Nature contents: 19 April 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 484 Number 7394      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Southern Research offers target validation services for both in vitro systems and animal models. Our latest findings can help expand your drug's potential. Learn how.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   An absence of neutrinos associated with cosmic-ray acceleration in γ-ray bursts   The IceCube array of particle detectors at the South Pole is searching for neutrinos produced by high-energy astronomical events. The latest results suggest that the flux of energetic neutrinos associated with gamma-ray bursts is at least 3.7 times lower than expected, and that current theories of cosmic-ray and neutrino production need to be revisited.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Air density 2.7 billion years ago limited to less than twice modern levels by fossil raindrop imprints   About 2.7 million years ago, towards the end of the Archaean period, a rain shower left its mark on ash deposits from a recent volcanic eruption in what is now the South African veldt. As the ash hardened, the individual raindrops were fossilized. An analysis of the tiny crater-like imprints suggests that air density at the time was no more than twice modern levels, which would rule out higher carbon dioxide levels as an explanation for the 'Faint Young Sun' paradox.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Formation of the Great Unconformity as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion   An analysis of stratigraphic and lithologic data from 830 locations in North America supports the suggestion that the formation of the Great Unconformity, a worldwide stratigraphic feature conspicuously visible in the Grand Canyon, caused enhanced continental weathering and increased oceanic alkalinity and ionic strength in the shallow Cambrian seas. These changes in turn may have triggered biomineralization and the Cambrian explosion of marine animals.                   Nature Genetics and Anhui Medical University present: Genomic Analysis of Diseases May 17-19, 2012 - Hangzhou, China This conference will provide unique insights gained in the current genomic study of diseases ranging from the discovery of disease-associated variants to the resulting insights into disease biology and the potential for clinical application of genomic findings. www.natureasia.com/en/events/gad/                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: the risks of adverse space weather, what triggered the evolution of complex life in the seas, and how we tell one voice from another in a crowd.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Justice for all ▶     The US government must not wriggle out of paying compensation to the victims of horrific experiments in Guatemala in the 1940s.             No shame ▶     The handling of results suggesting faster-than-light neutrinos was a model of fitting behaviour.             All together now ▶     The financial crisis brings Europe unexpected opportunities for international collaboration.             World View                   Deep-water drilling remains a risky business ▶     Donald Boesch argues that the lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill should be enshrined in legislation before they fade from memory.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 13–19 April 2012 ▶     The week in science: Premature splashdown for North Korean rocket; Johnson & Johnson fined for improper marketing of Risperdal; and US greenhouse-gas emissions rise.           NEWS IN FOCUS           European groups go global ▶     International collaborations seek far-flung members to close budget gap.             Tsunami simulations scare Japan ▶     Updated risk assessment warns country to prepare for much larger earthquakes and waves.             A question of science ▶     Nature quizzes the French presidential frontrunners on research policies.             Japan gambles on displays ▶     Consortium of three big brands gains government backing to spur mobile technologies.             Gene hunt is on for mental disability ▶     Pioneering clinical genome-sequencing projects focus on patients with developmental delay.             Features                   Science in court: Arrested development ▶     Neuroscience shows that the adolescent brain is still developing. The question is whether that should influence the sentencing of juveniles.             Particle physics: A matter of detail ▶     American neutrino physicists are getting the measure of their quarry in ultra-high precision.           COMMENT           Astrophysics: Prepare for the coming space weather storm ▶     We need to improve estimates of geomagnetic storm size, says Mike Hapgood, so we can be ready for huge disruptions to electrical systems.             Books and Arts                   Medicine: Leonardo's anatomy years ▶     A London exhibition will expose the Renaissance master's staggering medical discoveries, which languished unpublished for centuries, explains Martin Clayton.             Evolution: Work–life balance ▶     John Whitfield gauges a study that tackles the evolutionary conflicts behind workplace inequity.             Correspondence                   Personalized medicine: Keep a way open for tailored treatments Jeffrey T. Leek, Roger D. Peng & R. Reeves Anderson | Water accessibility: Boost water safety in rural China Hong Yang, Jim A. Wright & Stephen W. Gundry | Agriculture: Soil remedies for small-scale farming Marijn van der Velde, Linda See & Steffen Fritz | Data accessibility: Getting a handle on biological data Dave Roberts & Alex Hardisty               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups ▶     Christina Curtis, Sohrab P. Shah, Suet-Feung Chin, Gulisa Turashvili, Oscar M. Rueda et al.     Integrative analysis of copy number and gene expression in 2,000 primary breast tumours with long-term clinical follow-up revealed putative cis-acting driver genes, novel subgroups and trans-acting aberration hotspots that modulate subgroup-specific gene networks.             Osteoprotection by semaphorin 3A ▶     Mikihito Hayashi, Tomoki Nakashima, Masahiko Taniguchi, Tatsuhiko Kodama, Atsushi Kumanogoh et al.     Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is shown to function as a protector of bone, by synchronously inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption and promoting osteoblastic bone formation.             In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes ▶     Li Qian, Yu Huang, C. Ian Spencer, Amy Foley, Vasanth Vedantham et al.     Previous work has shown that a combination of three transcription factors can directly reprogram cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cell in vitro; now, the same authors demonstrate in vivo reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes.             Restoration of grasp following paralysis through brain-controlled stimulation of muscles ▶     C. Ethier, E. R. Oby, M. J. Bauman & L. E. Miller     A functional electrical stimulation system in primates that is controlled by recordings made from microelectrodes permanently implanted in the brain can be used to control the intensity of stimulation of muscles that are temporarily paralysed by pharmacological motor nerve blockade, thereby restoring voluntary control of the affected muscles; this is a major advance towards similar restoration of hand function in human patients with spinal cord injury.             Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors ▶     R. A. Pearson, A. C. Barber, M. Rizzi, C. Hippert, T. Xue et al.     Transplanted rod precursor cells restore visual function, from electrophysiology to behaviour, after transplantation into a mouse model of congenital night blindness.             Selective cortical representation of attended speaker in multi-talker speech perception ▶     Nima Mesgarani & Edward F. Chang     The neural correlates of how attended speech is internally represented are described, shedding light on the ‘cocktail party problem’.             A Xanthomonas uridine 5′-monophosphate transferase inhibits plant immune kinases ▶     Feng Feng, Fan Yang, Wei Rong, Xiaogang Wu, Jie Zhang et al.     The plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris effector, AvrAC, is shown to have uridine 5′-monophosphate transferase activity, enabling it to interfere with plant immune signalling by using this protein modification.             Live-cell delamination counterbalances epithelial growth to limit tissue overcrowding ▶     Eliana Marinari, Aida Mehonic, Scott Curran, Jonathan Gale, Thomas Duke et al.     To maintain homeostasis in epithelial cell layers in Drosophila, cell overcrowding causes a proportion of cells to undergo a loss of cell adhesive junctions and be squeezed out by neighbouring cells.             Cell attachment protein VP8* of a human rotavirus specifically interacts with A-type histo-blood group antigen ▶     Liya Hu, Sue E. Crawford, Rita Czako, Nicolas W. Cortes-Penfield, David F. Smith et al.     This crystallographic study shows the attachment of human rotavirus VP8* to histo blood group A antigen, and suggests how changes within the structure of VP8* could allow switching from sialylated to non-sialylated glycan receptor.             Crowding induces live cell extrusion to maintain homeostatic cell numbers in epithelia ▶     George T. Eisenhoffer, Patrick D. Loftus, Masaaki Yoshigi, Hideo Otsuna, Chi-Bin Chien et al.     Here it is shown that epithelia extrude live but not dying cells at sites of high strain, elucidating a mechanism for maintaining homeostatic cell numbers.             A novel putative auxin carrier family regulates intracellular auxin homeostasis in plants ▶     Elke Barbez, Martin Kubeš, Jakub Rolčík, Chloé Béziat, Aleš Pěnčík et al.     The identification of PILS proteins, putative auxin transport facilitators, suggests that intracellular auxin transport might be evolutionarily older than directional, cell-to-cell PIN-dependent auxin transport, and highlights the developmental importance of intracellular auxin transport.             Validation of ITD mutations in FLT3 as a therapeutic target in human acute myeloid leukaemia ▶     Catherine C. Smith, Qi Wang, Chen-Shan Chin, Sara Salerno, Lauren E. Damon et al.     Internal tandem duplication mutations in FLT3, known to be associated with a poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukaemia, are now shown to be a valid therapeutic target for the disease.             Articles and Letters                   A novel ChREBP isoform in adipose tissue regulates systemic glucose metabolism ▶     Mark A. Herman, Odile D. Peroni, Jorge Villoria, Michael R. Schön, Nada A. Abumrad et al.     Downregulation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in adipose tissue occurs early in the development of type 2 diabetes; here GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake is shown to induce a novel form of the transcription factor ChREBP, which regulates de novo lipogenesis and systemic glucose metabolism.             A unique regulatory phase of DNA methylation in the early mammalian embryo ▶     Zachary D. Smith, Michelle M. Chan, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Hongcang Gu, Andreas Gnirke et al.     Reduced representation bisulphite sequencing is used to generate genome-scale DNA methylation maps in mouse gametes and several stages of early, pre-implantation embryogenesis, allowing a base-pair resolution timeline of the changes in DNA methylation during developmental transitions.             The 2.8 Å crystal structure of the dynein motor domain ▶     Takahide Kon, Takuji Oyama, Rieko Shimo-Kon, Kenji Imamula, Tomohiro Shima et al.     The crystal structure of the entire motor domain of cytoplasmic dynein at the highest resolution so far is presented, giving insights into the communication between the different subdomains of the motor.             Formation of the ‘Great Unconformity’ as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion ▶     Shanan E. Peters & Robert R. Gaines     Changes in ocean chemistry promoted during the formation of the Great Unconformity, a stratigraphic surface that separates continental basement rock from younger marine sedimentary deposits, are proposed as the cause of the Cambrian explosion of marine animals.             Clusters of iron-rich cells in the upper beak of pigeons are macrophages not magnetosensitive neurons ▶     Christoph Daniel Treiber, Marion Claudia Salzer, Johannes Riegler, Nathaniel Edelman, Cristina Sugar et al.     Birds have been thought to have a magnetic sensing system consisting of magnetite-containing dendrites in the upper beak; a comprehensive anatomical characterization in pigeons now shows that the iron-rich cells in the beak are in fact macrophages not magnetosensitive neurons.             Unexpected features of Drosophila circadian behavioural rhythms under natural conditions ▶     Stefano Vanin, Supriya Bhutani, Stefano Montelli, Pamela Menegazzi, Edward W. Green et al.     Behavioural, neurogenetic and molecular studies of circadian 24-hour rhythms in fruitflies kept in semi-confinement outdoors challenge our established laboratory-based views of the relative importance of sources of rhythmic entrainment, including temperature, photoperiod and moonlight, as well as the role of some of the underlying clock genes in regulating circadian behaviour in the wild.             Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex ▶     Woo-Ping Ge, Atsushi Miyawaki, Fred H. Gage, Yuh Nung Jan & Lily Yeh Jan     A major source of glia in the postnatal cortex in mice is the local proliferation of differentiated astrocytes.             Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall ▶     Xu Liu, Steve Ramirez, Petti T. Pang, Corey B. Puryear, Arvind Govindarajan et al.     The activation of a population of hippocampal neurons thought to encode a specific fear memory is shown to elicit freezing behaviour in mice.             DBIRD complex integrates alternative mRNA splicing with RNA polymerase II transcript elongation ▶     Pierre Close, Philip East, A. Barbara Dirac-Svejstrup, Holger Hartmann, Mark Heron et al.     Characterization of the human interactome of chromatin-associated messenger ribonucleoprotein particles identifies DBC1 and a new protein (ZIRD) as subunits of a protein complex (DBIRD) that binds directly to RNAPII, regulates alternative splicing of exons embedded in (A + T)-rich DNA, and whose depletion results in region-specific decreases in transcript elongation.             Differential positioning of adherens junctions is associated with initiation of epithelial folding ▶     Yu-Chiun Wang, Zia Khan, Matthias Kaschube & Eric F. Wieschaus     Shifts in the position of adherens junctions, triggered by a change in the ratio of Bazooka and Par-1, initiate epithelial folding in the Drosophila embryo.             Hsp72 preserves muscle function and slows progression of severe muscular dystrophy ▶     Stefan M. Gehrig, Chris van der Poel, Timothy A. Sayer, Jonathan D. Schertzer, Darren C. Henstridge et al.     Increasing the expression of intramuscular heat shock protein 72 preserves muscle strength and ameliorates the dystrophic pathology in two mouse models of muscular dystrophy, suggesting a promising way forward for the treatment of muscular dystrophy.             Crystal structure of a membrane-embedded H+-translocating pyrophosphatase ▶     Shih-Ming Lin, Jia-Yin Tsai, Chwan-Deng Hsiao, Yun-Tzu Huang, Chen-Liang Chiu et al.     A model for the coupling of proton pumping and pyrophosphatase hydrolysis is proposed.             News & Views                   Sensory biology: Search for the compass needles ▶     Henrik Mouritsen             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Circadian rhythms: No lazing on sunny afternoons ▶     François Rouyer             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Recovery rates reflect distance to a tipping point in a living system ▶     Annelies J. Veraart, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Vasilis Dakos, Egbert H. van Nes, Miquel Lürling et al.             Research Highlights                   Ecology: Can coral cope with climate change? | Immunology: How fat spurs inflammation | Nanotechnology: Injectable protein nanofactories | Stem cells: Recipes for making lung cells | Neuropsychology: Poor attention linked to dyslexia | Infectious disease: Multiple malaria mechanisms | Neuroscience: Fragile X fixed in mice         NEWS & COMMENT           Justice for all | Gene hunt is on for mental disability | Science in court: Arrested development | Medicine: Leonardo's anatomy years | Evolution: Work–life balance | Personalized medicine: Keep a way open for tailored treatments Jeffrey T. Leek, Roger D. Peng & R. Reeves Anderson | Water accessibility: Boost water safety in rural China Hong Yang, Jim A. Wright & Stephen W. Gundry | Agriculture: Soil remedies for small-scale farming Marijn van der Velde, Linda See & Steffen Fritz           CAREERS           Turning point: Marc Modat | Narcissists excel | Global-health research | UK drug development             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Nature Reviews Cancer & Nature Reviews Immunology FOCUS ON TUMOUR IMMUNOLOGY & IMMUNOTHERAPY Access the Focus online for FREE until end of September 2012: www.nature.com/reviews/focus/tumourimmunology Produced with support from Boehringer Ingelheim               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   A Xanthomonas uridine 5′-monophosphate transferase inhibits plant immune kinases ▶     Feng Feng, Fan Yang, Wei Rong, Xiaogang Wu, Jie Zhang et al.     The plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris effector, AvrAC, is shown to have uridine 5′-monophosphate transferase activity, enabling it to interfere with plant immune signalling by using this protein modification.             Articles and Letters                   The 2.8 Å crystal structure of the dynein motor domain ▶     Takahide Kon, Takuji Oyama, Rieko Shimo-Kon, Kenji Imamula, Tomohiro Shima et al.     The crystal structure of the entire motor domain of cytoplasmic dynein at the highest resolution so far is presented, giving insights into the communication between the different subdomains of the motor.             DBIRD complex integrates alternative mRNA splicing with RNA polymerase II transcript elongation ▶     Pierre Close, Philip East, A. Barbara Dirac-Svejstrup, Holger Hartmann, Mark Heron et al.     Characterization of the human interactome of chromatin-associated messenger ribonucleoprotein particles identifies DBC1 and a new protein (ZIRD) as subunits of a protein complex (DBIRD) that binds directly to RNAPII, regulates alternative splicing of exons embedded in (A + T)-rich DNA, and whose depletion results in region-specific decreases in transcript elongation.           NEWS & COMMENT           Japan gambles on displays | Water accessibility: Boost water safety in rural China Hong Yang, Jim A. Wright & Stephen W. Gundry | Agriculture: Soil remedies for small-scale farming Marijn van der Velde, Linda See & Steffen Fritz             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Solid-state physics: Electrons do the split ▶     Ralph Claessen             Spin–orbital separation in the quasi-one-dimensional Mott insulator Sr2CuO3  ▶     J. Schlappa, K. Wohlfeld, K. J. Zhou, M. Mourigal, M. W. Haverkort et al.     The splitting of the electron into distinct quasi-particles separately carrying the elementary particles’ spin and orbital angular momentum is observed in a one-dimensional Mott insulator.             Restoration of grasp following paralysis through brain-controlled stimulation of muscles ▶     C. Ethier, E. R. Oby, M. J. Bauman & L. E. Miller     A functional electrical stimulation system in primates that is controlled by recordings made from microelectrodes permanently implanted in the brain can be used to control the intensity of stimulation of muscles that are temporarily paralysed by pharmacological motor nerve blockade, thereby restoring voluntary control of the affected muscles; this is a major advance towards similar restoration of hand function in human patients with spinal cord injury.             Live-cell delamination counterbalances epithelial growth to limit tissue overcrowding ▶     Eliana Marinari, Aida Mehonic, Scott Curran, Jonathan Gale, Thomas Duke et al.     To maintain homeostasis in epithelial cell layers in Drosophila, cell overcrowding causes a proportion of cells to undergo a loss of cell adhesive junctions and be squeezed out by neighbouring cells.             Crowding induces live cell extrusion to maintain homeostatic cell numbers in epithelia ▶     George T. Eisenhoffer, Patrick D. Loftus, Masaaki Yoshigi, Hideo Otsuna, Chi-Bin Chien et al.     Here it is shown that epithelia extrude live but not dying cells at sites of high strain, elucidating a mechanism for maintaining homeostatic cell numbers.             Articles and Letters                   An absence of neutrinos associated with cosmic-ray acceleration in γ-ray bursts ▶     IceCube Collaboration     An upper limit has been placed on the flux of energetic neutrinos associated with γ-ray bursts that is at least a factor of 3.7 below the predictions, implying either that γ-ray bursts are not the only sources of high-energy cosmic rays or that the efficiency of neutrino production is much lower than has been predicted.             Coherent quantum phase slip ▶     O. V. Astafiev, L. B. Ioffe, S. Kafanov, Yu. A. Pashkin, K. Yu. Arutyunov et al.     The magnetic-flux analogue to coherent Josephson tunnelling of electric charge has been observed in a strongly disordered superconducting nanowire.             News & Views                   Electronics: Carbon nanotubes finally deliver ▶     Franz Kreupl             Quantum physics: Tunnelling across a nanowire ▶     Alexey Bezryadin             Solid-state physics: Electrons do the split ▶     Ralph Claessen             Research Highlights                   Photonics: Diamond sparkles with one photon | Climate modelling: Predicting the Indian monsoon | Bioelectronics: Snail drives implanted fuel cell         NEWS & COMMENT           No shame | European groups go global | Tsunami simulations scare Japan | Japan gambles on displays | Particle physics: A matter of detail | Astrophysics: Prepare for the coming space weather storm           CAREERS           Alien encounters             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Air density 2.7 billion years ago limited to less than twice modern levels by fossil raindrop imprints ▶     Sanjoy M. Som, David C. Catling, Jelte P. Harnmeijer, Peter M. Polivka & Roger Buick     Experiments dropping raindrops onto ash combined with raindrop fossil imprints yield an upper limit for air density in the Archaean.             Formation of the ‘Great Unconformity’ as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion ▶     Shanan E. Peters & Robert R. Gaines     Changes in ocean chemistry promoted during the formation of the Great Unconformity, a stratigraphic surface that separates continental basement rock from younger marine sedimentary deposits, are proposed as the cause of the Cambrian explosion of marine animals.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth ▶     Kelin Wang, Yan Hu & Jiangheng He     ‘Snapshots’ of subduction zones using space geodesy reveal that the viscous behaviour of the mantle controls crustal deformation, requiring the revision of traditional ‘elastic’ models for earthquake risk assessment.             News & Views                   Geoscience: Fossil raindrops and ancient air ▶     William S. Cassata & Paul R. Renne             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Recovery rates reflect distance to a tipping point in a living system ▶     Annelies J. Veraart, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Vasilis Dakos, Egbert H. van Nes, Miquel Lürling et al.             Research Highlights                   Climate modelling: Predicting the Indian monsoon         NEWS & COMMENT           Deep-water drilling remains a risky business | Tsunami simulations scare Japan | Astrophysics: Prepare for the coming space weather storm           CAREERS           Alien encounters             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Nature Climate Change – First anniversary highlights To mark the first anniversary of Nature Climate Change the editors have put together their favourite articles from the first 12 issues. The selection is currently free to view online.               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Alien encounters ▶     Establishing a career in astrobiology is not always easy. But keeping one's options open can lead to work in this niche field.                   Turning point: Marc Modat ▶     A postdoc's development of a software code leads to numerous publications early in his career.                   Narcissists excel ▶     Self-promotion is a big plus when applying for jobs.                   Global-health research ▶     Fellowships offer opportunity to study global-health diseases in developing regions.                   UK drug development ▶     Venture-capital funding in the United Kingdom represents a boost for translational research.                   Careers related news & comment                   All together now | European groups go global | A question of science | Japan gambles on displays | Personalized medicine: Keep a way open for tailored treatments Jeffrey T. Leek, Roger D. Peng & R. Reeves Anderson | Data accessibility: Getting a handle on biological data Dave Roberts & Alex Hardisty             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Research Lab Technician     USC - University of Southern California            X-ray Crystallography Technician     King's College London            Program Manager, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Initiative     The New York Academy of Sciences            Phd Student in Human Systems Biology     The Center for Systems Biology at the University of Iceland          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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