in coordinating lunge feeding.                   Maximize the visibility of your research BioMed Central publishes over 230 open access journals in all areas of biology and medicine. Editorial decisions by leading researchers. Integrated support for audio, video and data files. Get more exposure for your work: over 8 million articles downloaded monthly and immediate indexing in PubMed.  Discover BioMed Central for yourself                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: strict diets and stem cells, how the goliaths of the ocean trawl for food, and birds learning to hold a tune. Plus, the best of the rest from Nature.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   A charter for geoengineering ▶     A controversial field trial of technology to mitigate climate change has been cancelled, but research continues. A robust governance framework is sorely needed to prevent further setbacks.             In from the cold ▶     Research into the Fukushima meltdowns has given a new lease of life to a valuable group.             A whale of a story ▶     A previously unknown sensory organ provides a lesson in coordination.             World View                   We must set planetary boundaries wisely ▶     The concept of environmental thresholds is compelling, but it has the potential to shift political focus to the wrong areas, says Simon L. Lewis.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 18–24 May 2012 ▶     The week in science: Canada shuts down influential lakes research site; France's science minister appointed; and commercial spaceflight firm SpaceX launches its Dragon capsule to the International Space Station.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Fukushima's doses tallied ▶     Studies indicate minimal health risks from radiation in the aftermath of Japan's nuclear disaster.             Biosafety concerns for labs in the developing world ▶     As report reveals lax standards in Asia-Pacific, researchers debate how to enforce rules.             US government sets out Alzheimer's plan ▶     Health-agency budget windfall includes funding for two promising clinical trials.             Global council aims to coordinate science ▶     Research-agency heads from around the world agree to formulate shared principles to aid collaborations.             Hubble to revisit exoplanet puzzle ▶     Team aims to settle running dispute over mysterious object.             Cancelled project spurs debate over geoengineering patents ▶     SPICE research consortium decides not to field-test its technology to reflect the Sun's rays.             War on weeds loses ground ▶     The rise of herbicide-resistant varieties drives a search for fresh methods of control.             Features                   Bird-flu research: The biosecurity oversight ▶     The fight over mutant flu has thrown the spotlight on a little-known government body that oversees dual-use research. Some are asking if it was up to the task.             Gran Sasso: Chamber of physics ▶     The world's largest underground laboratory has been a success story for Italian science. But 30 years after construction began, its future is uncertain.           COMMENT           Antibiotics: Recover the lost art of drug discovery ▶     Bacterial evolution is overwhelming our antibiotic defences, says Kim Lewis. Using modern technology to replicate past success might tip the balance in our favour.             Environmental science: The hidden costs of flexible fertility ▶     Urgent public debate is needed over a European proposal to regulate environmental levels of the active ingredient in birth-control pills, say Richard Owen and Susan Jobling.             Books and Arts                   Development: Striking out for new territory ▶     Wendy Wolford hails a perceptive take on the people and organizations behind modern big land acquisitions.             Books in brief ▶             Behavioural ecology: Design for living ▶     Manfred Milinski hails the long-awaited update of a classic on the optimal design of behaviour.             Q&A: The graphic historian ▶     New York-based author and illustrator Jonathan Fetter-Vorm makes hand-printed books on Darwin and other historical scientific subjects — including a hand-stitched treatise on surgical suturing. As he releases Trinity, a graphic history of the atomic bomb, Fetter-Vorm talks about crafting science chronicles.             Correspondence                   Microbiology: Categorize probiotics to speed research Gregor Reid | Botany: Support home-grown plant collectors Philip E. Hulme | Publishing: Careless linking of Wallace and Darwin K. Razi Naqvi | Pathogens: Monitoring fungal infections in fish Rodolphe Gozlan           Correction                   Correction ▶                         The Naturejobs Career Expo London 2012 UK's largest career fair and conference focused exclusively on the scientific world. 20 September 2012 • Business Design Centre, London, UK Register today! Career fair is FREE of charge. Conference fee is £40.               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Evolutionary anthropology: Homo 'incendius' ▶     Richard G. Roberts & Michael I. Bird             The let-7–Imp axis regulates ageing of the Drosophila testis stem-cell niche ▶     Hila Toledano, Cecilia D’Alterio, Benjamin Czech, Erel Levine & D. Leanne Jones     In the Drosophila testis, IGF-II messenger RNA binding protein (Imp) is shown to promote stem-cell niche maintenance by stabilizing unpaired (upd) RNA; Imp levels decrease in the hub cells of older males, owing to regulation by the microRNA let-7.             Three-dimensional limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega ▶     Stephanie E. Pierce, Jennifer A. Clack & John R. Hutchinson     Three-dimensional reconstruction and modelling of limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega is used to provide insights into an important step in vertebrate evolution—the transition from swimming to walking.             Immune self-reactivity triggered by drug-modified HLA-peptide repertoire ▶     Patricia T. Illing, Julian P. Vivian, Nadine L. Dudek, Lyudmila Kostenko, Zhenjun Chen et al.     The paper describes the mechanism by which small-molecule drugs such as abacavir affect antigen presentation and consequently T-cell response in immunologically based drug reactions such as abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) and carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS).             Site-specific DICER and DROSHA RNA products control the DNA-damage response ▶     Sofia Francia, Flavia Michelini, Alka Saxena, Dave Tang, Michiel de Hoon et al.     Small non-coding RNAs have been implicated in the regulation of many processes; now a novel class of these RNAs is identified as having a role in the DNA-damage response.             mTORC1 in the Paneth cell niche couples intestinal stem-cell function to calorie intake ▶     Ömer H. Yilmaz, Pekka Katajisto, Dudley W. Lamming, Yetis Gültekin, Khristian E. Bauer-Rowe et al.     In the mouse intestine, calorie restriction enhances the regenerative capacity of intestinal stem cells by reducing mTORC1 signalling in their Paneth cell niche.             Crystal structure of an orthologue of the NaChBac voltage-gated sodium channel ▶     Xu Zhang, Wenlin Ren, Paul DeCaen, Chuangye Yan, Xiao Tao et al.     The crystal structure of NavRh, a NaChBac orthologue from the marine Rickettsiales sp. HIMB114, defines an ion binding site within the selectivity filter, and reveals several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling mechanism.             Crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel in two potentially inactivated states ▶     Jian Payandeh, Tamer M. Gamal El-Din, Todd Scheuer, Ning Zheng & William A. Catterall     X-ray crystal structures of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel in two ‘inactivated’ conformations are reported, revealing several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling of voltage sensor movement to inactivation of the pore.             Covert skill learning in a cortical-basal ganglia circuit ▶     Jonathan D. Charlesworth, Timothy L. Warren & Michael S. Brainard     In Bengalese finches, a basal ganglia circuit, the anterior forebrain pathway, can covertly acquire the ability to adaptively modify song without contributing to song production during practice or training.             Atomic model of the type III secretion system needle ▶     Antoine Loquet, Nikolaos G. Sgourakis, Rashmi Gupta, Karin Giller, Dietmar Riedel et al.     The structure of the needle of the type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium, used to inject virulence proteins into host cells during infection, has been resolved by a combination of in vitro needle production, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy and Rosetta modelling at atomic resolution.             The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer ▶     Catherine S. Grasso, Yi-Mi Wu, Dan R. Robinson, Xuhong Cao, Saravana M. Dhanasekaran et al.     Exome sequencing is used to investigate the role of mutations and copy number aberrations in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, revealing recurrent mutations in multiple chromatin/histone modifying genes, as well as genes involved in androgen signalling.             Structure of yeast Argonaute with guide RNA ▶     Kotaro Nakanishi, David E. Weinberg, David P. Bartel & Dinshaw J. Patel     Argonaute proteins are an essential part of the guide-RNA–protein complex that carries out RNA-induced gene silencing; structure–function studies of the yeast complex reveal conserved features of the eukaryotic complex, which underlie formation of the catalytically active conformation.             Articles and Letters                   Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms ▶     Rachel S. Edgar, Edward W. Green, Yuwei Zhao, Gerben van Ooijen, Maria Olmedo et al.     Daily oxidation–reduction cycles of peroxiredoxin proteins are shown to be conserved in all domains of life, including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.             Rab5 is necessary for the biogenesis of the endolysosomal system in vivo ▶     Anja Zeigerer, Jerome Gilleron, Roman L. Bogorad, Giovanni Marsico, Hidenori Nonaka et al.     The small GTPase Rab5 has been proposed to be a master regulator of endosome biogenesis; using in vivo RNA interference and mathematical modelling it is shown here that the endolysosomal system is resilient to loss of Rab5 until its concentration drops below a critical level, at which point endosomes are lost, leading to increased serum low-density lipoprotein levels, alterations in metabolism and hepatocellular polarity.             Brain-wide neuronal dynamics during motor adaptation in zebrafish ▶     Misha B. Ahrens, Jennifer M. Li, Michael B. Orger, Drew N. Robson, Alexander F. Schier et al.     Neural activity is recorded at the cellular level, throughout the brain of larval zebrafish, while the animals interact with a virtual environment and adapt their motor output to changes in visual feedback; this is used to derive candidates of functional elements driving motor learning.             Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change ▶     E. M. Wolkovich, B. I. Cook, J. M. Allen, T. M. Crimmins, J. L. Betancourt et al.     Advances in plant flowering and leafing times in response to warming are underpredicted by experimental warming studies.             Discovery of a sensory organ that coordinates lunge feeding in rorqual whales ▶     Nicholas D. Pyenson, Jeremy A. Goldbogen, A. Wayne Vogl, Gabor Szathmary, Richard L. Drake et al.     A newly discovered sensory organ in the jaws of rorqual whales is shown to have a crucial role during lunge feeding.             Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations ▶     Michael F. Berger, Eran Hodis, Timothy P. Heffernan, Yonathan Lissanu Deribe, Michael S. Lawrence et al.     Whole-genome sequencing of 25 metastatic melanomas and matched germline DNA in humans reveals that the highest mutation load is associated with chronic sun exposure, and that the PREX2 gene is mutated in approximately 14 per cent of cases             Sustained translational repression by eIF2α-P mediates prion neurodegeneration ▶     Julie A. Moreno, Helois Radford, Diego Peretti, Joern R. Steinert, Nicholas Verity et al.     Accumulation of prion protein during prion replication causes persistent translational repression of global protein synthesis, which is mediated by eIF2α-P and is associated with synaptic failure and neuronal loss in prion-diseased mice; promoting translational recovery in hippocampi of prion-infected mice is neuroprotective.             Apolipoprotein E controls cerebrovascular integrity via cyclophilin A ▶     Robert D. Bell, Ethan A. Winkler, Itender Singh, Abhay P. Sagare, Rashid Deane et al.     The APOE4-mediated proinflammatory pathway is shown to initiate blood–brain barrier breakdown and resulting neurodegeneration in transgenic mice.             Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity ▶     Ursula Fünfschilling, Lotti M. Supplie, Don Mahad, Susann Boretius, Aiman S. Saab et al.     After myelination, oligodendrocytes are able to survive without mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that they can switch to aerobic glycolysis and release lactate.             Cryptic peroxisomal targeting via alternative splicing and stop codon read-through in fungi ▶     Johannes Freitag, Julia Ast & Michael Bölker     Translocation of glycolytic enzymes to peroxisomes in fungi suggests broader metabolic role for this organelle.             The complex of tmRNA–SmpB and EF-G on translocating ribosomes ▶     David J. F. Ramrath, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Kristian Rother, Daniela Wittek, Markus Pech et al.     Stalled bacterial ribosomes can be rescued by interaction with SmpB protein and a highly structured transfer-messenger RNA, and a cryo-electron microscopy map of this complex now shows how EF-G-dependent translocation of this non-canonical ligand is facilitated by conformational changes in the ribosome and the transfer-messenger RNA.             Evolution of the chalcone-isomerase fold from fatty-acid binding to stereospecific catalysis ▶     Micheline N. Ngaki, Gordon V. Louie, Ryan N. Philippe, Gerard Manning, Florence Pojer et al.     The diffusion limited stereospecific enzyme chalcone isomerase represents the adaptive evolution of a catalytically perfected enzyme from non-catalytic, fatty-acid-binding proteins (FAPs) with contemporary roles in plant fatty-acid metabolism as evidenced by altered fatty acid content and marked reproductive defects in Arabidopsis thaliana plants bearing FAP knockouts.             News & Views                   Climate change: Flowering in the greenhouse ▶     This Rutishauser, Reto Stöckli, John Harte & Lara Kueppers             Alzheimer's disease: A breach in the blood–brain barrier ▶     Peter Carmeliet & Bart De Strooper             Neuroscience: Crystal–clear brains ▶     Joseph R. Fetcho             Evolutionary anthropology: Homo 'incendius' ▶     Richard G. Roberts & Michael I. Bird             Brief Communications Arising                   New evidence on testosterone and cooperation ▶     Jack van Honk, Estrella R. Montoya, Peter A. Bos, Mark van Vugt & David Terburg             Eisenegger et al. reply ▶     C. Eisenegger, M. Naef, R. Snozzi, M. Heinrichs & E. Fehr             Research Highlights                   Human genetics: Not-so-rare gene variants | Neuroscience: Brain stimulation zaps fear | Evolution: Tooth-enamel similarities | Ecology: Outpaced by climate change | Zoology: Star's five-legged coordination         NEWS & COMMENT           In from the cold | A whale of a story | Fukushima's doses tallied | Biosafety concerns for labs in the developing world | US government sets out Alzheimer's plan | War on weeds loses ground | Bird-flu research: The biosecurity oversight | Antibiotics: Recover the lost art of drug discovery | Environmental science: The hidden costs of flexible fertility | Books in brief | Behavioural ecology: Design for living | Q&A: The graphic historian | Microbiology: Categorize probiotics to speed research Gregor Reid | Botany: Support home-grown plant collectors Philip E. Hulme | Publishing: Careless linking of Wallace and Darwin K. Razi Naqvi | Pathogens: Monitoring fungal infections in fish Rodolphe Gozlan           CAREERS           Turning point: Ricardo Dolmetsch | Brain research boost             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Nature Reviews Cancer POSTER - MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION AND CANCER Author: Douglas C. Wallace Access the Poster FREE online! www.nature.com/nrc/posters/mitochondria This Poster is freely available thanks to sponsorship from Abcam               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Immune self-reactivity triggered by drug-modified HLA-peptide repertoire ▶     Patricia T. Illing, Julian P. Vivian, Nadine L. Dudek, Lyudmila Kostenko, Zhenjun Chen et al.     The paper describes the mechanism by which small-molecule drugs such as abacavir affect antigen presentation and consequently T-cell response in immunologically based drug reactions such as abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) and carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS).             Crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel in two potentially inactivated states ▶     Jian Payandeh, Tamer M. Gamal El-Din, Todd Scheuer, Ning Zheng & William A. Catterall     X-ray crystal structures of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel in two ‘inactivated’ conformations are reported, revealing several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling of voltage sensor movement to inactivation of the pore.             Structure of yeast Argonaute with guide RNA ▶     Kotaro Nakanishi, David E. Weinberg, David P. Bartel & Dinshaw J. Patel     Argonaute proteins are an essential part of the guide-RNA–protein complex that carries out RNA-induced gene silencing; structure–function studies of the yeast complex reveal conserved features of the eukaryotic complex, which underlie formation of the catalytically active conformation.             Articles and Letters                   Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms ▶     Rachel S. Edgar, Edward W. Green, Yuwei Zhao, Gerben van Ooijen, Maria Olmedo et al.     Daily oxidation–reduction cycles of peroxiredoxin proteins are shown to be conserved in all domains of life, including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.             All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency ▶     In Chung, Byunghong Lee, Jiaqing He, Robert P. H. Chang & Mercouri G. Kanatzidis     A solution-processable inorganic semiconductor is reported that can replace the liquid electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells, yielding all-solid-state solar cells with impressive energy conversion efficiencies.             The complex of tmRNA–SmpB and EF-G on translocating ribosomes ▶     David J. F. Ramrath, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Kristian Rother, Daniela Wittek, Markus Pech et al.     Stalled bacterial ribosomes can be rescued by interaction with SmpB protein and a highly structured transfer-messenger RNA, and a cryo-electron microscopy map of this complex now shows how EF-G-dependent translocation of this non-canonical ligand is facilitated by conformational changes in the ribosome and the transfer-messenger RNA.             Evolution of the chalcone-isomerase fold from fatty-acid binding to stereospecific catalysis ▶     Micheline N. Ngaki, Gordon V. Louie, Ryan N. Philippe, Gerard Manning, Florence Pojer et al.     The diffusion limited stereospecific enzyme chalcone isomerase represents the adaptive evolution of a catalytically perfected enzyme from non-catalytic, fatty-acid-binding proteins (FAPs) with contemporary roles in plant fatty-acid metabolism as evidenced by altered fatty acid content and marked reproductive defects in Arabidopsis thaliana plants bearing FAP knockouts.             News & Views                   Applied chemistry: Molecules meet materials ▶     Thomas E. Mallouk           NEWS & COMMENT           War on weeds loses ground             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Condensed-matter physics: Repulsive polarons found ▶     Peter Hannaford             Metastability and coherence of repulsive polarons in a strongly interacting Fermi mixture ▶     C. Kohstall, M. Zaccanti, M. Jag, A. Trenkwalder, P. Massignan et al.     Radio-frequency spectroscopy is used to identify a long-lived, metastable quasiparticle in a lithium–potassium Fermi mixture with strongly repulsive interactions.             Attractive and repulsive Fermi polarons in two dimensions ▶     Marco Koschorreck, Daniel Pertot, Enrico Vogt, Bernd Fröhlich, Michael Feld et al.     Investigations of a two-dimensional spin-imbalanced Fermi gas reveal the existence of the Fermi polaron for attractive and repulsive interactions, and the transition from the attractive polaron to a molecule.             Articles and Letters                   Superflares on solar-type stars ▶     Hiroyuki Maehara, Takuya Shibayama, Shota Notsu, Yuta Notsu, Takashi Nagao et al.     Observations of superflares on solar-type stars indicate that they are associated with much larger starspots than appear on the Sun, occur more frequently on rapidly rotating stars and, contrary to a previous proposal, are not frequently associated with hot Jupiters.             Tunable ion–photon entanglement in an optical cavity ▶     A. Stute, B. Casabone, P. Schindler, T. Monz, P. O. Schmidt et al.     A method for achieving fully tunable entanglement between a single 40Ca+ ion and the polarization state of a single photon within an optical resonator is reported, providing a promising means of distributing information within quantum networks.             All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency ▶     In Chung, Byunghong Lee, Jiaqing He, Robert P. H. Chang & Mercouri G. Kanatzidis     A solution-processable inorganic semiconductor is reported that can replace the liquid electrolyte of dye-sensitized solar cells, yielding all-solid-state solar cells with impressive energy conversion efficiencies.             Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change ▶     E. M. Wolkovich, B. I. Cook, J. M. Allen, T. M. Crimmins, J. L. Betancourt et al.     Advances in plant flowering and leafing times in response to warming are underpredicted by experimental warming studies.             News & Views                   Climate change: Flowering in the greenhouse ▶     This Rutishauser, Reto Stöckli, John Harte & Lara Kueppers             Applied chemistry: Molecules meet materials ▶     Thomas E. Mallouk             Particle physics: A reminder of the beauty we know ▶     Jonathan Butterworth             Astrophysics: Startling superflares ▶     Bradley E. Schaefer             Condensed-matter physics: Repulsive polarons found ▶     Peter Hannaford             Erratum                   Erratum: Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability ▶     Ben B. B. Booth, Nick J. Dunstone, Paul R. Halloran, Timothy Andrews & Nicolas Bellouin             Research Highlights                   Bioengineering: Viruses as power generators | Nuclear physics: Fingerprint of nuclear fuel | Ecology: Outpaced by climate change | Geoengineering: Cooling effects of white roofs         NEWS & COMMENT           A charter for geoengineering | In from the cold | Hubble to revisit exoplanet puzzle | Cancelled project spurs debate over geoengineering patents | Gran Sasso: Chamber of physics | Q&A: The graphic historian             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Three-dimensional limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega ▶     Stephanie E. Pierce, Jennifer A. Clack & John R. Hutchinson     Three-dimensional reconstruction and modelling of limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega is used to provide insights into an important step in vertebrate evolution—the transition from swimming to walking.             Articles and Letters                   Statistical geochemistry reveals disruption in secular lithospheric evolution about 2.5 Gyr ago ▶     C. Brenhin Keller & Blair Schoene     Statistical sampling of a large geochemical database reveals a pervasive discontinuity about 2.5 billion years ago, indicating marked changes in mantle and deep-crustal melting, and providing a link between deep Earth processes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen on the Earth.             Warming experiments underpredict plant phenological responses to climate change ▶     E. M. Wolkovich, B. I. Cook, J. M. Allen, T. M. Crimmins, J. L. Betancourt et al.     Advances in plant flowering and leafing times in response to warming are underpredicted by experimental warming studies.             News & Views                   Climate change: Flowering in the greenhouse ▶     This Rutishauser, Reto Stöckli, John Harte & Lara Kueppers             Geochemistry: Portrait of Earth's coming of age ▶     William M. White             Erratum                   Erratum: Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability ▶     Ben B. B. Booth, Nick J. Dunstone, Paul R. Halloran, Timothy Andrews & Nicolas Bellouin             Research Highlights                   Hydrology: Groundwater down, sea level up | Ecology: Outpaced by climate change | Geoengineering: Cooling effects of white roofs         NEWS & COMMENT           A charter for geoengineering | We must set planetary boundaries wisely | Fukushima's doses tallied | Hubble to revisit exoplanet puzzle | Cancelled project spurs debate over geoengineering patents | Environmental science: The hidden costs of flexible fertility             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Emerging Microbes & Infections (EMI) - New open access journal launching in July 2012! EMI aims to provide a forum to publish articles related to all aspects of emerging pathogens, such as their previously unknown genotypic or phenotypic characteristics, their mechanisms of pathogenesis and evasion of immunity, and the diseases they cause. Submit today!               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Postgraduate options: Academia misses the mark ▶     Careers advice offered at US institutes is lacking for doctoral students disillusioned with the prospect of an academic career.                   Turning point: Ricardo Dolmetsch ▶     Neurobiologist's shift in career focus leads to a brain-research post.                   Reaching higher ranks ▶     Female faculty members at Canadian universities earn less than males.                   Best global provider ▶     US higher education system tops a list of 48 nations, according to rankings.                   Brain research boost ▶     Canada contributes funds to early-career neuroscience training programmes.                   Correction ▶                   Careers related news & comment                   A charter for geoengineering | Global council aims to coordinate science | Cancelled project spurs debate over geoengineering patents | War on weeds loses ground | Development: Striking out for new territory | Books in brief | Microbiology: Categorize probiotics to speed research Gregor Reid | Botany: Support home-grown plant collectors Philip E. 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