Nature contents: 08 March 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 483 Number 7388      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Speed. Resolution. Sensitivity. Accuracy. Hamamatsu's NanoZoomer 2.0 Series delivers all this and more. The ultimate scientific digital image-maker and virtual microscopy tool, the NanoZoomer converts glass slides into digital slides quickly and accurately, making it perfect for viewing and analyzing slide-mounted tissue at any resolution. Get reliable scanning 24/7/365 in brightfield or fluorescence at the touch of a button.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence   The genome of the gorilla has now been sequenced, so it is now possible to make a four-way comparison of the four surviving hominid genera - human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Experimental verification of Landauer's principle linking information and thermodynamics   Landauer's erasure principle - proposed in the 1960s and later used to explain the paradox of Maxwell's demon - states that any logically irreversible transformation, such as the deletion of a classical bit of information, dissipates heat. Despite its fundamental importance for information theory and computer science, it has taken until now for the erasure principle to be verified experimentally.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Diverse transitional giant fleas from the Mesozoic era of China   The discovery of the fossils of 2-cm-long fleas from the age of the dinosaurs puts a new perspective on what until now has been an obscure evolutionary line.                   Cancer drug discovery and development services We offer experience in cytotoxicity and tumor xenograft testing, molecular imaging, 60 human-cell-line panel testing, in vivo evaluation of anticancer compounds and target validation for both in vitro systems and animal models. Learn more here.                 Podcast & Video     The Nature Podcast this week visits some primate relatives, takes a look at megaquakes, and revisits Japan one year on from the earthquake and tsunami.       Special: Japan Earthquake and Nuclear Crisis – One Year On     It's a year since the Fukushima nuclear power plant was crippled by earthquake and tsunami damage. In this special issue we look at how Japan has set about rebuilding the communities that suffered most from tsunami and earthquake damage and radiation exposure.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Lessons of a triple disaster ▶     The aftermath of the biggest earthquake in Japan's history, and the tsunami and nuclear disaster that followed, offers a map for preparing for the next catastrophe.             Political science ▶     The practice of science cannot be, nor should it be, entirely apolitical.             Gold in the text? ▶     Publishers and scientists should do more to foster the mining of research literature by computer.             World View                   No theory is too special to question ▶     The flurry of research that followed the claim of faster-than-light neutrinos was far from a waste of time, says Giovanni Amelino-Camelia.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 2–8 March 2012 ▶     The week in science: China’s research-budget boost; UN meets Millennium Development goals in water and poverty; and the NIH launches an online registry for genetic tests.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Cuts hamper bid to tackle AIDS ▶     Medics warn of missed chance to use drugs to curb HIV.             A solid case for Majorana fermions ▶     First compelling evidence of self-annihilating entities in a semiconductor is a step forward for quantum computing.             Laser fusion nears crucial milestone ▶     National Ignition Facility approaches energy break-even point, but uncertainty over next step persists.             Trouble at the text mine ▶     Computers can rapidly scan through thousands of research papers to make useful connections, but work is being slowed by publishers' unease.             Features                   The Japanese tsunami: After shock ▶             Japan's nuclear crisis: Fukushima's legacy of fear ▶     Japan's worst-ever nuclear accident displaced more than 100,000 people. Many could now safely return home. Yet mistrust of the government prolongs their exile.             Rebuilding Japan: After the deluge ▶     Japan is rebuilding its coastal cities to protect people from the biggest tsunamis.             Tsunami forecasting: The next wave ▶     What can scientists learn from the Tohoku tragedy to improve tsunami forecasting and save lives?           COMMENT           Earthquake hazards: Putting seismic research to most effective use ▶     Today's tools and geophysical knowledge could be utilized more effectively for earthquake hazard mitigation, says Hiroo Kanamori.             Seismology: Why giant earthquakes keep catching us out ▶     A spate of huge earthquakes in the past seven years has provided humbling lessons, says Thorne Lay.             Energy policy: The nuclear landscape ▶     The accident at Fukushima has convinced many nations to phase out nuclear power. Economics will be the deciding force, says Peter Bradford.             Books and Arts                   Energy: Plumbing the depths ▶     A chronicle of events preceding the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has a thriller-like edge, finds Amanda Mascarelli.             Books in brief ▶             Photography: Force of nature ▶     Stefan Michalowski and Georgia Smith thrill to artist Berenice Abbott's 'portraits' of physical forces.             Q&A: Jazz experimentalist ▶     Vijay Iyer is a New York jazz pianist who has academic roots in physics and music cognition. As he releases Accelerando — a follow-up to his 2009 world number one jazz album Historicity — he talks about the bodily origins of rhythm, the science of improvisation and the social function of music.             Correspondence                   Future pandemics: Step up funding for flu prevention Simon N. Williams | Degraded ecosystems: Keep jellyfish numbers in check Anthony J. Richardson, Daniel Pauly & Mark J. Gibbons | Genetics research: Clinical standards not practical in the lab Klaus Lindpaintner | Sugar: an excess of anything can harm Richard C. Cottrell                       JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY - Advanced Biotechnology Studies Choose from 2 Master's degree options: MS in Biotechnology or MS in Biotechnology Enterprise & Entreprenuership. Attend an online info session on March 19th and/or 20th. Learn how you can earn your degree ONLINE, the admission requirements, course structure, and how online education works. Learn more and RSVP online, biotechnology.jhu.edu.               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Neurodegeneration: Trouble in the cell's powerhouse ▶     Derek P. Narendra & Richard J. Youle             The 2.8 Å crystal structure of the dynein motor domain ▶     Takahide Kon, Takuji Oyama, Rieko Shimo-Kon, Kenji Imamula, Tomohiro Shima et al.     The crystal structure of the entire motor domain of cytoplasmic dynein at the highest resolution so far is presented, giving insights into the communication between the different subdomains of the motor.             An oxygenase that forms and deoxygenates toxic epoxide ▶     Robin Teufel, Thorsten Friedrich & Georg Fuchs     The epoxidase PaaABCE, which converts phenylacetyl-CoA into its ring-1,2-epoxide, is shown to be also able to mediate the NADPH-dependent removal of that epoxide, ensuring that the intracellular concentrations of the toxic epoxide does not exceed a certain ‘acceptable’ concentration.             A petunia ABC protein controls strigolactone-dependent symbiotic signalling and branching ▶     Tobias Kretzschmar, Wouter Kohlen, Joelle Sasse, Lorenzo Borghi, Markus Schlegel et al.     The Petunia hybrida ABC transporter PDR1 functions in strigolactone export from the roots and is important for regulating symbiosis and axillary branch development.             On the difficulty of increasing dental complexity ▶     Enni Harjunmaa, Aki Kallonen, Maria Voutilainen, Keijo Hämäläinen, Marja L. Mikkola et al.     Activation of EDA and activin A signalling, and inhibition of SHH signalling pathways together increase the number of cusps on cultured mouse cheek teeth, showing that a substantial increase in complexity requires multiple changes in developmental regulation.             Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins ▶     Pilong Li, Sudeep Banjade, Hui-Chun Cheng, Soyeon Kim, Baoyu Chen et al.     The mechanisms by which the ångström-scale molecular properties of cells are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties have not been well understood, but this study shows that when multivalent proteins interact with each other, they undergo a switch-like phase separation, which is concomitant with a transition from small complexes to huge polymeric assemblies, as the concentration increases.             The BAH domain of ORC1 links H4K20me2 to DNA replication licensing and Meier–Gorlin syndrome ▶     Alex J. Kuo, Jikui Song, Peggie Cheung, Satoko Ishibe-Murakami, Sayumi Yamazoe et al.     The ORC1 BAH domain is shown to be a module that recognizes a histone modification associated with replication origins, providing insight into the aetiology of Meier–Gorlin syndrome.             Neuroscience: How brains learn to control machines ▶     David T. Blake             Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills ▶     Aaron C. Koralek, Xin Jin, John D. Long II, Rui M. Costa & Jose M. Carmena     A novel study in rodents suggests that corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for abstract skill learning.             Coevolution in multidimensional trait space favours escape from parasites and pathogens ▶     R. Tucker Gilman, Scott L. Nuismer & Dwueng-Chwuan Jhwueng     Although pathogens and parasites have short life cycles that let them evolve rapidly, victims can match or overcome exploiter evolution when coevolution involves multiple traits.             Enzymatic catalysis of anti-Baldwin ring closure in polyether biosynthesis ▶     Kinya Hotta, Xi Chen, Robert S. Paton, Atsushi Minami, Hao Li et al.     The X-ray crystal structure of the epoxide hydrolase Lsd19 in complex with its substrate and product analogue is determined, providing insight into a general mechanism of enzyme-catalysed formation of polyether natural products.             Chromatin-modifying enzymes as modulators of reprogramming ▶     Tamer T. Onder, Nergis Kara, Anne Cherry, Amit U. Sinha, Nan Zhu et al.     Inhibition of DOT1L, the H3K79 histone methyltransferase, increases cell reprogramming and substituted for KLF4 and c-Myc, showing that chromatin-modifying enzymes act not only as facilitators but also as barriers to reprogramming.             Articles and Letters                   Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence ▶     Aylwyn Scally, Julien Y. Dutheil, LaDeana W. Hillier, Gregory E. Jordan, Ian Goodhead et al.     The genome of a western lowland gorilla has been sequenced and analysed, completing the genome sequences of all great ape genera, and providing evidence for parallel accelerated evolution in chimpanzee, gorilla and human lineages at a number of loci.             Piezo proteins are pore-forming subunits of mechanically activated channels ▶     Bertrand Coste, Bailong Xiao, Jose S. Santos, Ruhma Syeda, Jörg Grandl et al.     Large transmembrane proteins of the Piezo family assemble as tetramers to form a new class of ion channel that can be activated by mechanical force.             Type VI secretion requires a dynamic contractile phage tail-like structure ▶     M. Basler, M. Pilhofer, G. P. Henderson, G. J. Jensen & J. J. Mekalanos     Microscopy reveals the dynamics of the type VI secretion system of Vibrio cholerae and its structural and functional resemblance to the contractile tail sheath of bacteriophages.             Diverse transitional giant fleas from the Mesozoic era of China ▶     Diying Huang, Michael S. Engel, Chenyang Cai, Hao Wu & André Nel     The morphology of the oldest definitive fleas—from the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods of China—suggests that they had ‘reptilian’ hosts before radiating to mammalian and avian hosts, and their stout and elongate sucking siphons suggest that they may be rooted among the scorpionflies of the Mesozoic era.             Stability criteria for complex ecosystems ▶     Stefano Allesina & Si Tang     Analysis of stability criteria for different types of complex ecological network shows key differences between predator–prey interactions, which are stabilizing, and competitive and mutualistic interactions, which are destabilizing.             The role of Drosophila Piezo in mechanical nociception ▶     Sung Eun Kim, Bertrand Coste, Abhishek Chadha, Boaz Cook & Ardem Patapoutian     The Drosophila Piezo protein is shown to function in sensory neurons to transduce mechanical force in vivo.             Treatment of stroke with a PSD-95 inhibitor in the gyrencephalic primate brain ▶     Douglas J. Cook, Lucy Teves & Michael Tymianski     Tat-NR2B9c, a PSD-95 inhibitor, is shown to reduce stroke-induced behavioural and neuroanatomical deficits in cynomolgous macaques when administered in the presence of an ischemic penumbra, suggesting the potential of PSD-95 inhibition as a neuroprotectant strategy for clinical investigation.             The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates lifespan in male mice ▶     Yariv Kanfi, Shoshana Naiman, Gail Amir, Victoria Peshti, Guy Zinman et al.     The role of sirtuins in longevity is controversial, and little is known about mammalian sirtuins; now, male mice that overexpress SIRT6 are shown to have a longer lifespan than wild-type mice, unlike their female counterparts.             An epigenetic blockade of cognitive functions in the neurodegenerating brain ▶     Johannes Gräff, Damien Rei, Ji-Song Guan, Wen-Yuan Wang, Jinsoo Seo et al.     Histone deacetylase 2 is shown to suppress genes involved in cognitive function epigenetically, potentially opening the door to treatments for Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases by developing HDAC2-selective inhibitors.             Skin infection generates non-migratory memory CD8+ TRM cells providing global skin immunity ▶     Xiaodong Jiang, Rachael A. Clark, Luzheng Liu, Amy J. Wagers, Robert C. Fuhlbrigge et al.     Local skin infection is shown to generate long-lived T cells that reside throughout the skin and are potent effector cells, superior to circulating memory T cells in providing rapid long-term protection again cutaneous re-infection.             News & Views                   Social science: Human reproductive assistance ▶     Kim Hill & A. Magdalena Hurtado             50 & 100 years ago ▶                 Cell biology: The sensation of stretch ▶     Philip A. Gottlieb & Frederick Sachs             Genomics: Gorilla gorilla gorilla ▶     Richard A Gibbs & Jeffrey Rogers             Ageing: Sorting out the sirtuins ▶     David B. Lombard & Richard A. Miller             Neuroscience: How brains learn to control machines ▶     David T. Blake             Neurodegeneration: Trouble in the cell's powerhouse ▶     Derek P. Narendra & Richard J. Youle             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Modernization: One step at a time ▶     Zhiguo Xu             Research Highlights                   HIV: A race to kill or be killed | Immunology: Fighting viruses antibody-free | Cell Biology: Sperm steer with calcium | Neuroscience: Behind marijuana memory lapse | Virology: Bats can carry flu too | Microbiology: Unintended antimicrobial effects         NEWS & COMMENT           Gold in the text? | Cuts hamper bid to tackle AIDS | Trouble at the text mine | The Japanese tsunami: After shock | Fukushima's legacy of fear | Books in brief | Q&A: Jazz experimentalist | Future pandemics: Step up funding for flu prevention Simon N. Williams | Degraded ecosystems: Keep jellyfish numbers in check Anthony J. Richardson, Daniel Pauly & Mark J. Gibbons | Genetics research: Clinical standards not practical in the lab Klaus Lindpaintner | Sugar: an excess of anything can harm Richard C. Cottrell             More Biological Sciences ▶                         A*STAR Research - Highlighting the best of research from A*STAR, Singapore's premier research organization Recent Highlights: Materials chemistry: As good as gold | Cell biology: Follow the leader | Photonics: Better connected Feature: Nanomedicine breakthrough hailed as 'world changing' | The MicroKit wins Silver Innovation Award Register today for biweekly ealerts and never miss the latest in A*STAR Research               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   The 2.8 Å crystal structure of the dynein motor domain ▶     Takahide Kon, Takuji Oyama, Rieko Shimo-Kon, Kenji Imamula, Tomohiro Shima et al.     The crystal structure of the entire motor domain of cytoplasmic dynein at the highest resolution so far is presented, giving insights into the communication between the different subdomains of the motor.             An oxygenase that forms and deoxygenates toxic epoxide ▶     Robin Teufel, Thorsten Friedrich & Georg Fuchs     The epoxidase PaaABCE, which converts phenylacetyl-CoA into its ring-1,2-epoxide, is shown to be also able to mediate the NADPH-dependent removal of that epoxide, ensuring that the intracellular concentrations of the toxic epoxide does not exceed a certain ‘acceptable’ concentration.             Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins ▶     Pilong Li, Sudeep Banjade, Hui-Chun Cheng, Soyeon Kim, Baoyu Chen et al.     The mechanisms by which the ångström-scale molecular properties of cells are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties have not been well understood, but this study shows that when multivalent proteins interact with each other, they undergo a switch-like phase separation, which is concomitant with a transition from small complexes to huge polymeric assemblies, as the concentration increases.             The BAH domain of ORC1 links H4K20me2 to DNA replication licensing and Meier–Gorlin syndrome ▶     Alex J. Kuo, Jikui Song, Peggie Cheung, Satoko Ishibe-Murakami, Sayumi Yamazoe et al.     The ORC1 BAH domain is shown to be a module that recognizes a histone modification associated with replication origins, providing insight into the aetiology of Meier–Gorlin syndrome.             Enzymatic catalysis of anti-Baldwin ring closure in polyether biosynthesis ▶     Kinya Hotta, Xi Chen, Robert S. Paton, Atsushi Minami, Hao Li et al.     The X-ray crystal structure of the epoxide hydrolase Lsd19 in complex with its substrate and product analogue is determined, providing insight into a general mechanism of enzyme-catalysed formation of polyether natural products.             Articles and Letters                   Imaging ultrafast molecular dynamics with laser-induced electron diffraction ▶     Cosmin I. Blaga, Junliang Xu, Anthony D. DiChiara, Emily Sistrunk, Kaikai Zhang et al.     Molecular structures are imaged with sub-ångström precision and exposure times of a few femtoseconds.             News & Views                   Physical chemistry: Single molecules filmed dancing on a table top ▶     Misha Y. Ivanov             50 & 100 years ago ▶                 Materials science: Continuity through dispersity ▶     Richard A Register             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Modernization: One step at a time ▶     Zhiguo Xu             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins ▶     Pilong Li, Sudeep Banjade, Hui-Chun Cheng, Soyeon Kim, Baoyu Chen et al.     The mechanisms by which the ångström-scale molecular properties of cells are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties have not been well understood, but this study shows that when multivalent proteins interact with each other, they undergo a switch-like phase separation, which is concomitant with a transition from small complexes to huge polymeric assemblies, as the concentration increases.             Resonant quantum transitions in trapped antihydrogen atoms ▶     C. Amole, M. D. Ashkezari, M. Baquero-Ruiz, W. Bertsche, P. D. Bowe et al.     These authors demonstrate resonant quantum transitions in a pure antimatter atom—antihydrogen—by using microwave radiation to flip the spin of the positron of an anti-atom in a magnetic trap, thus ejecting the anti-atom.             Articles and Letters                   Experimental verification of Landauer’s principle linking information and thermodynamics ▶     Antoine Bérut, Artak Arakelyan, Artyom Petrosyan, Sergio Ciliberto, Raoul Dillenschneider et al.     Experimental demonstration of the Landauer bound in a generic one-bit memory—linking the erasure of information to the production of heat and, thus, entropy—confirms the connection between information theory and thermodynamics.             Field-driven photoemission from nanostructures quenches the quiver motion ▶     G. Herink, D. R. Solli, M. Gulde & C. Ropers     Experiments using ultrafast mid-infrared light pulses on nanostructures access a new regime in photoelectron emission, revealing classical sub-cycle electron dynamics in optical near-fields and breaking a diffraction limit in strong-field physics.             Imaging ultrafast molecular dynamics with laser-induced electron diffraction ▶     Cosmin I. Blaga, Junliang Xu, Anthony D. DiChiara, Emily Sistrunk, Kaikai Zhang et al.     Molecular structures are imaged with sub-ångström precision and exposure times of a few femtoseconds.             Preservation of organic matter in sediments promoted by iron ▶     Karine Lalonde, Alfonso Mucci, Alexandre Ouellet & Yves Gélinas     About one-fifth of organic carbon in sediments is bound to reactive iron phases, which are metastable over geological timescales and may therefore serve as a sink for the long-term storage of organic carbon.             News & Views                   Physical chemistry: Single molecules filmed dancing on a table top ▶     Misha Y. Ivanov             Materials science: Continuity through dispersity ▶     Richard A Register             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: The Amazon basin in transition ▶     Eric A. Davidson, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Jennifer K. Balch, I. Foster Brown et al.             Research Highlights                   Materials Science: Competition looms for graphene         NEWS & COMMENT           Gold in the text? | No theory is too special to question | A solid case for Majorana fermions | Laser fusion nears crucial milestone | Tsunami forecasting: The next wave | Photography: Force of nature | Q&A: Jazz experimentalist             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Preservation of organic matter in sediments promoted by iron ▶     Karine Lalonde, Alfonso Mucci, Alexandre Ouellet & Yves Gélinas     About one-fifth of organic carbon in sediments is bound to reactive iron phases, which are metastable over geological timescales and may therefore serve as a sink for the long-term storage of organic carbon.             News & Views                   Geochemistry: A rusty carbon sink ▶     Tim I. Eglinton             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: The Amazon basin in transition ▶     Eric A. Davidson, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Jennifer K. Balch, I. Foster Brown et al.             Research Highlights                   Oceanography: Tsunamis collide and grow taller | Environmental Science: Oil-sands pollution quantified         NEWS & COMMENT           Lessons of a triple disaster | The Japanese tsunami: After shock | Fukushima's legacy of fear | Rebuilding Japan: After the deluge | Tsunami forecasting: The next wave | Earthquake hazards: Putting seismic research to most effective use | Seismology: Why giant earthquakes keep catching us out | Energy: Plumbing the depths | Degraded ecosystems: Keep jellyfish numbers in check Anthony J. Richardson, Daniel Pauly & Mark J. Gibbons             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                       Scientific Reports published the most downloaded paper on nature.com in December. Downloaded over 100,000 times and counting... Make your paper seen. Make your paper open. Submit to Scientific Reports.               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Retirement: Sticking around ▶     Academics who delay retirement could create roadblocks for early-career researchers.                   The postdoc dilemma ▶     Balancing a career and the obligations of a full-time job can be deceptively difficult, says Gaston Small.                   Careers related news & comment                   Lessons of a triple disaster | Energy: Plumbing the depths | Photography: Force of nature | Future pandemics: Step up funding for flu prevention Simon N. Williams | Sugar: an excess of anything can harm Richard C. 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