Nature Neuroscience Contents: May 2012 Volume 15 Number 5, pp 645 - 802

Advertisement Built by your needs - The Olympus BX3 microscope systems for fluorescence-based research Fluorescent probes are essential in biological research, offering identification of subcellular structures, transgenic expression visualisation and sequence of specific RNA or DNA staining. The Olympus BX3 microscope series utilise a range of features ensuring the entire optical path of the microscope is optimised for multi-wavelength analysis, providing the highest possible resolution, colour separation and signal to noise ratio. Learn more: www.microscopy.olympus.eu/microscopes/bx3_webspecial.htm TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2012 Volume 15, Issue 5 Focus Editorial News and Views Commentary Perspectives Reviews Brief Communications Articles Resource Advertisement Smarter, larger animal models. Knockout rats are now available from SAGE® Labs for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, including new models of autism spectrum disorders. Learn more. sageresearchmodels.com/research-models Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Focus Top Social Neuroscience Focus issue: May 2012 Volume 15, No 5 Contents Editorial Commentary Perspectives Reviews Editorial Top Focus on social neuroscience p645 doi:10.1038/nn0512-645 We present a special focus on social neuroscience, bringing together several strands of research to highlight recent progress in the field. Full Text | PDF News and Views Top Is the reward really worth it? pp647 - 649 Steven W Kennerley doi:10.1038/nn.3096 How does the brain evaluate whether the benefits of a decision outweigh the costs? A study now reveals that neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex encode costs and benefits, and altering brain activity here biases choices away from negative outcomes. These results link anterior cingulate cortex with the regulation of emotional states. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Amemori & Graybiel Astrocytes join the plasticity party pp649 - 651 David J Rossi doi:10.1038/nn.3095 In the developing cortex, spike timing-dependent long-term depression requires cannabinoid-induced glutamate release from astrocytes. Astrocytes may be integral to the coincidence detection that guides plasticity and map formation. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Min & Nevian Fat incites tanycytes to neurogenesis pp651 - 653 Marcelo O Dietrich and Tamas L Horvath doi:10.1038/nn.3091 Tanycytes in the hypothalamic median eminence have now been found to form a metabolically sensitive neurogenic niche in the brain. In adult mice, tanycytes give rise to hypothalamic regulatory neurons in response to a high-fat diet. Full Text | PDF See also: Brief Communication by Lee et al. On the scent of mitochondrial calcium pp653 - 654 Frank Zufall doi:10.1038/nn.3090 Odorants are now shown to elevate mitochondrial Ca2+ in sensory neurons; moreover, blocking this Ca2+ sequestration impairs dynamic range. Acute stimulation rapidly recruits mitochondria from the soma to the dendritic knob. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Fluegge et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week developmental neuroscience post-doctoral position University of Liege - GIGA research center PhD scholarship in cognitive neuroscience Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Postdoctoral Fellow in Computational Neuroscience Northwestern University - Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics Doctorate in Neurosciences Bar Ilan University Protein Biochemist Position in Structural Neuroscience Peking University More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT FENS Forum of Neuroscience 14.-17.07.12 Barcelona, Spain More science events from Commentary Top The roots of modern justice: cognitive and neural foundations of social norms and their enforcement pp655 - 661 Joshua W Buckholtz and René Marois doi:10.1038/nn.3087 This commentary reviews the neural processes underpinning the learning of social norms, as well the enforcement of these norms through second-party and third-party punishment. The authors suggest how these structures may have formed during our evolutionary history. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Perspectives Top Neural mechanisms of social risk for psychiatric disorders pp663 - 668 Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg and Heike Tost doi:10.1038/nn.3083 This review discusses how social factors modulate risks for mental disorders, and the neural systems that implement this modulation. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Social neuroscience and health: neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health pp669 - 674 Naomi I Eisenberger and Steve W Cole doi:10.1038/nn.3086 Although the relationship between social factors and physical health outcomes is well-recognized, the modulatory role of neural processing in this link is less well understood. This perspective describes the way in which neurophysiological processes respond to social connection and disconnection to influence health outcomes. Abstract | Full Text | PDF The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise pp675 - 680 Jamil Zaki and Kevin Ochsner doi:10.1038/nn.3085 In this perspective, the authors critically evaluate the research on the neural systems supporting empathy. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Reviews Top The animal and human neuroendocrinology of social cognition, motivation and behavior pp681 - 688 Cade McCall and Tania Singer doi:10.1038/nn.3084 How does the neuroendocrine system modulate social behavior? The authors review animal as well as human work that aims to answer this question, and suggest ways to advance further research. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Social influences on neuroplasticity: stress and interventions to promote well-being pp689 - 695 Richard J Davidson and Bruce S McEwen doi:10.1038/nn.3093 This review describes how both negative and positive social factors, ranging from stress to meditation, affect brain structure and functioning. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Brief Communications Top microRNA-9 regulates axon extension and branching by targeting Map1b in mouse cortical neurons pp697 - 699 Federico Dajas-Bailador, Boyan Bonev, Patricia Garcez, Peter Stanley, Francois Guillemot and Nancy Papalopulu doi:10.1038/nn.3082 This paper reports that microRNA-9 controls axonal extension and branching of cortical neurons via its actions on the MAP1B protein. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF Tanycytes of the hypothalamic median eminence form a diet-responsive neurogenic niche pp700 - 702 Daniel A Lee, Joseph L Bedont, Thomas Pak, Hong Wang, Juan Song, Ana Miranda-Angulo, Vani Takiar, Vanessa Charubhumi, Francesca Balordi, Hirohide Takebayashi, Susan Aja, Eric Ford, Gordon Fishell and Seth Blackshaw doi:10.1038/nn.3079 The authors describe a neurogenic niche in the postnatal hypothalamus of mice wherein β2-tanycytes generate neurons in response to high-fat diet. Blocking this neurogenesis leads to attenuated weight gain and increased activity levels. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Dietrich & Horvath Articles Top NgR1 and NgR3 are receptors for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans pp703 - 712 Travis L Dickendesher, Katherine T Baldwin, Yevgeniya A Mironova, Yoshiki Koriyama, Stephen J Raiker, Kim L Askew, Andrew Wood, Cédric G Geoffroy, Binhai Zheng, Claire D Liepmann, Yasuhiro Katagiri, Larry I Benowitz, Herbert M Geller and Roman J Giger doi:10.1038/nn.3070 In this study, the authors show that NgR1 and NgR3 can act as functional receptors for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), mediating inhibition of axonal growth and regeneration. This suggests a convergent mechanism for CSPG- and myelin-associated inhibitor activities after axonal injury in the CNS. Abstract | Full Text | PDF An evolutionary recent neuroepithelial cell adhesion function of huntingtin implicates ADAM10-Ncadherin pp713 - 721 Valentina Lo Sardo, Chiara Zuccato, Germano Gaudenzi, Barbara Vitali, Catarina Ramos, Marzia Tartari, Michael A Myre, James A Walker, Anna Pistocchi, Luciano Conti, Marta Valenza, Binia Drung, Boris Schmidt, James Gusella, Scott Zeitlin, Franco Cotelli and Elena Cattaneo doi:10.1038/nn.3080 In this paper, the authors show that, in the non-diseased state, the huntingtin protein promotes homotypic interactions between neuroepithelial cells, a process that is critical for proper neurulation. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Negative regulation of glial engulfment activity by Draper terminates glial responses to axon injury pp722 - 730 Mary A Logan, Rachel Hackett, Johnna Doherty, Amy Sheehan, Sean D Speese and Marc R Freeman doi:10.1038/nn.3066 The engulfment receptor Draper is known to promote glial clearance of degenerating neurons in Drosophila, and this action of Draper is mediated by Src kinase. This study now shows that one of three Draper isoforms, namely Draper-II, negatively regulates glial clearance and acts in opposition to pro-clearance Draper-I. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Netrin (UNC-6) mediates dendritic self-avoidance pp731 - 737 Cody J Smith, Joseph D Watson, Miri K VanHoven, Daniel A Cólon-Ramos and David M Miller III doi:10.1038/nn.3065 Dendrites from the same neuron avoid each other through a mechanism involving cell surface proteins that trigger mutual repulsion. Here the authors show that the soluble axon guidance cue Netrin (UNC-6) drives sister dendrite self-avoidance in the PVD nociceptive neuron in C. elegans. Abstract | Full Text | PDF VAMP4 directs synaptic vesicles to a pool that selectively maintains asynchronous neurotransmission pp738 - 745 Jesica Raingo, Mikhail Khvotchev, Pei Liu, Frederic Darios, Ying C Li, Denise M O Ramirez, Megumi Adachi, Philippe Lemieux, Katalin Toth, Bazbek Davletov and Ege T Kavalali doi:10.1038/nn.3067 The authors show that the SNARE protein VAMP4 acts to maintain calcium-dependent asynchronous synaptic vesicle release. These findings suggest that VAMP4 is functionally distinct from synaptobrevin2, which primarily drives fast, synchronous release. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Astrocyte signaling controls spike timing-dependent depression at neocortical synapses pp746 - 753 Rogier Min and Thomas Nevian doi:10.1038/nn.3075 This study shows that spike timing-dependent depression between excitatory neurons requires endocannabinoid-mediated calcium signaling and glutamate release from nearby astrocytes, revealing that they are key elements in cortical plasticity. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Rossi Mitochondrial Ca2+ mobilization is a key element in olfactory signaling pp754 - 762 Daniela Fluegge, Lisa M Moeller, Annika Cichy, Monika Gorin, Agnes Weth, Sophie Veitinger, Silvia Cainarca, Stefan Lohmer, Sabrina Corazza, Eva M Neuhaus, Werner Baumgartner, Jennifer Spehr and Marc Spehr doi:10.1038/nn.3074 Cytosolic Ca2+ is known to control the gain and sensitivity of signaling in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) through several molecular mechanisms. Here the authors find that mitochondrial Ca2+ mobilization is another critical component of OSN neuronal function, ensuring a broad dynamic response range and maintaining the sensitivity of the spike generation machinery. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Zufall Oscillatory dynamics in the hippocampus support dentate gyrus-CA3 coupling pp763 - 768 Thomas Akam, Iris Oren, Laura Mantoan, Emily Ferenczi and Dimitri M Kullmann doi:10.1038/nn.3081 This study examines the phase response curves of gamma oscillations induced by carbachol or optogenetic stimulation in the hippocampal CA3 network. The authors report that distinct inputs differentially entrain the gamma oscillation in accordance with the relative drive to excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the circuit. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Control of timing, rate and bursts of hippocampal place cells by dendritic and somatic inhibition pp769 - 775 Sébastien Royer, Boris V Zemelman, Attila Losonczy, Jinhyun Kim, Frances Chance, Jeffrey C Magee and György Buzsáki doi:10.1038/nn.3077 The authors conduct simultaneous recording and optogenetic silencing of PV or SOM interneurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in head-fixed mice actively moving a treadmill belt. They report that these interneurons have distinct roles in controlling the rate, burst and timing of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Localized microstimulation of primate pregenual cingulate cortex induces negative decision-making pp776 - 785 Ken-ichi Amemori and Ann M Graybiel doi:10.1038/nn.3088 In this paper, the authors present evidence for spatially overlapping populations of neurons representing positive and negative subjective value in the primate pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) during an approach-avoidance task. However, in one subzone of the pACC, negative coding predominated, and microstimulation in this subzone increased negative decision-making, a bias that was blocked by anti-anxiety drug treatment. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Kennerley Mapping value based planning and extensively trained choice in the human brain pp786 - 791 Klaus Wunderlich, Peter Dayan and Raymond J Dolan doi:10.1038/nn.3068 Using a combination of fMRI in humans and computational modeling, the authors show that different striatal nuclei encode different kinds of decision-making information. The anterior caudate nucleus encodes the value of individual steps in a decision tree, whereas the putamen encodes values learnt during extensive training. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Resource Top A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing pp793 - 802 Linda Madisen, Tianyi Mao, Henner Koch, Jia-min Zhuo, Antal Berenyi, Shigeyoshi Fujisawa, Yun-Wei A Hsu, Alfredo J Garcia III, Xuan Gu, Sebastien Zanella, Jolene Kidney, Hong Gu, Yimei Mao, Bryan M Hooks, Edward S Boyden, György Buzsáki, Jan Marino Ramirez, Allan R Jones, Karel Svoboda, Xue Han, Eric E Turner and Hongkui Zeng doi:10.1038/nn.3078 This study describes the generation of knock-in mouse lines that express optogenetic activators or silencers in a CRE recombinase-dependent manner, and demonstrates the reliability and utility of these tools with in vivo and ex vivo light-induced activation and silencing of neuronal activity. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Top Advertisement Nature Outlook: Multiple Sclerosis Nature Outlook: Multiple sclerosis covers the latest research into how MS starts, and explores new ways to diagnose and treat it. Access the Outlook online.   Advertisement Nature Reviews Neuroscience ARTICLE SERIES ON BRAIN AGEING The articles in this series examine the hallmarks of ageing in the brain, the mechanisms underlying brain ageing and the implications for brain function and disease susceptibility. Follow the article series online at: www.nature.com/nrn/series/brainageing   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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