Nature Neuroscience Contents: February 2016 Volume 19 Number 2, pp 173 - 346

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Advertisement Highly cited small molecules from Abcam  We provide over 5000 highly cited small molecules with next day delivery. View our protocols to help you achieve your research goals, faster.  Learn more  TABLE OF CONTENTS February 2016 Volume 19, Issue 2 News and Views Perspective Reviews Brief Communication Articles Resource Advertisement Great science is meant to be shared. Propel your research and advance your career-get published in one of The Society for Neuroscience's scientific publications,  JNeurosci or eNeuro. Share your discoveries with people worldwide. Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement All content now free to access including archives! Nature Communications is an open access journal that publishes high-quality research from all areas of the natural sciences. Papers published by the journal represent important advances of significance to specialists within each subject area including the life sciences. Visit the website to explore ALL the content available within your field.    Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   News and Views Top Gene coexpression modules in human cognition   pp173 - 175 Donna M Werling and Stephan J Sanders doi:10.1038/nn.4226 Analysis of human hippocampus identifies two modules of coexpressed genes that are conserved throughout the human cortex and in mouse hippocampi. These modules are enriched for genetic variants associated with both cognitive phenotypes and neuropsychiatric disorders. See also: Article by Johnson et al. Natural killers in the brain's nursery   pp176 - 177 Sachin P Gadani and Jonathan Kipnis doi:10.1038/nn.4227 A previously unknown mechanism contributes to dysfunction of the neurogenic niche during CNS autoimmunity. Natural killer cells are retained specifically in the subventricular zone in chronic disease, killing stem cells and promoting pathology. See also: Article by Liu et al. Life goes by: a visual circuit signals perceptual-motor mismatch   pp177 - 179 Nao Ishiko and Andrew D Huberman doi:10.1038/nn.4233 Connections between a specific thalamic structure and the neocortex convey mismatches between internal perceptions and external events. These findings help to define the circuits controlling contextual modulation of visual-motor processing. See also: Article by Roth et al. Seq-ing the cortex one neuron at a time   pp179 - 181 Hsu-Hsin Chen and Paola Arlotta doi:10.1038/nn.4230 The most complete single-neuron transcriptome database of the mouse visual cortex was performed using a large collection of reporter mouse lines. Results highlight the unmatched neuronal diversity of the cerebral cortex. See also: Resource by Tasic et al. Rapid control of olfaction   p181 Sasha Devore doi:10.1038/nn0216-181 See also: Article by Kapoor et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Faculty Position in the Department of Neuroscience Job Mayo Clinic PhD Students in Molecular Medicine � Translational Neuroscience Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) / Nordic EMBL Partnership Tenure-track Faculty Position in Stroke Recovery / Brain Repair / Neuroscience University of Ottawa Director of the Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (Duke-NUS) ULB Neuroscience Institute PhD Programme Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Applying Computational Modelling to Clinical Neuroscience 06.04.16 Buckinghamshire, UK More science events from Perspective Top Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave   pp182 - 189 Narges Bazargani and David Attwell doi:10.1038/nn.4201 The role of transient elevations of the intracellular concentration of calcium in astrocytes is controversial. Some neuroscientists believe that, by triggering the release of 'gliotransmitters', astrocyte calcium transients regulate synaptic strength and neuronal excitability, while others deny that gliotransmission exists. Bazargani and Attwell assess the status of this rapidly evolving field. Reviews Top Remodeling myelination: implications for mechanisms of neural plasticity   pp190 - 197 Kae-Jiun Chang, Stephanie A Redmond and Jonah R Chan doi:10.1038/nn.4200 Dynamic membrane transformations are not exclusively controlled by cytoskeletal rearrangement, but also by biophysical constraints, adhesive forces, membrane curvature and compaction. Recent technological advances have helped clarify longstanding controversies concerning myelination, from target selection to axon wrapping and membrane compaction. Chang et al. review these findings and discuss how understanding these processes provides insight into myelination-centered mechanisms of neural plasticity. Lateral hypothalamic circuits for feeding and reward   pp198 - 205 Garret D Stuber and Roy A Wise doi:10.1038/nn.4220 Stuber and Wise review the role of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in generating motivated behaviors related to feeding and reward processing. Classic experiments demonstrate that the LHA is critical for reward processing, and more contemporary approaches are beginning to elucidate the cells types and circuits required for these behaviors. Melanocortin-4 receptor-regulated energy homeostasis   pp206 - 219 Michael J Krashes, Bradford B Lowell and Alastair S Garfield doi:10.1038/nn.4202 Central melanocortinergic signaling via the melanocortin-4 receptor is both a culprit in and a target for obesity. The authors review our understanding of this evolutionarily conserved system in the regulation of mammalian energy homeostasis. Brief Communication Top The indirect pathway of the nucleus accumbens shell amplifies neuropathic pain   pp220 - 222 Wenjie Ren, Maria Virginia Centeno, Sara Berger, Ying Wu, Xiaodong Na et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4199 Neuropathic pain poses a major healthcare burden. The authors show that a specific set of neurons in the nucleus accumbens, a region long associated with affect, were changed in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. A pharmacotherapy that is well tolerated in man reversed these adaptations and alleviated pain. Advertisement npj Science of Learning is a new online-only, open access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research into the mechanisms that underpin learning in experimental conditions and educational environments. To hear more about the aims of npj Science of Learning from the Editor-in-Chief, Professor Pankaj Sah, please click here.    Articles Top Systems genetics identifies a convergent gene network for cognition and neurodevelopmental disease   pp223 - 232 Michael R Johnson, Kirill Shkura, Sarah R Langley, Andree Delahaye-Duriez, Prashant Srivastava et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4205 Impairment of cognitive function is a common feature of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Systems genetics analysis in the brain uncovered a convergent gene network for both cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders. As the network does not recapitulate known pathways, this finding represents a new basis for understanding factors influencing normal and disordered cognition. See also: News and Views by Werling & Sanders Modular composition and dynamics of native GABAB receptors identified by high-resolution proteomics   pp233 - 242 Jochen Schwenk, Enrique Pérez-Garci, Andy Schneider, Astrid Kollewe, Anne Gauthier-Kemper et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4198 GABAB receptors are the most abundant inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors in the mammalian brain. Using high-resolution proteomics, the authors show that native GABAB receptors are macromolecular complexes with previously unknown complexity in subunit composition. This molecular diversity in structure and assembly encodes the diversity of GABAB physiology in the CNS. Neural stem cells sustain natural killer cells that dictate recovery from brain inflammation   pp243 - 252 Qiang Liu, Nader Sanai, Wei-Na Jin, Antonio La Cava, Luc Van Kaer et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4211 Natural killer (NK) cells are retained and reside in the vicinity of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain subventricular zone during the chronic phase of multiple sclerosis in humans and its animal model in mice. In this study, the authors show that these NK cells limit NSCs' reparative capacity following brain inflammation, while NSCs promote NK survival via an interleukin-15-dependent mechanism. See also: News and Views by Gadani & Kipnis KIF1A inhibition immortalizes brain stem cells but blocks BDNF-mediated neuronal migration   pp253 - 262 Aurelie Carabalona, Daniel Jun-Kit Hu and Richard B Vallee doi:10.1038/nn.4213 The authors find that Kif1a has sequential roles during cortical development. Kif1a inhibition blocks basal nuclear migration in radial glial progenitor cells, resulting in a persistent proliferative state. Kif1a inhibition subsequently disrupts neuronal migration at the multipolar-to-bipolar transition, with a massive non-cell-autonomous arrest of surrounding neurons. These effects are phenocopied by Dcx RNAi and rescued by BDNF, a Kif1a cargo protein. Bidirectional GABAergic control of action potential firing in newborn hippocampal granule cells   pp263 - 270 Stefanie Heigele, Sébastien Sultan, Nicolas Toni and Josef Bischofberger doi:10.1038/nn.4218 Adult-born neurons are already contributing to learning and memory at immature developmental stages. Heigele et al. show that during the first 3 weeks after mitosis, the young cells fire action potentials generated by excitatory GABAergic synapses. Strong GABAergic synaptic activity, however, inhibits spiking, thereby generating a well-defined GABAergic excitation window. Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels   pp271 - 282 Vikrant Kapoor, Allison C Provost, Prateek Agarwal and Venkatesh N Murthy doi:10.1038/nn.4219 The serotonergic raphe nuclei modulate neuronal function typically over minutes or hours. The authors report that raphe nuclei affect odor responses in output neurons of the olfactory bulb at sub-second time scales. These effects are mediated through multiple neurotransmitters and are distinct depending on the type of output neuron. See also: News and Views by Devore Laterodorsal tegmentum interneuron subtypes oppositely regulate olfactory cue-induced innate fear   pp283 - 289 Hongbin Yang, Junhua Yang, Wang Xi, Sijia Hao, Benyan Luo et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4208 Animals can fear specific objects with no previous experience. For example, naive mice are innately afraid of cats. Here the authors employed optogenet­ics and behavioral assays to determine the neural circuit mechanisms involved in mediating olfactory cue–induced innate fear in mice. Hypothalamic feedforward inhibition of thalamocortical network controls arousal and consciousness   pp290 - 298 Carolina Gutierrez Herrera, Marta Carus Cadavieco, Sonia Jego, Alexey Ponomarenko, Tatiana Korotkova et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4209 The authors identify a new arousal circuit in the mammalian brain. They provide correlative and optogenetic evidence indicating that a subset of hypothalamic cells drive awakening from non-rapid eye movement (slow-wave) sleep and emergence from anesthesia by exerting a strong inhibitory tone onto reticular thalamic neurons. Thalamic nuclei convey diverse contextual information to layer 1 of visual cortex   pp299 - 307 Morgane M Roth, Johannes C Dahmen, Dylan R Muir, Fabia Imhof, Francisco J Martini et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4197 Current models of active vision emphasize the role of intracortical feedback projections. The authors report that thalamocortical projections, in particular from the higher order lateral posterior nucleus, provide an alternative pathway by which contextual sensory and motor information, as well as putative visuomotor error signals, are conveyed to primary visual cortex. See also: News and Views by Ishiko & Huberman Thalamus provides layer 4 of primary visual cortex with orientation- and direction-tuned inputs   pp308 - 315 Wenzhi Sun, Zhongchao Tan, Brett D Mensh and Na Ji doi:10.1038/nn.4196 The authors measured the orientation tuning of ∼28,000 thalamic boutons and ∼4,000 neurons in layers 1-5 of awake mouse V1. With adaptive optics allowing accurate measurement of deep tissue activity, around half of the boutons in layer 4 were found to carry orientation and direction information. Laminar differences in the orientation selectivity of geniculate afferents in mouse primary visual cortex   pp316 - 319 Satoru Kondo and Kenichi Ohki doi:10.1038/nn.4215 The authors used two-photon imaging to measure the orientation tuning of thalamic boutons and neurons in mouse V1. They found that a smaller fraction of thalamic boutons in layer 4 than in superficial cortical layers carried orientation and direction information. Parallel specification of competing sensorimotor control policies for alternative action options   pp320 - 326 Jason P Gallivan, Lindsey Logan, Daniel M Wolpert and J Randall Flanagan doi:10.1038/nn.4214 Several prominent theories propose that, in situations affording more than one possible action, the brain prepares, in parallel, multiple competing movements before selecting one. The authors provide evidence for this idea, showing that individuals simultaneously specify distinct feedback gains, a critical component of control, for competing target options. Coherent neuronal ensembles are rapidly recruited when making a look-reach decision   pp327 - 334 Yan T Wong, Margaret M Fabiszak, Yevgeny Novikov, Nathaniel D Daw and Bijan Pesaran doi:10.1038/nn.4210 The authors propose that deciding where to look and reach depends on how neurons in the posterior parietal cortex communicate with each other. They find that 'dual-coherent' neurons, which tend to fire spikes timed to neural activity within and across the banks of the intraparietal sulcus, predict look-reach choices before neurons without this property. Resource Top Adult mouse cortical cell taxonomy revealed by single cell transcriptomics   pp335 - 346 Bosiljka Tasic, Vilas Menon, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Tae Kyung Kim, Tim Jarsky et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4216 Mammalian cortex comprises a variety of cells, but the extent of this cellular diversity is unknown. The authors defined cell types in the primary visual cortex of adult mice using single-cell transcriptomics. This revealed 49 cell types, including 23 GABAergic, 19 glutamatergic and 7 non-neuronal types. See also: News and Views by Chen & Arlotta Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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