Nature Neuroscience Contents: May 2016 Volume 19 Number 5, pp 643 - 761

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Advertisement Could your research provide a new therapy for dementia? Next deadline 17th May The Dementia Consortium unites academia, charities and industry by investing in collaborative drug discovery projects. We are looking for novel molecular targets in any neurodegenerative disease. We provide full funding, drug discovery resources and expertise. Click here for more TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2016 Volume 19, Issue 5 News and Views Reviews Brief Communication Articles Technical Report Advertisement Nature Reviews Neuroscience & Nature Reviews Immunology: Poster on The immunology and neurobiology of multiple sclerosis This poster provides an overview of the pathophysiological contributions of both the immune system and the nervous system to multiple sclerosis and how these contributions change with disease progression.  Available to download free online Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Open for Submissions  An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   Advertisement Nature Publishing Group offers a free open access funding support service to enable authors to discover and apply for article processing charge funding available to them. Visit our website for further advice on the funding options available, and guidance in approaching funders and institutions, or email openaccess@nature.com for more information.     News and Views Top Neocortex: a lean mean memory storage machine   pp643 - 644 Beatriz E P Mizusaki, Armen Stepanyants, Dmitri B Chklovskii and P Jesper Sjöström doi:10.1038/nn.4292 Connectivity patterns of neocortex exhibit several odd properties: for example, most neighboring excitatory neurons do not connect, which seems curiously wasteful. Brunel's elegant theoretical treatment reveals how optimal information storage can naturally impose these peculiar properties. See also: Article by Brunel Foraging and flight trump defense and fight   pp645 - 646 Chia Li and Michael J Krashes doi:10.1038/nn.4294 Hypothalamic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons promote feeding via inhibitory mechanisms. A downstream target in the medial amygdala both mediates feeding and modulates risk-taking and defensive behaviors in the face of starvation. See also: Article by Padilla et al. Reviews Top Neurobiology of social behavior abnormalities in autism and Williams syndrome   pp647 - 655 Boaz Barak and Guoping Feng doi:10.1038/nn.4276 The neurobiology of social behavior is highly complex and defects are present in several mental illnesses. Here Barak and Feng discuss neurobiological aspects of two neuropsychiatric disorders presenting opposite social behavior abnormalities, autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome. Going and stopping: dichotomies in behavioral control by the prefrontal cortex   pp656 - 664 Shannon L Gourley and Jane R Taylor doi:10.1038/nn.4275 The prefrontal cortex supports the expression and inhibition of fear- and reward-related behaviors. These dualities are attributable to discrete functional domains making up this brain region, which allow it to stimulate or inhibit behavior depending on an organism's experiences. The authors review evidence that supports, or refutes, this “go/stop” function. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Faculty Positions in Neuroscience and Cell Biology The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB Health) Term Tenure / Term Tenure-Track Faculty Position- Human Neuroscience The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Postdoc Drexel University Research Technician (f / m) � MTA, BTA German Center for Neurodegenerative Deseases Postdoctoral Associate Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 5th Champalimaud Neuroscience Symposium 21.09.16 Lisbon, Portugal More science events from Brief Communication Top Linking pattern completion in the hippocampus to predictive coding in visual cortex   pp665 - 667 Nicholas C Hindy, Felicia Y Ng and Nicholas B Turk-Browne doi:10.1038/nn.4284 Expectations about what will appear next guide perception. Using high-resolution fMRI and multivariate pattern analysis, the authors find that such predictive coding in early visual cortex could arise from pattern completion in hippocampal subfields. They show that these two processes are related and explore their behavioral significance and relative timing. Advertisement nature.com webcasts Nature Publishing Group presents a custom webcast on Advances in neuroscience: New methods for correlating structure and function Thursday May 5, 2016 8AM PDT, 10AM CDT, 11AM EDT, 4PM BST, 5PM CEST  Register for the webcast and live Q&A session Sponsored by: Leica Microsystems     Articles Top C9ORF72 poly(GA) aggregates sequester and impair HR23 and nucleocytoplasmic transport proteins   pp668 - 677 Yong-Jie Zhang, Tania F Gendron, Jonathan C Grima, Hiroki Sasaguri, Karen Jansen-West et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4272 Zhang et al. show that the poly(GA) proteins produced in patients with C9ORF72 repeat expansions cause neurodegeneration and behavioral abnormalities when expressed in mice. The emergence of these phenotypes requires poly(GA) aggregation, and poly(GA) inclusions sequester HR23 proteins involved in proteasomal degradation, as well as proteins involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Chd7 cooperates with Sox10 and regulates the onset of CNS myelination and remyelination   pp678 - 689 Danyang He, Corentine Marie, Chuntao Zhao, Bongwoo Kim, Jincheng Wang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4258 In this study, He et al. find that the CHARGE syndrome-related chromatin remodeler Chd7 regulates the initiation of myelination and remyelination in the CNS. Chd7 interacts with Sox10 to orchestrate the transcriptional state of myelinogenic genes and serves as a molecular nexus of the regulatory networks that contribute to white matter pathogenesis in CHARGE syndrome. The RNA-binding protein SFPQ orchestrates an RNA regulon to promote axon viability   pp690 - 696 Katharina E Cosker, Sara J Fenstermacher, Maria F Pazyra-Murphy, Hunter L Elliott and Rosalind A Segal doi:10.1038/nn.4280 This study identifies SFPQ (splicing factor, poly-glutamine rich) as an RNA binding protein that binds and coassembles multiple mRNAs in axonal transport granules, and thereby promotes neurotrophin-dependent axon survival. These data demonstrate that SFPQ orchestrates spatial gene expression of a newly identified RNA regulon essential for axonal viability. Ryk controls remapping of motor cortex during functional recovery after spinal cord injury   pp697 - 705 Edmund R Hollis II, Nao Ishiko, Ting Yu, Chin-Chun Lu, Ariela Haimovich et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4282 Mechanisms underlying partial functional recovery after spinal cord injury are unclear. Conditionally knocking out the reinduced repulsive axon guidance receptor Ryk led to increased corticospinal axon plasticity and functional recovery. Motor cortex reorganized such that the hindlimb cortex controls the forelimb with continued forelimb reaching task training. A greater cortical area was recruited to control the forelimb in Ryk cKO. Asymmetry of Drosophila ON and OFF motion detectors enhances real-world velocity estimation   pp706 - 715 Aljoscha Leonhardt, Georg Ammer, Matthias Meier, Etienne Serbe, Armin Bahl et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4262 Using a combination of behavioral and physiological approaches, the authors show that ON and OFF motion detection pathways in Drosophila exhibit distinct temporal tuning properties. Computational modeling suggests that these asymmetric tuning properties improve the fly's ability to reliably estimate velocity in natural environments. Early hyperactivity and precocious maturation of corticostriatal circuits in Shank3B-/- mice   pp716 - 724 Rui T Peixoto, Wengang Wang, Donyell M Croney, Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy and Bernardo L Sabatini doi:10.1038/nn.4260 Peixoto et al. show that Shank3B-/- mice exhibit premature development and subsequent arrest of striatal afferent connectivity. This phenotype is a result of cortical hyperactivity during a period that is marked by robust synaptogenesis and enhanced excitability of spiny projection neurons, and indicates that early imbalances in cortical activity disrupt normal corticostriatal maturation. VTA glutamatergic inputs to nucleus accumbens drive aversion by acting on GABAergic interneurons   pp725 - 733 Jia Qi, Shiliang Zhang, Hui-Ling Wang, David J Barker, Jorge Miranda-Barrientos et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4281 The authors show that glutamatergic neurons, which are intermixed with dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, establish multiple excitatory synapses on parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens. Activation of this glutamatergic mesoaccumbens pathway induces the release of GABA onto medium spiny neurons and drives aversion. Agouti-related peptide neural circuits mediate adaptive behaviors in the starved state   pp734 - 741 Stephanie L Padilla, Jian Qiu, Marta E Soden, Elisenda Sanz, Casey C Nestor et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4274 Starving animals are less likely to defend their home territory and more likely to engage in risky foraging behaviors. This work describes a circuit involving hypothalamic AgRP neurons projecting to neurons in the medial nucleus of the amygdala and their projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which, when activated, mimics these behaviors in mice that are well fed. See also: News and Views by Li & Krashes A GABAergic nigrotectal pathway for coordination of drinking behavior   pp742 - 748 Mark A Rossi, Haofang E Li, Dongye Lu, Il Hwan Kim, Ryan A Bartholomew et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4285 Basal ganglia outputs to the superior colliculus are often associated with eye movements. Using in vivo recording and optogenetic stimulation, the authors demonstrate that a specific GABAergic pathway from the lateral substantia nigra pars reticulata to the lateral superior colliculus is critical for self-initiated drinking behavior, but not for whisking or blinking. Is cortical connectivity optimized for storing information?   pp749 - 755 Nicolas Brunel doi:10.1038/nn.4286 Maximizing information storage in recurrent networks leads to connectivity matrices whose statistics reproduce experimentally observed features of the connectivity between pyramidal cells in cortex. These include a large fraction of potential synapses and an over-representation of bidirectionally connected pairs of neurons, as compared to random networks. See also: News and Views by Mizusaki et al. Advertisement Nature Reviews Disease Primers is 1 year old! April marks the first year anniversary of Nature Reviews Disease Primers. To celebrate, we are taking a look back on the highlights of the year.  Delve into our interactive site to explore.     Technical Report Top Genetically targeted magnetic control of the nervous system   pp756 - 761 Michael A Wheeler, Cody J Smith, Matteo Ottolini, Bryan S Barker, Aarti M Purohit et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4265 Elucidation of structure-function relationships in the nervous system necessitates biological circuit control with genetic and temporal precision. Here the authors engineer a genetically encoded magnetically sensitive actuator, “Magneto,” and remotely manipulate behavior in live zebrafish and mice. The magnetogenetic control over neural activity promises greater access to previously intractable tissues. Top Advertisement Read the latest key research on aging and age-related diseases from npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease, a new open access journal published in partnership with the Japanese Society of Anti-Aging Medicine (JAAM): Yeast longevity: Living longer with heavy isotopes   Heterochronic microRNAs in temporal specification of neural stem cells: application toward rejuvenation    Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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