Science X Newsletter Thursday, Nov 19

Dear Reader ,

Here is your customized Phys.org Newsletter for November 19, 2015:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

- Dark matter might cause fundamental constants to change over time
- Scientists discover new camouflage mechanism fish use in open ocean
- Protective shell of sea-dwelling chiton paves way towards new materials that combine different functions
- Cool, dim dwarf star is magnetic powerhouse
- Salty solution to better, safer batteries
- 'Rat vision' may give humans best sight of all
- How experienced buyers can mitigate economic bubbles
- Bacterial protein can help convert stem cells into neurons
- Brainstem 'stop neurons' make us halt when we walk
- Research team finds way to produce large-area graphene 100 times cheaper
- Architecture of protein complex hints at its function in chromosome segregation
- Scientists unveil critical mechanism of memory formation
- 'Healthy' foods differ by individual
- Biologists report method to calculate lifetime energy requirements of cells, genes
- Deciphering the role of brain layers

Astronomy & Space news

	Cool, dim dwarf star is magnetic powerhouse Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) have discovered that a dim, cool dwarf star is generating a surprisingly powerful magnetic field, one that rivals the most intense magnetic regions of our own Sun.
	Second thoughts? Countries delay leap second decision until 2023: UN It is no split-second decision. In fact, countries are at such odds over whether to do away with the "leap second"—an extra second periodically added to compensate for irregularities in the earth's rotation around the sun—that they have put off deciding the matter until 2023, the United Nations announced Thursday.
	Early galaxies more efficient at making stars, Hubble survey reveals A study published in today's Astrophysical Journal by University of Texas at Austin assistant professor Steven Finkelstein and colleagues reveals that galaxies were more efficient at making stars when the universe was younger. The announcement explains the team's discovery, announced in the journal's September 1 issue, that there are a lot more bright, highly star-forming galaxies in the early universe than scientists previously thought.
	NASA video: Magnetic loops, front and right Two active regions sported coils of bundled, magnetic loops spiraling above them (Nov. 11-12, 2015) over 16 hours.
	Neil deGrasse Tyson weighs in on New Horizons' Pluto discoveries The New Horizons spacecraft completed its 3 billion mile journey to Pluto in July and the discoveries continue to pour in every week as NASA scientists receive and analyze data and images from the flyby. It will be another year before scientists on Earth receive the last of the data cache from the decade-long mission.
	Stormy space weather puts equatorial regions' power at risk Stormy space weather sweeping across the equator is threatening vital power grids in regions long considered safe from such events, ground-breaking new research from RMIT reveals.
	NASA's STEREO-A resumes normal operations On Nov. 9, 2015, NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead, or STEREO-A, once again began transmitting data at its full rate. For the previous year, STEREO-A was transmitting only a weak signal—or occasionally none at all—due to its position almost directly behind the sun. Subsequently, as of Nov. 17, STEREO resumed its normal science operations, which includes transmission of lower-resolution real-time data—used by scientists to monitor solar events—as well as high-definition, but delayed, images of the sun's surface and atmosphere.

Technology news

	Toy, shoe, camera analytics: Watson app for holiday gift buying Cognitive technologies unleashed for health and industry applications took another turn this week, beyond advising doctors and showing business trends. IBM with its powerful Watson is turning its focus on the retail sector, this time crossing into the consumer side.
	Sight for sore eyes in image processing: Morpho Dehazer A company has taken the wraps off its new technology for wiping dust, snow and mist from videos, wrote a CNET contributor in Japan.
	Self-healing sensor brings 'electronic skin' closer to reality Flexible sensors have been developed for use in consumer electronics, robotics, health care, and space flight. Future possible applications could include the creation of 'electronic skin' and prosthetic limbs that allow wearers to 'feel' changes in their environments.
	Mysterious communication connections by top 500 Android apps have no effect on user experience MIT researchers have found that much of the data transferred to and from the 500 most popular free applications for Google Android cellphones make little or no difference to the user's experience.
	Clothes smarter than you are: welcome to the future Wish there was a gadget able to transform your boring office uniform into a party outfit, or even a device that guides you straight to new friends?
	Read while commuting? Self-driving cars have you covered Ever dreamt of kicking back, letting go of the wheel and reading the paper on the commute to work? In large cities, that could soon be a reality, say auto manufacturers.
	Square aims IPO price below target range Mobile payments firm Square will make its stock market debut on Thursday priced lower than expected in a sign that soaring tech startup values may be coming back down.
Two-hat Dorsey is key figure in Silicon Valley With the market debut of mobile payments startup Square, Jack Dorsey becomes a pivotal figure in Silicon Valley as the chief executive of two major publicly traded tech companies.
Match Group to go public at low end of price range The company behind online dating services Tinder, Match and OkCupid will go public at $12 per share, opting for the low end of its projected price range.
	China's Geely drives down to electric avenue Chinese carmaker Geely is seeking to shift 90 percent of its sales to hybrid and electric vehicles by 2020, it said Thursday, as authorities in the world's largest auto market encourage manufacturers to go green.
	NASA takes flight with research on air traffic controller workloads Computer Science undergrad Andrew Wallace has some ideas for managing congested national air space, and NASA likes what they've seen so far from him.
	Researcher finds "privacy-friendly" way to identify mobile social networks An analytical model that finds mobile device users based on their shared interests is a Holy Grail for e-marketers, because relevant, targeted campaigns have long been proven to be the most effective strategy with the highest return. Now NYU Stern Professor Foster Provost and co-authors have devised a way to connect the same and similar mobile users based on analyzing location visitation data – without compromising users' privacy.
	Volkswagen to present emission fixes to US authorities German automaker Volkswagen, tainted by an emissions scandal, said it will present US authorities Friday with plans for bringing its vehicles outfitted with pollution-cheating software into compliance with regulations.
	Costa Rica boasts clean energy—and bad car pollution At dusk one weekend on Costa Rica's tropical Pacific coast, Mamiche is catering to a line of customers in front of the beachside ice-cream stand he tends.
	Smash-mouth football in lab points way to better helmets on the field In a lab just off the racetrack at Birmingham's Barber Motorsports Park, one of America's foremost highway-safety experts is testing a new solution to football's concussion problem: crash-test dummies. They're the centerpiece of an effort by UAB's Dean Sicking, Ph.D., inventor of a host of roadside protection devices and the SAFER barrier widely used in motorsports, to make football helmets safer as well.
	How Triple Handshake, Freak and Logjam discoveries contributed to a broader effort to safeguard the Internet When researchers from Microsoft and the French research organization INRIA discovered and helped fix three serious security vulnerabilities in a popular system for enabling secure Internet transactions, many people assumed that finding those flaws had been their primary goal.
	Swedes turn to social app to guard against crime It's every parent's nightmare. You lose track of your 4-year-old at a playground, and the next thing you know, and you're running around, frantically asking people if they've seen your child.
	Preventing famine with mobile phones With a mobile data collection app and satellite data, scientists will be able to predict whether a certain region is vulnerable to food shortages and malnutrition. The method has now been tested in the Central African Republic.
	Volkswagen to start recalls in France from 'early 2016': letter Volkswagen has informed clients in France that early next year it will begin recalling vehicles to remove the pollution-cheating software that has ensnared the carmaker in a global scandal.
	Hedge fund urges Yahoo to shift Alibaba strategy A hedge fund with a stake in Yahoo urged the Internet giant Thursday to drop its planned spinoff of its stake in China's Alibaba and instead sell the "core" search business.
	Looking for a job? Online is where it's at For Americans looking for a job, the Internet is an important, and often an essential resource.
	British spy agency GCHQ seeks hipster cyber skills Britain's communications intelligence agency said on Thursday it had spray-painted job adverts on London streets popular with hipsters to woo more employees with cyber skills.
	Instant messaging app in spotlight after IS attacks The instant messaging app Telegram, created by Russian Internet guru Pavel Durov, says it has blocked dozens of accounts associated with the jihadist Islamic State group.
	Email security improving, but far from perfect Email security helps protect some of our most sensitive data: password recovery confirmations, financial data, confidential correspondences, and more. According to a new report, published by Michael Bailey, an associate professor of computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Michigan and Google, email security is significantly better than it was two years ago, but still has widespread issues. The full report is published in the Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference.
	Encryption firm tightens access following Paris attacks The encrypted communications firm Silent Circle said Thursday it was tightening access to its mobile apps and secure smartphone to make them harder for terrorists and criminals to use.
	'Huge' opportunity as five billion to go online by 2020: Google The world's online population will double to five billion by 2020 presenting "huge" business opportunities for tech start-ups on the cutting edge of the unprecedented expansion, the head of Google Europe said Thursday.
	Tinder parent Match hits it off in Wall Street debut Match Group, the new firm which operates dating apps Tinder and OK Cupid, scored well in its first date on Wall Street as the market warmed to its stock offering.
	Square flies high in Wall Street debut Mobile payments startup Square vaulted higher in its Wall Street debut Thursday a day after a hefty markdown of its public offering price amid concerns over tech valuations.
	Gift Guide: Kiddie tech beyond video games, tablets What to get a tech-savvy kid who's tired of the same old tablets and video games? New toys this year range from easy-to-use sets for building circuits to a talking dinosaur powered by IBM's Watson artificial-intelligence system.
	Avoiding collision leads to common routes Ants, when walking around in cluttered environments, are known to follow a limited number of common routes. Research published in PLOS Computational Biology and led by Olivier Bertrand (Bielefeld University, Germany) shows that similar routes emerge when an algorithm for collision avoidance, based on the apparent motion of obstacles, is combined with a target direction.
	Zuckerbergs give $20 mn to get US classrooms online Facebook billionaire Mark Zuckerberg on Thursday said that he and his wife are donating $20 million to help get high-speed Internet service to US classrooms.
	Facebook tests tools for dealing with former loves The online social network devoted to making the world more connected on Thursday began helping couples break up.
Intel rises following revenue forecast, dividend boost Intel stock climbed Thursday after the chipmaker said it expects its revenue to grow again next year and raised its quarterly dividend.
	NATO fights malware, bugged devices at Estonian cyber center NATO nations and allies are battling malware in tablets and infected devices this week in the alliance's largest cyber drill to date aimed at improving members' data privacy in crisis situations.
	Square's stock soars 45 percent in first day of trading (Update) Square bounced back in its stock market debut Thursday after the once-hot mobile payments service slashed the price of its initial public offering to get the deal done.
	VW has only a few costly options to fix polluting diesels When Volkswagen submits a plan to fix emissions-cheating diesel engines on Friday, it will have only two options for most of the cars.
US Treasury raises new barriers to tax-evading mergers The US Treasury announced new measures Thursday to block "inversion" mergers designed to let companies avoid US taxes, placing a possible obstacle to Pfizer's potential $150 billion takeover of Ireland's Allergan.
	Adele to shun streaming for launch of giant album "25" Adele will shun streaming as she launches her long-awaited album "25," which is predicted to be the biggest release in years.
	Israel grants Palestinian mobile carriers 3G frequency Israel has signed an agreement granting Palestinian mobile phone carriers 3G high-speed data services in the West Bank.
	Technology to automate construction of visual-inspections programs for production-lines Fujitsu Laboratories today announced that it has developed a technology that automatically generates visual-inspection programs that use images to automatically detect part-mounting and surface defects on production lines for electronic devices. Existing technologies for automatically generating image-processing programs work by recognizing certain geometric primitives, such as straight lines and circles, and recognizing the positions of assembled parts. Fujitsu Laboratories has built on this technological base and developed two new technologies. The first technology is trained on the method for comparing against pre-registered images of parts with complex shapes and the whole board, and then applies the comparison method against images captured on the production line to recognize when parts are out of alignment. The second technology identifies part defects by recognizing a variety of image features, including brightness and line orientations, in the patterns of parts images and making accept/reject decisions.
	Signs of our times: why emoji can be even more powerful than words Each year, Oxford Dictionaries – one of the world's leading arbiters on the English language – selects a word that has risen to prominence over the past 12 months as its "Word of the Year". The word is carefully chosen, based on a close analysis of how often it is used and what it reveals about the times we live in. Past examples include such classics as "vape", "selfie" and "omnishambles".
	Manufacturing flexibility with free-form electronic circuits 'TERASEL was inspired by the need for smart, randomly shaped electronic and sensor circuits for a number of end uses including lighting, car interiors, user interfaces and consumer electronics,' says project coordinator Jan Vanfleteren from IMEC, Belgium. 'Our key objective has been to develop cost effective technologies for the production of these circuits, or 2.5D circuits as we call them.'
	Fashion on the high seas—turning marine waste into high-end clothing Ecoalf, a Spanish SME that designs and markets high quality textile products and accessories made from recycled materials such as PET bottles, discarded fishing nests, used tyres, post-consumer coffee and post-industrial cotton, aims to expand its range to include fabrics and clothes made from marine plastic litter.
	Does conflict-free sourcing matter? When consumers make the decision to purchase a tablet, they're probably not thinking about violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo—but they should.
	Six tips to improve search results Looking for a needle in the digital haystack? Save time and clicks by Googling the right way.
	Epson's new series of 6-axis robots maximize space efficiency and throughput Seiko Epson Corporation has developed a new series of 6-axis (vertically articulated) industrial robots. The robots in the new N series have an innovative folding arm that will allow them to be installed in very limited spaces. The first product in the series is scheduled for global release in May 2016. Epson will demonstrate an N series robot at the International Robot Exhibition 2015, which will run from December 2-5, at Tokyo Big Sight (the Tokyo International Exhibition Center).
	Optimized software-controlled solid-state drive for big data processing Fujitsu Laboratories today announced that it has developed a solid-state drive (SSD) in which flash memory can be directly controlled by software running on a server. By optimizing data positioning for access from an in-memory database, a world's first, it achieved a processing performance three times faster than that of ordinary SSDs. With in-memory databases, which enable high-speed analysis by loading data onto servers on a type of memory called DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), when the volume of data exceeds the capacity of memory, lags in access to storage and other factors reduce processing speeds. As a result, there has been a desire for technology that could expand memory using high-speed SSDs.
Estonia hosts NATO cyberdrill with focus on infected tablets Thirty-three countries are attending NATO's largest ever cyberdrill in Estonia, focusing on malware in tablets and how infected devices may compromise data privacy for staff of the world's biggest military alliance.
	Ten ways advanced computing catalyzes science When researchers need to compare complex new genomes, or map new regions of the Arctic in high-resolution detail, or detect signs of dark matter, or make sense of massive amounts of functional MRI data, they turn to the high-performance computing and data analysis systems supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
	Yahoo gets subpoena in fantasy sports probe: sources Yahoo has been issued a subpoena in a New York state investigation into daily fantasy sports games, sources close to the case said Thursday.

Medicine & Health news

	Mutations in key cancer protein suggest new route to treatments For years, scientists have struggled to find a way to block a protein known to play an important role in many cancers. The protein, STAT3, acts as a transcription factor—it performs the crucial task of helping convert DNA into the RNA instructions used to make new proteins.
	Computational linguistics of 'Alice in Wonderland' leads researchers into the brain Alice in Wonderland is 150 years old this year but the ever-young adventurer recently led Cornell researchers to a part of the brain that helps listeners understand her story.
	Scientists unveil critical mechanism of memory formation In a new study that could have implications for future drug discovery efforts for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, scientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have found that the interaction between a pair of brain proteins has a substantial and previously unrecognized effect on memory formation.
	Deciphering the role of brain layers New research from the Department of Developmental Neurobiology at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, sheds light into the role of layers in the brain. The study, published today in Neuron, shows that the formation of layers speeds the development of neuronal circuits although, surprisingly, it is not crucial for the establishment of functional and cell-type specific connections.
	Brainstem 'stop neurons' make us halt when we walk A population of 'stop cells' in the brainstem is essential for the ability of mice to stop their locomotion, according to a new study by scientists at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden. In an article published in the journal Cell, they report a brainstem pathway specifically dedicated to enforce locomotor arrest; its selective activation stops locomotion, while its silencing favors it. The study thus identifies a novel descending modality essential for gating the episodic nature of locomotor behavior.
	'Healthy' foods differ by individual Ever wonder why that diet didn't work? An Israeli study tracking the blood sugar levels of 800 people over a week suggests that even if we all ate the same meal, how it's metabolized would differ from one person to another. The findings, published November 19 in Cell, demonstrate the power of personalized nutrition in helping people identify which foods can help or hinder their health goals.
	Discovery helps explain what guides neurons to connect It's a wonder of nature - and a darned good thing - that amid many billions of similar cells in the brain and spinal cord, neurons can extend their tendrillous axons to exactly the right place to form connections. Otherwise we wouldn't move, sense or think properly, if at all. In a new study in the journal Science, researchers report a discovery that helps to explain how axons manage to find their way across the midline of the spinal cord.
	Study of the Tsimane people of Bolivia examines how parasitism affects female fertility When Melanie Martin was a graduate student at UC Santa Barbara doing fieldwork in Bolivia, she and her husband decided the time was right to start a family. Martin got pregnant almost immediately, and when she credited her success to the parasites she and her colleagues were studying, the researchers wondered if there was a kernel of truth to her assertion.
	Monkeys in Asia harbor virus from humans, other species When it comes to spreading viruses, bats are thought to be among the worst. Now a new study of nearly 900 nonhuman primates in Bangladesh and Cambodia shows that macaques harbor more diverse astroviruses, which can cause infectious gastroenteritis or diarrhea in humans.
Can natural remedies jeopardize cardiovascular health? Chinese physicians report on the case of a woman who presented with aconitine-induced cardiovascular symptoms. Their report, published in the Canadian Journal of Cardiology, warns that the use of this natural ingredient may lead to severe poisoning.
	How a raisin can predict a toddler's future academic ability A simple test using a raisin can predict how well a toddler will perform academically at age eight, according to research conducted at the University of Warwick.
	Possible new mechanism for aspirin's role in cancer prevention Aspirin has been shown to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer and possibly other cancers. However, the risk of side effects, including in some cases severe gastrointestinal bleeding, makes it necessary to better understand the mechanisms by which aspirin acts at low doses before recommending it more generally as a preventative, says Cornelia Ulrich, PhD, Senior Director of Population Sciences at Huntsman Cancer Institute in Salt Lake City.
Study presents new insights in the search for treatments for neurological diseases A team of researchers led by professor Patrik Verstreken (VIB/KU Leuven) has exposed the fine details of a mechanism that provides more insight in the communication between neurons. The research has clarified how damaged synapses - the connection points between neurons - are repaired to keep communication between neurons at an optimal level. Disturbances in these mechanisms are believed to play a role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, ALS or Parkinson's disease.
Breastfeeding babies protected against HIV from their HIV+ mothers with 12 months of antiretroviral drug treatment A study from four countries in Africa, published in The Lancet, shows that providing babies with up to 12 months of liquid formula HIV drugs, while breastfeeding with their HIV-positive mothers, is highly effective at protecting them from infection, including in the 6-12 month period after birth which has not been analysed in previous research. The study is by Professor Philippe Van de Perre, INSERM, Montpellier, France, and colleagues.
New gene that makes common bacteria resistant to last-line antibiotic found in animals and patients in China A new gene (mcr-1) that enables bacteria to be highly resistant to polymyxins, the last line of antibiotic defence we have left, is widespread in Enterobacteriaceae taken from pigs and patients in south China, including strains with epidemic potential, according to new research published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
	Using sight and sound to trigger dementia patients' memories From the antique cast-iron stove in the kitchen to the ancient wood-paneled radio in the living room, the decor in The Easton Home comes straight out of the 1930s, '40s and '50s.
At least 100,000 women tried home abortions amid Texas restrictions, study finds At least 100,000 women in Texas have tried to end a pregnancy without help from a doctor and that number is expected to rise as a result of restrictive laws, a new study found.
	Why foods that make you fart are a good thing Although renowned for creating delight in children, farts are not considered the best way to make friends and influence people.
	Researchers develop visual test to quickly check brain function quality University of Georgia researchers have developed a simple technique to measure an individual's visual processing speed—the speed at which an individual can comprehend visual information—in order to identify whether or not they may have cognitive issues.
Research pokes holes in police tactics to obtain confessions of crime If you've ever watched a TV crime drama, or even the national news, you've likely witnessed a suspect, after endless police questioning, break down in tears to confess to a crime.
Sex-related risks judged more harshly than comparable health hazards People with sexually transmitted infections are often irrationally stigmatized by the public, who overestimate the risk for STIs when compared to other health risks, according to a new University of Michigan study.
	Study identifies new risk factors for stroke New research from the University of Otago, Wellington, has identified new risk factors for secondary stroke in patients who have suffered a 'mini-stroke' or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The findings open the way for developing potential new treatments to prevent subsequent full strokes, the researchers believe.
	Give your kids a healthy start to life Every parent wants a healthy child and two world leading researchers from Deakin University's Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN) say the key is healthy eating and active play, right from the start.
Researchers discover genetic cause of second-most common kidney cancer in children The genetic basis of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), a high-risk childhood cancer known for metastasizing to bone and brain, has remained a mystery since the cancer was first described in the 1970s. A team of researchers from Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital has now uncovered a genetic mutation associated with CCSK that has opened a new path of research and could point the way toward a new diagnostic test for the disease.
	Diagnosing osteoarthritis before it appears Arthritis is the leading cause of long-term disability in Canada, with osteoarthritis being the most common form of the disease. It is estimated that 14.2 per cent of Canadians suffer from osteoarthritis.
Urine-derived stem cells predict patient response to cholesterol-lowering drugs High blood cholesterol is linked to an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. To identify new strategies to combat high cholesterol in genetically predisposed individuals, new preclinical models that mimic the underlying pathophysiology are needed. Researchers in Nantes have now shown that cells derived from patient urine samples can be reprogrammed to rapidly generate patient-specific models of hypercholesterolemia. These models provide a tool to accurately predict patient response to cholesterol-lowering drugs.
	Researchers discover a new mechanism of epilepsy In epilepsy, nerve cells lose their usual rhythm, and ion channels, which have a decisive influence on their excitability, are involved. A team of researchers under the direction of the University of Bonn has now discovered a new mechanism for influencing ion channels in epilepsy. They found that spermine inside neurons dampens the neuron's excitability. In epilepsy, spermine levels decrease, causing hyperexcitability. The researchers hope that their findings can be exploited to develop new therapies for epilepsies. They are reporting their findings in the Journal of Neuroscience.
	Reserarcher explores how gender infoms our food choices and discourses Everyone eats—but how much do we think about what we eat or why we eat it?
Research breakthrough could lead to better prostate cancer treatment Cancer researchers from the University of Glasgow and Royal Philips Cancer researchers have identified a gene which could help doctors to predict the aggressiveness of prostate cancer in patients.
	Mapping the pathways of least resistance Cancer is a notoriously slippery target. It can assume multiple genetic identities, taking a different pathway whenever it needs to dodge the latest treatment. A recent study found that just a single, tiny tumor can contain more than a million distinct mutations, priming it for resistance.
Dementia treatments less likely to be prescribed in poorer areas of England The study, which also shows that these inequalities in England are not replicated in other parts of the UK, is published in the journal Age and Ageing.
	Circulating small cell lung cancer cells successfully cultivated for the very first time Most cases of small cell lung cancer are only diagnosed after the tumour has already formed metastases. Until now it has not been possible to investigate the reasons for this rapid metastasis, because of a lack of sufficient tumour material from patients. Now, the group of researchers led by Gerhard Hamilton, University Department of Surgery at Medical University of Vienna has succeeded in creating infinitely reproducing tissue cultures. The findings have been published in the leading journal OncoImmunology.
	Seven minutes of meditation can reduce racial prejudice, study finds A popular meditation technique that's intended to create feelings of kindness can also reduce prejudice, according to new University of Sussex research.
	Do you need protein supplements to get ripped? Many people spend hours in the gym every week and fill up on protein supplements in the quest for a ripped physique, but could all that hard work and money spent on sweet tasting powder be in vain?
	Smoking hits all-time low... but not for these three groups While the overall number of people who smoke in the United States is at an all-time low, not everyone is quite ready to celebrate. "We're making great strides, but it's evident that there are large groups of people who continue to struggle with tobacco and the chronic diseases associated with it," said Amy Lukowski, Psy.D., clinical director of Health Initiatives at National Jewish Health in Denver and for its QuitLogix program, the largest non-profit smoking quitline in the country. "We need to find ways to better reach and serve those vulnerable demographic groups that are disproportionately impacted by tobacco."
Australia's first 3-D printed spine implant RMIT University in Melbourne has worked with a medical device company and a neurosurgeon to successfully create a 3D printed vertebral cage for a patient with severe back pain.
Psychologists dispute continuum theory of sexual orientation Washington State University researchers have established a categorical distinction between people who are heterosexual and those who are not. By analyzing the reported sexual behavior, identity and attraction of more than 33,000 American adults, they found that 3 percent of men and 2.7 percent of women are not heterosexual. They also found notable issues on several mental health fronts.
Studies examine long-term outcomes in childhood, young adult cancer survivors JAMA Oncology published two studies and a related editorial focused on long-term outcomes in survivors of childhood or young adult cancer.
	Researchers develop model to study, find ways to target rare tumor Cancer researchers at the University of Cincinnati (UC) have found a new target that could lead to therapies for a rare type of tumor.
Animal study shows how exercise may energize brain cell function As we age or develop neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's , our brain cells may not produce sufficient energy to remain fully functional. Researchers discovered that an enzyme called SIRT3 that is located in mitochondria—the cell's powerhouse—may protect mice brains against the kinds of stresses believed to contribute to energy loss. Furthermore, mice that ran on a wheel increased their levels of this protective enzyme.
	Control of blood vessel formation Scientists from Kumamoto University and The University of Tokyo, Japan have elucidated the control of cellular movement during blood vessel formation. Their findings show that cellular motion occurs not in only the direction toward the tip of the blood vessels, but in a dynamically changing manner!
	iPS-derived kidney cells successfully connected to capillary network In a world first, Kumamoto University researchers have shown mouse kidney capillaries successfully connecting to kidney tissue which was derived from human iPS cells. This achievement shows that human kidney glomeruli made in vitro can connect to blood vessels after transplantation and grow to maturity. It is a big step forward in gain-of-function for a urine-producing kidney.
	How weight-loss surgery reduces sugar cravings Weight loss surgery curbs the sweet tooth by acting on the brain's reward system, according to a study published November 19 in Cell Metabolism. The researchers found that gastrointestinal bypass surgery, which is used to treat morbid obesity and diabetes, reduced sugar-seeking behavior in mice by reducing the release of a reward chemical called dopamine in the brain. The findings suggest that positive outcomes are more likely if sugary foods seem less rewarding after surgery.
	Running prevents postnatal side effects of epilepsy drugs in mice The simple act of running may be sufficient to prevent long-term cognitive impairments caused by prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs, according to a study published November 19th in Stem Cell Reports, the journal of the International Society for Stem Cell Research. The findings revealed that prenatal exposure to a commonly used antiepileptic drug called valproic acid (VPA) inhibited the birth of new neurons in the brains of adult mice and impaired their performance on learning and memory tasks. Remarkably, these postnatal side effects were largely prevented when the mice were given access to a running wheel at a young age.
	Infants with blind parents pay less attention to eyes For parents of young children, there are few milestones more memorable than that first word. But people communicate an awful lot to each other without ever saying anything at all. That raises an intriguing question: how do infants learn to communicate with the people around them nonverbally, through eye contact? Researchers reporting in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on November 19 have some new insight into this silent form of communication from an unlikely source: the sighted children of blind parents.
	Researchers examine how neurofibromatosis causes premature cardiovascular disease It's a fairly common genetic condition that can surface as a series of dark skin spots and result in a host of maladies from tumors to premature cardiovascular disease.
	Amphibian approach to help bones heal faster and better Inspired by amphibians like salamanders, researchers from the University of Southampton are developing a new type of drug that may help bones heal faster and better.
	Improving fitness may counteract brain atrophy in older adults Older adults that improved their fitness through a moderate intensity exercise program increased the thickness of their brain's cortex, the outer layer of the brain that typically atrophies with Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study from the University of Maryland School of Public Health. These effects were found in both healthy older adults and those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an early stage of Alzheimer's disease.
Researchers identify novel proteins linked to Huntington's disease University of Florida Health researchers have made a new discovery about Huntington's disease, showing that the gene that causes the fatal disorder makes an unexpected "cocktail" of mutant proteins that accumulate in the brain.
	Key molecular players in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes identified There is strong evidence that inflammation promotes obesity-associated type 2 diabetes and diabetes complications. However, clinical trials with anti-inflammatory drugs have only been modestly effective for treating Type 2 diabetes. A new fingerprint of inflammation that may be able to predict which patients with obesity may also develop type 2 diabetes has been identified by Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) researchers.
	Mini-intestine grown in a test tube for nutritional research The ability to grow three-dimensional precursors of an organ from stem cells in a Petri dish has brought about a revolution in the field of biomedicine. But exactly what can be researched on such an organoid in vitro? A team from the Technical University of Munich has now shown for the first time how artificially grown mini-intestines can be used in nutritional and diabetic research.
	Intelligent gel attacks cancer A new injectable 'biogel' is effective in delivering anti-cancer agents directly into cancerous tumours and killing them. This technology, developed by researchers at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), has already been successfully tested in the laboratory. If it works in patients, the therapy could one day revolutionize treatment for many forms of cancer.
	Brains with autism adapt differently during implicit learning Carnegie Mellon University scientists have discovered a crucial difference in the way learning occurs in the brains of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Walking faster or longer linked to significant cardiovascular benefits in older adults In a large prospective community-based study of older Americans, modest physical activity was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This was true even among men and women older than age 75 at baseline - a rapidly growing population for whom regular activity has been advised, but with little supportive empirical evidence.
	Children from chaotic homes benefit from time in child care, study finds Regularly attending child care may have numerous developmental benefits for children who live in chaotic, disorganized home environments, suggests a new study.
	Can a website keep suicidal thoughts away? Study in stressed young doctors suggests so If you think your life is stressful, try being a new doctor.
	Yin and yang of serotonin neurons in mood regulation Low levels of serotonin in the brain are known to play a role in depression and anxiety, and it is customary to treat these disorders with medications that increase the amount of this neurotransmitter. However, a new study carried out by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) suggests that this approach may be too simple. It appears that neighboring serotonin-producing brainstem regions exert different and sometimes opposing effects on behavior.
	Youth violence undermines social and economic development in poorest corners of the world Youth violence undermines social and economic development, especially in the poorest corners of the world, according to research from McGill University. However, increased government spending on education may be the key to facilitate policy efforts to protect youth.
Transcription of host noncoding DNA elements signals viral intrusion but is hijacked by gammaherpesvirus Mammalian DNA, including the human genome, contains about 1 million SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements), noncoding mobile genetic elements that make up about 10% of the total genome. SINEs are normally silent, though in some cases viral infection can promote their transcription into RNA. A study published on November 19th in PLOS Pathogens reports that SINE transcription following gammaherpesvirus infection has two very different consequences: on one hand, it activates a non-specific immune response defending the attacked host; on the other, it supports the propagation of the viral intruder.
MDA associated with the prevention of a resurgence of malaria in Greece Greece was declared malaria free in 1974, however, in 2011 a resurgence of P. vivax malaria was seen in Southern Greece in connection with the presence of agricultural workers from malaria-endemic regions in malaria receptive areas. Standard control measures were implemented for one year (i.e. Active case detection, intensifies vector control), after which a program of mass drug administration (MDA) was implemented to provide the entire local immigrant population with a curative course of antimalarial drugs. No malaria cases were reported for the years 2013-2014, when the MDA was on-going.
	Speaking multiple languages linked to better cognitive functions after stroke Bilingual patients were twice as likely as those who spoke one language to have normal cognitive functions after a stroke, in a study reported in the American Heart Association journal Stroke.
Diabetes drug could be used to combat fatty liver disease, study shows New research published in The Lancet has shown that a drug, currently used in the treatment of Type II diabetes, can be effective in clearing fatty liver disease from some patients.
Blood test may predict how quickly patients recover from surgery A simple blood test taken before surgery may predict how quickly patients recover from their procedure, suggests a new study in the December issue of Anesthesiology, the official medical journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). According to the study, identifying a patient's immune state from blood samples taken before surgery, revealed patterns that may predict speed of recovery from postoperative pain and dysfunction.
Study finds risk of undetected cancer, pre-cancer in gynecologic surgery is higher than previously thought Minimally invasive gynecologic surgeries have advantages for patients, including shorter hospital stays, quicker recoveries, and less pain. However, power morcellation, a technique which cuts the uterus or fibroid into small pieces in order to extract them from the abdomen through a small incision, may worsen a woman's prognosis if a cancer is morcellated unintentionally.
	'Orphan drug' loophole needs closing, researchers say Health experts at Johns Hopkins Medicine are calling on lawmakers and regulators to close loopholes in the Orphan Drug Act they claim give drug companies millions of dollars in unintended and misplaced subsidies and tax breaks and fuel skyrocketing medication costs.
Research finding could lead to targeted therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases UT Southwestern Medical Center researchers have shown that a pathogen-sensing molecule plays a vital role in keeping gastrointestinal (GI) systems healthy.
New study assesses the impact of exposure to e-cigarette ads on young adults Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements may enhance curiosity and usage among young adults, according to a study published this week in the journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
	Drug overdose rates soaring among US youth (HealthDay)—Drug overdose deaths have skyrocketed among teens and young adults in the United States, with rates tripling or quadrupling in one out of every three states, a new report says.
	Potential treatment for a serious respiratory infection in kids (HealthDay)—An experimental drug shows promise as a treatment for a common and potentially serious illness known as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
	FDA approves nasal spray to reverse narcotic painkiller overdose (HealthDay)—A nasal spray that treats narcotic painkiller and heroin drug overdoses has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
	Gel injections may help heart failure patients (HealthDay)—Heart failure patients who had beads of gel injected into their beating hearts continue to show improvement in their health a year after undergoing the procedure, researchers report.
	Factors ID'd that predict antibiotic Rx in pediatric URI (HealthDay)—Factors that relate to appropriate management of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in children include clinician specialty and patient race/ethnicity and age, according to a study published in the November/December issue of the Annals of Family Medicine.
	Microneedling found beneficial for photoaged skin (HealthDay)—For patients with photoaging, skin microneedling is a promising treatment option, which increases collagen production, according to a study published in the December issue of the International Journal of Dermatology.
	Diabetes predicts worse survival in renal cell carcinoma (HealthDay)—Diabetes mellitus is associated with worse prognosis in terms of progression-free, overall, and cancer-specific survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma treated surgically, according to a study published in the December issue of The Journal of Urology.
	Strategy can up odds for intact sexual function post radiation (HealthDay)—For long-term prostate cancer survivors, sexual dysfunction following radiation therapy (RT) can be classified into three symptom domains: erectile dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, and pain, and chances for intact sexual functionality may be increased if dose to the total penile structure can be restricted for these domains in the planning of RT. These findings were published online Nov. 13 in The Journal of Sexual Medicine.
Vision test gives insight into the effect of prenatal exposure to recreational drugs Children exposed to marijuana in the womb show a significant improvement in their ability to track moving objects at age four, according to new vision research. But researchers are warning that the results do not mean marijuana has a benefical effect on foetal development.
	Moderate amounts of caffeine during pregnancy do not harm baby's IQ, study shows Women drinking and eating moderate amounts of caffeine during pregnancy should be reassured that they are not harming their child's intelligence, according to a study from The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital that was published in the American Journal of Epidemiology. The research, one of the first studies to focus on how in utero caffeine exposure affects a child's future intelligence (IQ) and behavior later in childhood, found caffeine did not lead to a reduced IQ or increased behavioral problems.
Landmark report exposes the myths about UK surrogacy A report by Dr Kirsty Horsey at the University of Kent has discovered it is a myth that a high proportion of potential parents from the UK go overseas if they need to use surrogacy.
UK health professionals unite for stronger measures to tackle climate change As world leaders prepare to meet in Paris for the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, UK health professionals have formed an alliance of doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals to advocate for stronger measures to tackle climate change.
High levels of physical activity may worsen asthma control in young females Among 526 adolescents and young adults who were asked about their exercise habits, those with asthma tended to report more physical activity than those without asthma. Compared with moderate physical activity, high physical activity levels were linked with poorer asthma control in females, but not in males.
US woman loses battle to keep frozen embryos A California judge on Wednesday ruled against a woman locked in a bitter dispute with her ex-husband to use frozen embryos over his objections, in a closely watched case.
Life sciences startup licenses technology to detect cancer cells The founder of a life sciences startup that is commercializing a Purdue University innovation says a test to detect circulating tumor cells in a patient's bloodstream could improve the chances of survival and quality of life.
Sex reassignment surgery may be better for transgender women's health than hormones only Emerging evidence suggests that transgender women have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes compared with men and women in the general population. A preliminary study to be presented at Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases: Physiology and Gender compares the risks of metabolic disease of the two therapies that aid the transition from male to female: hormone replacement with female hormones and bilateral orchiectomy, which is the surgical removal of both testicles. The study finds that transgender women who received only hormone therapy had poorer metabolic health than transgender women who underwent sex reassignment surgery in addition to receiving hormone therapy. Moreover, bilateral orchiectomy may be metabolically protective.
Junior doctors vote to strike in UK Junior doctors in Britain voted Thursday to stage their first "all-out" strikes in the history of the National Health Service (NHS) in a fierce pay row with the government.
	Gender equality comes one toilet at a time Across the world, 2.4 billion people do not have access to proper sanitation, including toilets and latrines, with nearly one billion people left to defecate in the open.
	Study finds tree nut consumption may lower risk of cardiovascular disease A new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that consuming tree nuts, such as walnuts, may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.1 After conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 controlled trials, one of the authors, Michael Falk, PhD, Life Sciences Research Organization, found that consuming tree nuts lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and ApoB, the primary protein found in LDL cholesterol. These are key factors that are used to evaluate a person's risk of cardiovascular disease. Walnuts were investigated in 21 of the 61 trials, more than any other nut reviewed in this study.
	Progress toward preventing HIV highlighted in special issue of AIDS research and human retroviruses New and emerging biomedical pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches to prevent HIV infection in targeted high-risk populations offer the most effective near-term strategy to reduce HIV transmission. The latest outcomes research, clinical trials results, and advances in HIV vaccine development are highlighted in multiple articles that comprise the annual HIV Prevention Science issue of AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.
Treatment for sickle cell disease may help protect patients' kidney function A drug used to treat sickle cell disease may provide an added benefit of protecting patients' kidney function, according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN).
	Stem cell-derived kidneys connect to blood vessels when transplanted into mice Various research groups are collecting different types of cells and turning them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that can then generate diverse types of cells and tissues in the body. Now investigators have transplanted kidney tissue made from human iPS cells into a mouse kidney, and they found that the animal's blood vessels readily connect to the human tissue. The advance, which marks an important step towards creating a urine-producing kidney through regenerative medicine, is described in a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN).
	Danish cannabis is stronger than ever The concentration of the euphoriant THC in cannabis has tripled in the space of twenty years. The reason may be a systematic processing of the cannabis plants, some of which are being grown in skunk farms in Denmark.
	Hospital: Conjoined twin girls successfully separated Doctors at a Kentucky hospital have successfully separated conjoined twin girls.

Biology news

	'Rat vision' may give humans best sight of all Humans have the best of all possible visual worlds because our full stereo vision combines with primitive visual pathways to quickly spot danger, a study led by the University of Sydney has discovered.
	Scientists discover new camouflage mechanism fish use in open ocean Scientists have solved a longstanding mystery about how some fish seem to disappear from predators in the open waters of the ocean, a discovery that could help materials scientists and military technologists create more effective methods of ocean camouflage.
	'Frozen Ark' collects animal DNA in face of mass extinction A British-led project called "Frozen Ark" is preserving the DNA of endangered species before they disappear as the Earth undergoes what scientists are calling the sixth mass extinction.
	Hummingbirds rely on raw power, not physique, to outmaneuver rivals Anna's hummingbird from the US west coast has the spangly plumage of a ballroom dancer, could out-maneuver a fighter pilot and can out-hover a helicopter. New research to be published in the journal eLife shows that brute strength is surprisingly important to their abilities.
	Study shows exposure to neonicotinoid pesticide impairs bumblebee pollination services (Phys.org)—A team of researchers with Royal Holloway University of London and the University of Reading, both in the U.K., has found via field study that one type of pesticide exposure led to impaired pollination services by bumblebees. In their paper published in the journal Nature, the team describes their study of the impact of the pesticide thiamethoxam on bumblebee pollination of apple trees, what their results showed and the types of pollination service disruptions they observed.
	Protein involved in temperature entrainment of brain for circadian clock in fruit fly identified (Phys.org)—A team of researchers from institutions in the U.K. and Switzerland has identified a protein that is heavily involved in entrainment in fruit fly brains as part of coordinating the circadian clock. In their paper published in the journal Nature, the team describes how they engineered mutant flies to express differing amounts of the protein Ionotropic Receptor 25a, aka, IR25a and then tested the ability of the flies to adjust to light and temperature fluctuations. François Rouyer and Abhishek Chatterjee with Institut des Neurosciences Université Paris-Sud, offer a News & Views piece on the work done by the team in a companion piece published in the same journal edition.
	The Fred and Ginger of the finch world (w/ Video) A monogamous African songbird performs a tap dance so fast it is invisible to the human eye, in an elaborate courtship ritual with steps for both partners, scientists said Thursday.
	Secrets of dark proteome Proteins are often referred to as the building blocks of life, and make up about 15 per cent of the mass of the average person, performing a wide variety of essential functions in the body.
	New form of secret light language keeps other animals in the dark A new form of secret light communication used by marine animals has been discovered by researchers from the Queensland Brain Institute at The University of Queensland.
	Architecture of protein complex hints at its function in chromosome segregation Whitehead Institute researchers have revealed the architecture of a protein complex that plays a foundational role in the machine that directs chromosome segregation during cell division.
	Bacterial protein can help convert stem cells into neurons As the recipe book for turning stem cells into other types of cells keeps growing larger, the search for the perfect, therapeutically relevant blend of differentiation factors is revealing some interesting biology. A study published November 19 in Chemistry & Biology, for example, found that a protein in E. coli bacteria combined with small molecules can act synergistically to push pluripotent cells into functional neurons.
	Biologists report method to calculate lifetime energy requirements of cells, genes In a recently published paper, Indiana University biologists have calculated the lifetime energy requirements of multiple types of cells, as well as the energy required to replicate and express the genes within these cells.
	Sequencing algae's genome may aid biofuel production There's an ancient group of algae that evolved in the world's oceans before our backboned ancestors crawled onto land. They are so numerous that their gigantic blooms can affect the weather, and they account for 30 to 40 percent of all photosynthesis in the world's oceans.
Sensory illusion causes cells to self-destruct Magic tricks work because they take advantage of the brain's sensory assumptions, tricking audiences into seeing phantoms or overlooking sleights of hand. Now a team of UC San Francisco researchers has discovered that even brainless single-celled yeast have sensory biases that can be hacked by a carefully engineered illusion, a finding that could be used to develop new approaches to fighting diseases such as cancer.
	US government ends research on all chimpanzees Chimpanzees will no longer be used for US government research and the remaining 50 chimps in federal custody will be sent to a sanctuary for retirement, health authorities said.
	Climate change could slash polar bear numbers 30% by 2050 Polar bears look set to see their numbers dwindle by nearly third by mid-century, a top conservation body said Thursday, warning climate change poses the greatest threat to the king of the Arctic.
	Canberra's frog populations remain healthy Researchers have found Canberra's frog populations remain healthy, although continued care is needed to make sure they don't die off.
	Blue stars survive between rock and hard place Unlocking how some of this state's hardiest plants make a living out of the dry crevices on harsh rocky outcrops could help toughen future food crops against drought as water becomes scarcer globally.
	Bacteria from the sea join the fight against cancer and infections Norwegian scientists are opening the gates of nature's secret medicine factories, with the aim of giving us new weapons against cancers and resistant bacteria.
	The biggest sperm come in the smallest packages—and other surprising facts about male sex cells Most people probably think of sperm as the microscopic tadpole-like things wriggling around in human semen. But there is an astonishing amount of diversity in the size, shape and number of sperm produced by male animals. In fact, despite performing the very same function in all animal species (fertilising eggs), sperm are the most diverse cells found among animals.
	'Good' and 'bad' bacteria in the fight against citrus greening disease New research from the Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI), the USDA Agricultural Research Service and the University of Washington finds that helpful bacteria living inside the insect that transmits the bacterial pathogen associated with citrus greening disease - -an outbreak that is devastating Florida's citrus industry—may be playing a role in the insect's spread of the pathogen.
	Get to know them faster: Alternative time-efficient way to describe new moth species Having collected thousands of moth and butterfly species from across Costa Rica, famous ecologist Daniel Janzen, University of Pennsylvania, and his team were yet to find out many of their names. When they sought help from Dr. Gunnar Brehm, the taxonomist realised he needed too much time to describe species in the framework of an extensive revision of the genus, especially as there are still only a few biologists skilled to do this.
	Scientists develop method to produce sweeter, well-growing tomatoes Previous research has shown that the sugar sucrose plays a role in controlling key fruit genes involved in sugar metabolism. Efforts to control these genes succeeded in increasing the sugar content in fruit but also resulted in stunted growth.
	What's for dinner? Genetically engineered salmon OK'd by FDA (Update) What's for dinner? Before long, it may well be genetically modified salmon, the first such altered animal cleared for human consumption in the United States.
	New method for imaging marmoset brains Researchers at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Japan have developed a new system for imaging the activity of individual neurons in the marmoset brain. Published in Cell Reports, the study shows how amplifying genetically encoded fluorescent signals with TET-inducible gene expression allows hundreds of individual neurons in the primate brain to be imaged simultaneously over a period of several months.
More of a good thing is not always better—and certainly not if you are a stem cell Stem cell research led by the Babraham Institute has uncovered key new knowledge about how placental stem cells switch between maintaining a stem cell identity to setting off down the route to becoming specialised cell types.
To feed or not to feed: Researchers engage citizen scientists in reducing bird-window collisions Getting in touch with nature in an urbanized world can be as simple as putting a bird feeder in your backyard. However, what are the potential consequences of this act? Bird-window collisions are one of the largest threats facing urban bird populations in Canada. A new study out of the University of Alberta engages citizen scientists to determine the effects of feeders on bird-window collisions.
	Critical CO2 pretreatment of biomass increases glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis The sugar obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of empty fruit bunches (EFBs increased from 17% to 24% when supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) pretreatment of the EFBs was used, according to a new study. SC-CO2 pretreatment plus premixing of the EFBs with alkali further increased the glucose yield to almost 37%, as reported in the study published in Industrial Biotechnology.
BioGPS: An online tool that allows users to building custom mashups of gene annotations and expression profiles A paper describing the usage and capabilities of BioGPS, was just published in the special issue of Nucleic Acids Research on databases. BioGPS is a gene annotation portal that enables users to create gene-centric reports using some of their favorite web resources.
	Giant pandas to remain in Washington to 2020 Just three months after the National Zoo in Washington announced the birth of a giant panda, it had more good news Thursday: pandas are there to stay until December 2020.

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