Science X Newsletter Monday, Feb 16

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Here is your customized Phys.org Newsletter for February 16, 2015:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

- Complex nerve-cell signaling traced back to common ancestor of humans and sea anemones
- Genetic evidence shows loss of three basic tastes in penguins
- 'Cloud' over Mars leaves scientists baffled
- New ozone-destroying gases on the rise
- Ancient rocks show life could have flourished on Earth 3.2 billion years ago
- Mothers can pass traits to offspring through bacteria's DNA
- Anti-counterfeit polymers work like fingerprints
- Best of Last Week: Big Bang singularity, unlocking Earth's inner core and another problem with antibiotics
- Falling faster—researchers confirm super-terminal raindrops
- Lack of RNA 'editing' leads to melanoma growth and metastasis
- Anti-inflammatory mechanism of dieting and fasting revealed
- Researchers synthesize material for efficient plasmonic devices in mid-infrared range
- New therapeutic strategy discovered for ovarian cancer
- Virtual-twin plan could support surgery for soldiers
- Satellite images reveal ocean acidification from space

Astronomy & Space news

	'Cloud' over Mars leaves scientists baffled Plumes seen reaching high above the surface of Mars are causing a stir among scientists studying the atmosphere on the Red Planet.
	Embryos of stars Stars like the Sun begin their lives as cold, dense cores of dust and gas that gradually collapse under the influence of gravity until nuclear fusion is ignited. Exactly how the critical collapse process occurs in these embryos, however, is poorly understood, with several competing ideas having been advanced. Material might just freely fall to the center, although in more likely scenarios the infall is inhibited by pressure from warm gas, turbulent motions, magnetic fields, or even perhaps by some combination of them. It might be possible to distinguish between these alternative collapse hypotheses by examining how the core's density varies with radius, but it turns out that (at least for spherical clouds) the predicted density distributions all look about the same. The predicted distributions of velocity for the infalling gas, however, are quite different.
	'Pale blue dot' images turn 25 Valentine's Day is special for NASA's Voyager mission. It was on Feb. 14, 1990, that the Voyager 1 spacecraft looked back at our solar system and snapped the first-ever pictures of the planets from its perch at that time beyond Neptune.
	Rosetta space probe takes sharp, close-up images of comet The European Space Agency says high-resolution images the Rosetta space probe took during a swoop close to a comet it's been tracking for months show boulders on the comet's surface as well as "stunning details of the contrasting terrain."
	Stars akin to the Sun also explode when they die The birth of planetary nebulae, resulting from the death of low and intermediate mass stars, is usually thought of as a slow process, in contrast with the intense supernovae that massive stars produce. But a recent study led by researchers at the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA-CSIC) in collaboration with the Center for Astrobiology (CAB, CSIC/INTA) has revealed the fact that explosive phenomena also intervene in the formation of planetary nebulae.
	Interesting facts about planet Mars Mars is a constant point of discussion for space explorers around the world. We've sent dozens of spacecraft there to study it. Some want to land astronauts on it. The planet is just far away to make that dream difficult, but just close enough to spark our imagination. So what are some of the most important things to learn about the Red Planet?

Technology news

	Virtual-twin plan could support surgery for soldiers A Saturday story in the MIRROR.CO.UK, the online edition of the Daily Mirror, carried a headline that made readers look once, twice, three times: "'Virtual twins' could save lives as doctors prepare to test technology by CLONING soldiers set to do battle." The story nonetheless made useful reading for practical purposes. The story, along with other reports from news sites, is about a technology approach presented at a scientific meeting event with the entire world listening. Soldiers headed for battle duty could be scanned before deploying and their body twin kept online.
	Gigabits per second feat: Indoor optical wireless link explored Attention to optical fiber communication networks has been paid in a recent paper showing their potential. Optical fiber communication networks can provide terabit aggregate capacities to buildings and offices in modern cities whereas practical wireless systems are orders of magnitude below this capacity. The authors reported on an indoor optical bidirectional wireless link with an aggregate capacity over 100 Gb/s. The link operated over ~3 m range at 224 Gb/s (6 x 37.4 Gb/s) and 112 Gb/s (3 x 37.4 Gb/s) with a wide field of view (FOV) of 60° and 36°, respectively. The authors said that this was the first demo of a wireless link of this type with a field of view that offers practical room-scale coverage.
	Researcher's wearable electronics study could lead to better MRI imaging An infant born three months prematurely fails to flush pink at birth and has an alarmingly low blood pressure. Ultrasound identifies a heart abnormality and doctors rush the newborn to an MRI suite to confirm the diagnosis. But the scanning itself can cause physical agitation that interferes with clear imaging. In some cases, it can make it harder for the baby to breathe.
Video: Solar power from energy-harvesting trees Scientists at VTT have developed a prototype of a tree that harvests solar energy from its surroundings - whether indoors or outdoors - stores it and turns it into electricity to power small devices such as mobile phones, humidifiers, thermometers and LED light bulbs. The technology can also be used to harvest kinetic energy from the environment.
	Our digital lives mean memories and life online can continue even after death Memory is a way of holding onto the things you love, the things you are, the things you never want to lose.
	New algorithms locate where a video was filmed from its images and sounds Researchers from the Ramón Llull University (Spain) have created a system capable of geolocating videos by comparing their audiovisual content with a worldwide multimedia database. In the future, this could help to find people who have gone missing after posting images on social networks, or even to recognise locations of terrorist executions.
	Agreeing on standards is a key to electric vehicles Standards are a key part of technical progress and for the increased use of renewable energy.
	Patterns in large data show how information travels According to Fariba Karimi, network scientist at Umeå University, analysis of massive online data can reveal what information matters to us and with whom we have most in common. For example, networks can be used to study how information travels from one part of the world to another. She defends her thesis on Friday 20 February.
	Tighter online controls in China point to wider clampdown Working out of a Beijing office full of video game designers from around the world, Chinese-born Pin Wang and his startup Substantial Games should be the face of the innovative, forward-looking China that the country's leaders say they want to build.
	Spain shoeshine man gifts prized Twitter accounts Authorities in Brazil have got hold of a valuable Twitter account to publicise next year's Rio Olympics, after a humble Spanish shoeshine man surrendered the rights to it for free.
	Netflix to release war flick 'Jadotville' Netflix next year will release "Jadotville," a war film starring "50 Shades of Gray" star Jamie Dornan, the US online entertainment powerhouse said on Monday.
	Digitally optimised route planning for security companies Security and temporal efficiency of security personnel are the focus of a current Austrian Science Fund FWF research project. And here, the journey is the reward: improved route planning for armoured vehicles and security companies. In particular, the project is aimed at reducing travel times while simultaneously avoiding predictable driving routes. A key component in the project is a novel analysis method for modelling such routes: it combines mathematic and heuristic methods to achieve optimum results. This decision-supporting tool will offer security companies not only cost savings, but also improved protection for the transport of valuable goods and VIPs, as well as for staff.

Medicine & Health news

	Mothers can pass traits to offspring through bacteria's DNA It's a firmly established fact straight from Biology 101: Traits such as eye color and height are passed from one generation to the next through the parents' DNA.
	New therapeutic strategy discovered for ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of all cancers affecting the female reproductive system with very few effective treatments available. Prognosis is even worse among patients with certain subtypes of the disease. Now, researchers at The Wistar Institute have identified a new therapeutic target in a particularly aggressive form of ovarian cancer, paving the way for what could be the first effective targeted therapy of its kind for the disease.
	Team uncovers marvel molecule that could lead to treatments for inflammatory diseases Scientists at Trinity College Dublin have uncovered a marvel molecule that blocks a key driver of inflammatory diseases. The finding could meet a major unmet clinical need by inspiring new non-invasive treatments for arthritis, multiple sclerosis and Muckle-Wells syndrome, among a myriad of other inflammatory diseases.
Anti-inflammatory mechanism of dieting and fasting revealed Researchers at Yale School of Medicine have found that a compound produced by the body when dieting or fasting can block a part of the immune system involved in several inflammatory disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
	Study identifies promising drug target in certain breast and ovarian cancers The Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of the drug olaparib for ovarian cancer patients with inherited mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 came as welcome news to the thousands of women now eligible to receive it. A new study by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute scientists indicates that the pool of patients who can benefit from the drug is potentially much wider – and offers a ready means of identifying them.
	Gambling and obsessive-compulsive behaviors linked Problem gambling and obsessive-compulsive behaviors share genetic as well as behavioral links, according to a study by researchers at Yale, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Saint Louis University School of Medicine. These findings may help guide not only treatment development efforts but also identify biological measures underlying the conditions.
	Researchers reveal link between powerful gene regulatory elements and autoimmune diseases Investigators with the National Institutes of Health have discovered the genomic switches of a blood cell key to regulating the human immune system. The findings, published in Nature today, open the door to new research and development in drugs and personalized medicine to help those with autoimmune disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis.
	Lack of RNA 'editing' leads to melanoma growth and metastasis The importance of RNA editing in melanoma has been demonstrated by scientists at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The study revealed that a lack of RNA editing, a process by which information inside RNA molecules is transformed, leads to tumor growth and progression through manipulation of proteins.
	Gene mutation drives cartilage tumor formation Duke Medicine researchers have shown how gene mutations may cause common forms of cartilage tumors.
	Researchers discover molecular trigger of inflammatory bowel disease Cells lining the intestinal tract form a critical barrier, protecting our bodies from the billions of bacteria living in the gut. Breaches in this barrier are driven largely by a single signaling molecule called tumor necrosis factor (TNF), elevated amounts of which are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Sex has another benefit: It makes humans less prone to disease over time Mixing our genes through sex helps purge us of disease mutations
Researchers report new figures on two muscular dystrophy disorders Researchers in public health have reported in the first broad study in the United States the frequency of two muscle-weakness disorders that strike mostly boys: Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy.
	Teens increasingly sleep deprived Sufficient sleep is critical for adolescent health, yet the number of hours slept per night has decreased among teenagers in the United States over the last 20 years. A study by researchers at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health found that female students, racial/ethnic minorities, and students of lower socioeconomic status are particularly affected, with teens in these categories less likely to report regularly getting seven or more hours of sleep each night compared with their male counterparts, non-Hispanic white teenagers, and students of higher socioeconomic status, respectively. Findings from "The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among U.S. Adolescents, 1991-2012" are published online in Pediatrics.
	Study reveals possible treatment for diseases caused by Mitofusin 2 deficiency Researchers have discovered a novel role for Mitofusin 2, and the findings may point to a new treatment for patients with diseases caused by loss of the mitochondrial protein. The study appears in The Journal of Cell Biology .
In rural India, children receive wrong treatments for deadly ailments Few health care providers in rural India know the correct treatments for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia - two leading killers of young children worldwide. But even when they do, they rarely prescribe them properly, according to a new Duke University study.
Hot flashes, night sweats last for 7+ years in many midlife women Frequent menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS), including hot flashes and night sweats, lasted for more than seven years during the transition to menopause for more than half of the women in a large study and African American women reported the longest total VMS duration, according to an article published online by JAMA Internal Medicine.
	Mindfulness meditation appears to help improve sleep quality Mindfulness meditation practices resulted in improved sleep quality for older adults with moderate sleep disturbance in a clinical trial comparing meditation to a more structured program focusing on changing poor sleep habits and establishing a bedtime routine, according to an article published online by JAMA Internal Medicine.
	Children, people with respiratory problems especially vulnerable to bitter wind chill The arctic cold snap affecting the Midwest and the Northeast this weekend should not be taken lightly, says David Holmes, MD, clinical associate professor of family medicine in the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
	Talking cigarette pack discourages smoking Cigarette packets have long been emblazoned with warnings and graphic images of the dangers of tobacco.
	Ingredient in olive oil kills cancer cells with their own enzymes A Rutgers nutritional scientist and two cancer biologists at New York City's Hunter College have found that an ingredient in extra-virgin olive oil kills a variety of human cancer cells without harming healthy cells. The ingredient is oleocanthal, a compound that ruptures a part of the cancerous cell, releasing enzymes that cause cell death.
	Unraveling the complex puzzle of Alzheimer's disease In the movie Still Alice, Julianne Moore plays a Columbia linguistics professor who is diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's, an extremely rare version of the disease. Moore's performance, for which she has already won several awards and been nominated for an Oscar, depicts her character's swift decline from a quick-witted academic to a shadow of herself.
Study shows treating patients en route to hospital saves heart muscle Paul Armstrong has always found quiet satisfaction knowing his life's work has made a difference in the world. Armstrong, a professor of cardiology at the University of Alberta and director of the Canadian VIGOUR Centre, has won awards and acclaim for his more than 35 years of service in the field of cardiology, but his greatest pride has always come from serving people. It's why his thoughts go to his patients upon learning of the success of a lifesaving program built on the work he and others began more than 15 years ago.
	Psychologist explains the research behind flagging libidos A UBC researcher explains why some lacy new lingerie might just do the trick
	How we know where we are Knowing where we are and remembering routes that we've walked are crucial skills for our everyday life. In order to identify neural mechanisms of spatial navigation, RUB researchers headed by Prof Dr Nikolai Axmacher, together with colleagues from Bonn, analysed the relevant processes with the aid of an electroencephalography (EEG) monitored directly in the brain. Thus, they identified the neural signature during learning and remembering of specific spatial locations. Their report was published in the current edition of Current Biology.
	Orientation week drinking may have gateway effect Heavy alcohol use by students during university orientation weeks may be a gateway into heavier drinking during the rest of the academic year, according to latest Otago research.
Pumping iron could ward off dementia High intensity weight training is important for brains not just brawn and could be prescribed in the fight against dementia according to new research from the University of Sydney.
	Even mild heart failure can lead to sudden death Sudden cardiac arrest is a possible cause of death in patients with non-ischaemic cardiac muscle weakness, i.e. a type of heart failure caused by genetics or for which no cause is known. Now, researchers at the University Department of Internal Medicine II at the MedUni Vienna (Clinical Department of Cardiology), as part of an international cooperation, have successfully demonstrated the advantages of an implanted defibrillator (ICD) as a means of prevention in patients with moderately restricted cardiac function, and that patients with the condition must be treated as carefully as patients with ischaemic heart failure which has developed following a heart attack, for example.
	Higher folate diet may reduce migraine frequency Eating more folate, found in various green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale, may reduce migraine frequency, a QUT research team has found.
	Psychosis five times more likely for cannabis users, study finds A British study released Monday suggested that the risk of psychosis was five times higher for regular users of cannabis, adding to a growing body of evidence linking drug use and mental health disorders.
	Support for sleeping in? Half of parents favor later school start times for teens Should teenagers be able to hit the snooze button one more time before school? Ask their parents and half say they would support later school start times, according to today's University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health.
	Unemployment changes your core personality, according to study The psychological damage caused by unemployment is greater than previously thought, according to a study led by researchers at the University of Stirling.
	New ovarian cancer drug Lynparza one step closer Ovarian cancer patients throughout Europe and the United States could soon be treated with a new drug discovered through pioneering research at the University of Sheffield funded by Yorkshire Cancer Research.
Marital 'long-timers' have a 'modest rebound' in sexual frequency after 50 years While people in the early years of marriage have sex more frequently, and their sexual activity tapers off over time, a slight rebound occurs for those whose marriages endure longer than half a century, according to new research.
	Amid measles outbreak, few rules on teacher vaccinations While much of the attention in the ongoing measles outbreak has focused on student vaccination requirements and exemptions, less attention has been paid to another group in the nation's classrooms: Teachers and staff members, who, by and large, are not required to be vaccinated.
Women active a few times weekly have lower risk of heart disease, stroke and blood clots Middle-aged women who are physically active a few times per week have lower risks of heart disease, stroke and blood clots than inactive women, according to research in the American Heart Association journal Circulation. Surprisingly, more frequent physical activity didn't result in further reductions in risk, researchers said.
	Most clinical 'calculators' over-estimate heart attack risk Most "risk calculators" used by clinicians to gauge a patient's chances of suffering a heart attack and guide treatment decisions appear to significantly overestimate the likelihood of a heart attack, according to results of a study by investigators at Johns Hopkins and other institutions.
	Moldy homes may mean more asthma in young kids (HealthDay)—Children appear more likely to develop asthma if their living rooms, kitchens or bedrooms have mold or moisture damage, according to a new study.
	Graphic images on cigarette labels affect smokers' brains, study finds (HealthDay)—Disturbing images on cigarette warning labels have a significant effect on smokers' brains, according to a new study.
	Lycopene inversely linked to renal cell carcinoma risk (HealthDay)—For postmenopausal women, lycopene intake seems to be inversely associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), according to a study published in the Feb. 15 issue of Cancer.
	Various strategies used by patients with HIV, chronic pain (HealthDay)—For individuals with HIV and chronic pain, various pain self-management strategies are employed, including physical activity, cognitive and spiritual strategies, and substance use, according to a study published online Feb. 3 in Pain Medicine.
	Many adults maintain adequate vitamin D with minimal UVR (HealthDay)—Many adults maintain adequate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels even in periods of minimal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, according to a study published online Feb. 3 in the British Journal of Dermatology.
	Considerable surgeon-level variation in radical prostatectomy (HealthDay)—Considerable practice variation exists among surgeons at a high-volume academic center when selecting patients with prostate cancer to undergo radical prostatectomy, according to a study published in the March issue of The Journal of Urology.
	Antipsychotic Rx often relates to non-approved indications (HealthDay)—For individuals with dementia living in nursing homes, the provider's rationale for use of antipsychotic drug therapy frequently relates to indications for which these drugs are not approved, according to a study published online Jan. 30 in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
	Milk protein detected in some 'cow's milk-free' baked goods (HealthDay)—Some bakery products sold as free of cow's milk may not be safe for those with milk allergies because they still contain milk protein, according to research published online Feb. 4 in Allergy.
	Use of nondrug, nonsurgical options low in hip, knee OA (HealthDay)—Usage of nondrug, nonoperative interventions in community-dwelling individuals with hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) is low, according to research published in the February issue of Arthritis Care & Research.
	Productivity growth in US hospitals during 2002 to 2011 (HealthDay)—During 2002 to 2011, U.S. hospitals experienced productivity growth in treating Medicare patients with heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia, according to a study published in the February issue of Health Affairs.
	More rapid refeeding protocol seems safe in anorexia nervosa (HealthDay)—Refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa to achieve more rapid weight gain can be safe and effective in a hospital-based protocol, according to a study published online Jan. 27 in the International Journal of Eating Disorders.
	At least 4 to 5 percent weight loss needed to cut diabetes risk (HealthDay)—For Japanese men with visceral fat accumulation and hemoglobin A1C (A1C) of 5.6 to 6.4 percent, minimization of the risk of diabetes requires a minimum of 4 to 5 percent weight loss, according to a study published online Feb. 13 in the Journal of Diabetes Investigation.
Treatment for heart attacks can be reversed to help hypothermia patients An ambulance pulls into the hospital parking lot, and paramedics bring a patient into the emergency room - suffering from a dangerously low body temperature but bundled in blankets and dry after being pulled from icy water after a car accident.
Measles outbreak highlights the importance of adult immunization Measles was once considered a childhood illness, spreading rapidly across schools, playgrounds and parks.
Medicare Advantage enrollment increasing in rural areas More rural Americans are signing up for Medicare Advantage despite reductions in payments, according to new research from the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Iowa College of Public Health.
Doctors will confront health effects of climate change in the future It usually falls to scientists to talk about the urgency of the need to combat climate change, but Dr Ingo Weber is among a growing number of medicos who believe that doctors should also take a leading role.
Microbiologist helps Ethiopia evaluate Ebola preparedness Ebola outbreaks are always possible but next time many African countries will be better prepared to stymie the spread and mortality rate, thanks to people like QUT microbiologist Dr Belinda Herring who volunteered with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to travel to Ethiopia to evaluate its preparedness for Ebola.
Australian project to combat Myanmar snakebite deaths Australia is funding a three-year, 2.3 million Australian dollar ($1.8 million) project that will aid snakebite victims in Myanmar by upgrading care facilities and the quality and availability of antivenom.
Schools reopen as Liberia turns page on Ebola epidemic Children trickled back to school in Liberia on Monday after the restart of lessons that had been delayed for months by the deadly Ebola outbreak, as the country begins to turn the page on the crisis.
Death toll rises to 28 in Mozambique cholera epidemic The death toll from a cholera epidemic in Mozambique that broke out after widespread flooding has climbed to 28, the government said Monday.
Sierra Leone promises probe into Ebola spending Sierra Leone's government promised a full investigation Monday after an internal audit found that nearly one-third of the money received to fight Ebola was spent without saving the necessary receipts and invoices to justify the spending.
How the mind processes complex spatial information Northwestern University's David H. Uttal will discuss a program that has enhanced students' learning at a variety of levels, from basic spatial reasoning to solving complex problems involving the coordination of numerous variables, such as those involved in climate change.
Canada warns of measles at Christian youth event Canadian health officials warned Monday that a person with measles may have spread the virus at a recent large gathering of Christian youth in Toronto.

Biology news

	Complex nerve-cell signaling traced back to common ancestor of humans and sea anemones New research shows that a burst of evolutionary innovation in the genes responsible for electrical communication among nerve cells in our brains occurred over 600 million years ago in a common ancestor of humans and the sea anemone.
	Genetic evidence shows loss of three basic tastes in penguins A University of Michigan-led study of penguin genetics has concluded that the flightless aquatic birds lost three of the five basic vertebrate tastes—sweet, bitter and the savory, meaty taste known as umami—more than 20 million years ago and never regained them.
	More infectious diseases emerging because of climate change The appearance of infectious diseases in new places and new hosts, such as West Nile virus and Ebola, is a predictable result of climate change, says a noted zoologist affiliated with the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
	Cold-blooded animals grow bigger in the warm on land, but smaller in warm water Scientists studying arthropods, the group of cold-blooded animals that includes crabs and insects, have found that individuals within species living on land tend to grow to a larger size in the warm and nearer the equator, but that the reverse is true of species found in water.
	Hormones may help tiny African fish climb social ladder Want to work your way up the corporate or social ladder?
	Synthetic biology yields new approach to gene therapy Bioengineers at The University of Texas at Dallas have created a novel gene-delivery system that shuttles a gene into a cell, but only for a temporary stay, providing a potential new gene-therapy strategy for treating disease.
	Differences in feathers shed light on evolution of flight The asymmetrical flight feathers of their wings are among the most distinctive features of living birds. But how are these feathers actually constructed, and when did they first appear in evolutionary history?
	Wild ponies ride to the rescue of unique Czech ecosystem Wild ponies vanished from Czech soil thousands of years ago but are now making a comeback thanks to an imported herd that conservationists hope will rescue an unique ecosystem.
	Controlling stable flies that pester zoo animals Humans aren't the only ones visiting zoos nowadays. The stable fly, typically a pest of farm animals, also pesters tigers, foxes, and other exotic species in zoos. A biting insect that feeds on blood, the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, can create open lesions on the animals.
	Perfume could be the riskiest gift you'll ever buy When it comes to making careful plans to impress that significant other, certain things can seem like musts. Classy restaurant – check. Romantic atmosphere – check. Best suit or little black dress – check.
	A newly discovered bacterial family may become a weapon in the fight against malaria A new family of bacteria that are common in malaria mosquitoes has been described by researchers at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Uppsala University in Sweden, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany, and the Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Austria. Now, attempts are made to use these bacteria in the fight against malaria.
Researchers unearth county colic risk A particular gastrointestinal disorder, which causes colic, or abdominal pain, in horses, is more prevalent in Lancashire compared with other nearby counties, according to researchers at Lancaster University and the University of Liverpool.

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