Nature contents: 11 April 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 496 Number 7444      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Cutting-edge solutions for Neuroscience research Click here to download our app to explore the latest Neuroscience techniques and products.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   The domination of Saturn's low-latitude ionosphere by ring 'rain'   Saturn's ionosphere is produced when the otherwise neutral atmosphere is exposed to a flow of energetic charged particles or solar radiation. The observed properties of the low latitude ionosphere do not seem to match those predicted by models, prompting speculation that there might be a magnetic connection between Saturn and its rings. And now one has been found, in the form of 'ring rain', a transfer of charged water from the rings to the ionosphere sufficient to flood a third of the planet's upper atmospheric surface.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Recent temperature extremes at high northern latitudes unprecedented in the past 600 years   Unusually high temperatures have been recorded in Greenland, Russia and other high northern latitudes in the past decade. But how unusual? A rigorous statistical approach reveals that early twenty-first-century summers in the high north have been warmer than any since 1400. These extreme summers are unprecedented relative to temperature trends in the past 600 years.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Embryology of Early Jurassic dinosaur from China with evidence of preserved organic remains   Fossil dinosaur embryos are rare, and mainly restricted to the Late Cretaceous. Hence the interest in a newly uncovered bonebed of Lower Jurassic sauropodomorph embryos from China — at about 190 to 197 million years old, the earliest collection of such bones ever found. Study of bones preserved at various developmental stages indicates that these large dinosaurs had a short incubation time and flexed their muscles while still in the egg, preparing the growing skeleton for life in the outside world.                   Nature Medicine and Helmholtz Zentrum München present: 1st Annual Helmholtz-Nature Medicine Diabetes Conference September 22-24, 2013 Residenz München Munich, Germany Click here for more information or to register for this conference today.                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: fossil embryos show how dinosaurs grew so big, the woman who inspired a cholesterol-busting drug, and pottery shards that reveal a fish supper eaten thousands of years ago. Our latest video feature to create the stunning 3D visualisations in this video, Karl Deisseroth and team had to make the brain transparent. Nature Video explains how they did it and marvels at the results.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   The right to speak out ▶     Controversy over the results touted by a genetic-ancestry firm has highlighted the need for reform of the United Kingdom's restrictive libel law.             Energy crossroads ▶     Everyone should wish Germany well in its great experiment in renewable energy.             Time for plan B ▶     A court ruling to remove age limits on access to emergency contraception must prevail.             World View                   No, we should not just 'at least do the research' ▶     The idea of applying geoengineering research to mitigate climate change has not been thought through, argues Clive Hamilton.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 5–11 April 2013 ▶     The week in science: Investigation launched into muzzled Canadian scientists; Marcia McNutt takes the helm at Science; and the origins of antimatter are probed.             NEWS IN FOCUS           Urgent search for flu source ▶     Researchers suspect H7N9 virus is in bird markets as human cases rise rapidly.             Wild weather can send greenhouse gases spiralling ▶     Researchers get to grips with effects of heat, drought and storms on carbon release.             Stem cells boom in vet clinics ▶     Horses, dogs and even a tiger have received the unproven therapies. Now, drug regulators plan to weigh in.             Budget forces tough look at biodefence ▶     US supply stockpile for combating bioterror attacks and pandemics feels the strain of funding cuts.             Gene patents in the dock ▶     As US Supreme Court justices prepare to hear arguments in Myriad Genetics case, observers are debating the impact of the outcome on personal genomics.             See-through brains clarify connections ▶     Technique to make tissue transparent offers three-dimensional view of neural networks.             Features                   Genetics: A gene of rare effect ▶     A mutation that gives people rock-bottom cholesterol levels has led geneticists to what could be the next blockbuster heart drug.             Renewable power: Germany's energy gamble ▶     An ambitious plan to slash greenhouse-gas emissions must clear some high technical and economic hurdles.             COMMENT           Drug discovery: A jump-start for electroceuticals ▶     Kristoffer Famm and colleagues unveil a multidisciplinary initiative to develop medicines that use electrical impulses to modulate the body's neural circuits.             Alfred Russel Wallace: Evolution's red-hot radical ▶     Sidekick status does Alfred Russel Wallace an injustice. He was a visionary scientist in his own right, a daring explorer and a passionate socialist, argues Andrew Berry.             Books and Arts                   In retrospect: The Malay Archipelago ▶     David Quammen re-enters the 'Milky Way of land masses' evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace's masterpiece of biogeography.             Science education: A science giant moves house ▶     Lucy Odling-Smee scopes out the new waterfront abode of Frank Oppenheimer's San Francisco museum.             Q&A: The digital knitter ▶     Genevieve Dion works at textile engineering's cutting edge at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ahead of the Smart Fabrics conference in San Francisco, California, she talks about knitting robots, permanently pleating silk and charging mobile phones from shirts.             Correspondence                   Antibiotics: Avert an impending crisis Peter Speck | Antibiotics: Relax UK import rule on fungi David L. Hawksworth, Bryn T. M. Dentinger | Italian science centre: Naples fire inflames rise in creationism Telmo Pievani | National Academy of Sciences: Guaranteeing high standards takes time Michael Feuer | Genetic testing: Anonymity of sperm donors under threat Pascal Borry, Olivia Rusu, Heidi C. Howard | Job seeking: Two sentences to impress Josef Settele             Correction                   Corrections ▶                 Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Complex systems: Spatial signatures of resilience ▶     Stephen R. Carpenter             Archaeology: A potted history of Japan ▶     Simon Kaner             Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems ▶     Kwanghun Chung, Jenelle Wallace, Sung-Yon Kim et al.     High-resolution imaging has traditionally required thin sectioning, a process that disrupts long-range connectivity in the case of brains: here, intact mouse brains and human brain samples have been made fully transparent and macromolecule permeable using a new method termed CLARITY, which allows for intact-tissue imaging as well as repeated antibody labelling and in situ hybridization of non-sectioned tissue.             M-CSF instructs myeloid lineage fate in single haematopoietic stem cells ▶     Noushine Mossadegh-Keller, Sandrine Sarrazin, Prashanth K. Kandalla et al.     M-CSF, a myeloid cytokine released during infection and inflammation, instructs myeloid lineage fate in single haematopoietic stem cells by directly inducing PU.1, a known myeloid lineage master regulator; this shows that specific cytokines can act directly on haematopoietic stem cells to instruct a change of cell identity.             Visualization of an endogenous retinoic acid gradient across embryonic development ▶     Satoshi Shimozono, Tadahiro Iimura, Tetsuya Kitaguchi et al.     Genetically encoded probes for the non-peptidic morphogen retinoic acid allow the quantitative measurement of physiological RA concentration in vivo; the results support the source–sink diffusion model of morphogen dynamics proposed by Francis Crick in 1970.             Structural basis of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition ▶     Marta Amaral, Colin Levy, Derren J. Heyes et al.     Inhibition of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) leads to amelioration of Huntington's-disease-relevant phenotypes in yeast, fruitfly and mouse models; here the crystal structures of free and inhibitor-bound yeast KMO are presented, which could aid the development of targeted therapies for human neurodegenerative diseases.             High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin ▶     C. J. Paddon, P. J. Westfall, D. J. Pitera et al.     Saccharomyces cerevisiae is engineered to produce high concentrations of artemisinic acid, a precursor of the artemisinin used in combination therapies for malaria treatment; an efficient and practical chemical process to convert artemisinic acid to artemisinin is also developed.             Modulation of TET2 expression and 5-methylcytosine oxidation by the CXXC domain protein IDAX ▶     Myunggon Ko, Jungeun An, Hozefa S. Bandukwala et al.     The CXXC domains of TET2 (encoded by the distinct gene IDAX) and TET3 are found to have previously unknown roles in the regulation of TET proteins through the activation of caspases and subsequent reduction in TET catalytic activity; this regulation is dependent on DNA binding through the CXXC domain.             The global distribution and burden of dengue ▶     Samir Bhatt, Peter W. Gething, Oliver J. Brady et al.     The public health burden of dengue is unknown; here cartographic approaches are used to provide insight into the global, regional and national burden of dengue, with the finding that the global number of infections per year is around 390 million, more than three times the estimate of the World Health Organization.             Non-invasive analysis of acquired resistance to cancer therapy by sequencing of plasma DNA ▶     Muhammed Murtaza, Sarah-Jane Dawson, Dana W. Y. Tsui et al.     A proof of principle study shows that by exome sequencing of cell-free circulating DNA from cancer patient plasma samples, the genomic evolution of metastatic cancers and the acquisition of resistance in response to therapy can be tracked over time.             Slower recovery in space before collapse of connected populations ▶     Lei Dai, Kirill S. Korolev, Jeff Gore     Early warning signals of systems collapse include increased recovery time after perturbations, and here spatially extended, connected yeast populations are used to identify a new warning indicator: recovery length after spatial disturbances.             Earliest evidence for the use of pottery ▶     O. E. Craig, H. Saul, A. Lucquin et al.     Chemical analysis of food residues associated with Japanese Jōmon pottery, which dates from the Late Pleistocene epoch and is the oldest pottery so far investigated, shows that most deposits were derived from high-trophic-level aquatic food.             Articles and Letters                   Glucose–TOR signalling reprograms the transcriptome and activates meristems ▶     Yan Xiong, Matthew McCormack, Lei Li et al.     The authors show that photosynthetically derived glucose drives target-of-rapamycin signalling, resulting in transcriptional reprogramming of genes involved in cell cycle regulation.             The architecture of Tetrahymena telomerase holoenzyme ▶     Jiansen Jiang, Edward J. Miracco, Kyungah Hong et al.     The long-awaited structure of a telomerase holoenzyme, from Tetrahymena, has been obtained by electron microscopy; affinity labelling of subunits and modelling with NMR and crystal structures of various components allowed the identification of the catalytic core and subunit interactions, and the functional role of the subunits in telomerase processivity was enabled by performing the first reconstitution of the holoenzyme in vitro.             Embryology of Early Jurassic dinosaur from China with evidence of preserved organic remains ▶     Robert R. Reisz, Timothy D. Huang, Eric M. Roberts et al.     Analysis of an Early Jurassic dinosaur bone bed reveals the rapid early growth stages of sauropodomorph embryos as well as the earliest evidence of in situ organic remains from a terrestrial vertebrate.             Predominant archaea in marine sediments degrade detrital proteins ▶     Karen G. Lloyd, Lars Schreiber, Dorthe G. Petersen et al.     Miscellaneous crenarchaeotal group (MCG) and marine benthic group-D (MBG-D) are among the most numerous archaea in sea-floor sediments; single-cell genomics reveals that these archaea belong to new branches of the archaeal tree and probably have a role in protein remineralization in anoxic marine sediments.             Diverging neural pathways assemble a behavioural state from separable features in anxiety ▶     Sung-Yon Kim, Avishek Adhikari, Soo Yeun Lee et al.     Different subregions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are shown to increase and decrease anxiety in mice, and distinct neural projections arising from a single coordinating brain region modulate different anxiety features.             Distinct extended amygdala circuits for divergent motivational states ▶     Joshua H. Jennings, Dennis R. Sparta, Alice M. Stamatakis et al.     Examination of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis projections to the ventral tegmental area shows that glutamatergic and GABAergic projections have opposing effects on reward and anxiety.             Diverse and heritable lineage imprinting of early haematopoietic progenitors ▶     Shalin H. Naik, Leïla Perié, Erwin Swart et al.     In vivo 'cellular barcoding' shows that early haematopoietic progenitors are heterogeneous in the cell types that they produce, and this is partly due to an 'imprinting' of fate in progenitors, including for a separate dendritic cell lineage.             Manipulation of small Rho GTPases is a pathogen-induced process detected by NOD1 ▶     A. Marijke Keestra, Maria G. Winter, Josef J. Auburger et al.     Salmonella effector proteins trigger host innate immunity through the activation of small Rho GTPases, which, in turn, is sensed by the NOD1/2 signalling pathway.             Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α ▶     G. M. Tannahill, A. M. Curtis, J. Adamik et al.     Succinate is identified as a metabolite in innate immune signalling, which leads to enhanced interleukin-1β production during inflammation.             Structural and energetic basis of folded-protein transport by the FimD usher ▶     Sebastian Geibel, Erik Procko, Scott J. Hultgren et al.     The crystal structure of the FimD usher traversed by the tip complex of a type 1 pilus demonstrates the mechanism by which pilus subunits are assembled and translocated during pilus elongation.             Structural basis for the drug extrusion mechanism by a MATE multidrug transporter ▶     Yoshiki Tanaka, Christopher J. Hipolito, Andrés D. Maturana et al.     Several X-ray crystal structures of an H+-driven multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter from Pyrococcus furiosus are presented, whose complex structure with macrocyclic peptides may help facilitate the discovery of efficient inhibitors of MATE transporters.             News & Views                   Cognitive neuroscience: Sensory noise drives bad decisions ▶     Matthew T. Kaufman, Anne K. Churchland             Neuroscience: Anxiety is the sum of its parts ▶     Joshua P. Johansen             Microbiology: Intraterrestrial lifestyles ▶     David L. Valentine             Structural biology: A solution to the telomerase puzzle ▶     Benjamin M. Akiyama & Michael D. Stone             Complex systems: Spatial signatures of resilience ▶     Stephen R. Carpenter             Archaeology: A potted history of Japan ▶     Simon Kaner             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Structure of full-length Drosophila cryptochrome ▶     Brian D. Zoltowski, Anand T. Vaidya, Deniz Top, Joanne Widom, Michael W. Young et al.             Research Highlights                   Animal behaviour: Lizards hatch early to flee | Stem cells: Telomeres help cells to commit | Psychology: Here's looking at you | Metabolism: Butterflies that live fast, die old | Cancer biology: Targeting cancer metabolism | Cell biology: Prions prompt multicellularity | Single-molecule dynamics: Cell motors wobble to binding sites         NEWS & COMMENT           Time for plan B | Budget forces tough look at biodefence | Gene patents in the dock | See-through brains clarify connections | Stem cells boom in vet clinics | Drug discovery: A jump-start for electroceuticals | Alfred Russel Wallace: Evolution's red-hot radical | In retrospect: The Malay Archipelago | Antibiotics: Avert an impending crisis | Antibiotics: Relax UK import rule on fungi | Italian science centre: Naples fire inflames rise in creationism | Genetic testing: Anonymity of sperm donors under threat | The right to speak out | Urgent search for flu source | Genetics: A gene of rare effect             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Live Cell RNA Detection SmartFlare™ RNA detection probes enable you to detect & quantify RNA in live cells & sort the same live cells based on RNA content. You can continue to use those same cells for downstream analyses. Applications include detecting miRNA & mRNA in live cells, sorting cells by using intracellular RNA marker, and assessing RNA & protein same cells.               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Unexpected strain-stiffening in crystalline solids ▶     Chao Jiang & Srivilliputhur G. Srinivasan     Quantum mechanical calculations reveal a surprising strain-stiffening phenomenon in two crystalline solids, one of which is cementite, a precipitate found in carbon steels.             M-CSF instructs myeloid lineage fate in single haematopoietic stem cells ▶     Noushine Mossadegh-Keller, Sandrine Sarrazin, Prashanth K. Kandalla, Leon Espinosa, E. Richard Stanley et al.     M-CSF, a myeloid cytokine released during infection and inflammation, instructs myeloid lineage fate in single haematopoietic stem cells by directly inducing PU.1, a known myeloid lineage master regulator; this shows that specific cytokines can act directly on haematopoietic stem cells to instruct a change of cell identity.             Structural basis of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition ▶     Marta Amaral, Colin Levy, Derren J. Heyes, Pierre Lafite, Tiago F. Outeiro et al.     Inhibition of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) leads to amelioration of Huntington’s-disease-relevant phenotypes in yeast, fruitfly and mouse models; here the crystal structures of free and inhibitor-bound yeast KMO are presented, which could aid the development of targeted therapies for human neurodegenerative diseases.             High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin ▶     C. J. Paddon, P. J. Westfall, D. J. Pitera, K. Benjamin, K. Fisher et al.     Saccharomyces cerevisiae is engineered to produce high concentrations of artemisinic acid, a precursor of the artemisinin used in combination therapies for malaria treatment; an efficient and practical chemical process to convert artemisinic acid to artemisinin is also developed.             Articles and Letters                   The architecture of Tetrahymena telomerase holoenzyme ▶     Jiansen Jiang, Edward J. Miracco, Kyungah Hong, Barbara Eckert, Henry Chan et al.     The long-awaited structure of a telomerase holoenzyme, from Tetrahymena, has been obtained by electron microscopy; affinity labelling of subunits and modelling with NMR and crystal structures of various components allowed the identification of the catalytic core and subunit interactions, and the functional role of the subunits in telomerase processivity was enabled by performing the first reconstitution of the holoenzyme in vitro.             Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α ▶     G. M. Tannahill, A. M. Curtis, J. Adamik, E. M. Palsson-McDermott, A. F. McGettrick et al.     Succinate is identified as a metabolite in innate immune signalling, which leads to enhanced interleukin-1β production during inflammation.             Structural and energetic basis of folded-protein transport by the FimD usher ▶     Sebastian Geibel, Erik Procko, Scott J. Hultgren, David Baker & Gabriel Waksman     The crystal structure of the FimD usher traversed by the tip complex of a type 1 pilus demonstrates the mechanism by which pilus subunits are assembled and translocated during pilus elongation.             Structural basis for the drug extrusion mechanism by a MATE multidrug transporter ▶     Yoshiki Tanaka, Christopher J. Hipolito, Andrés D. Maturana, Koichi Ito, Teruo Kuroda et al.     Several X-ray crystal structures of an H+-driven multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter from Pyrococcus furiosus are presented, whose complex structure with macrocyclic peptides may help facilitate the discovery of efficient inhibitors of MATE transporters.             News & Views                   Structural biology: A solution to the telomerase puzzle ▶     Benjamin M. Akiyama & Michael D. Stone             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Structure of full-length Drosophila cryptochrome ▶     Brian D. Zoltowski, Anand T. Vaidya, Deniz Top, Joanne Widom, Michael W. Young et al.             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Unexpected strain-stiffening in crystalline solids ▶     Chao Jiang, Srivilliputhur G. Srinivasan     Quantum mechanical calculations reveal a surprising strain-stiffening phenomenon in two crystalline solids, one of which is cementite, a precipitate found in carbon steels.             Articles and Letters                   The domination of Saturn's low-latitude ionosphere by ring 'rain' ▶     J. O'Donoghue, T. S. Stallard, H. Melin et al.     A pattern of features is detected, superposed on Saturn's low-latitude infrared glow, that implies the transfer of charged species derived from water (ring 'rain') from the ring plane to the ionosphere, ultimately leading to the global modulation of upper atmospheric chemistry.             Photonic Floquet topological insulators ▶     Mikael C. Rechtsman, Julia M. Zeuner, Yonatan Plotnik et al.     An experimental realization of a photonic topological insulator is reported that consists of helical waveguides arranged in a honeycomb lattice; the helicity provides a symmetry-breaking effect, leading to optical states that are topologically protected against scattering by disorder.             Recent temperature extremes at high northern latitudes unprecedented in the past 600 years ▶     Martin P. Tingley, Peter Huybers     By use of a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of instrumental and proxy temperature records, early twenty-first-century summers at high northern latitudes are shown to have been warmer than any since 1400.             News & Views                   Optical devices: Photonic insulators with a twist ▶     Yidong Chong             Solar system: Saturn's ring rain ▶     Jack Connerney             Erratum                   Erratum: A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet ▶     Thomas Barclay, Jason F. Rowe, Jack J. Lissauer, Daniel Huber, François Fressin et al.             Research Highlights                   Solid-state physics: Diamonds tick like atomic clocks         NEWS & COMMENT           Energy crossroads | Renewable power: Germany's energy gamble             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Recent temperature extremes at high northern latitudes unprecedented in the past 600 years ▶     Martin P. Tingley, Peter Huybers     By use of a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of instrumental and proxy temperature records, early twenty-first-century summers at high northern latitudes are shown to have been warmer than any since 1400.             Climatic control of bedrock river incision ▶     Ken L. Ferrier, Kimberly L. Huppert, J. Taylor Perron     Topographic analyses and numerical modelling of canyon formation across the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i show that rivers erode into bedrock more efficiently where precipitation rates are higher.             Predominant archaea in marine sediments degrade detrital proteins ▶     Karen G. Lloyd, Lars Schreiber, Dorthe G. Petersen et al.     Miscellaneous crenarchaeotal group (MCG) and marine benthic group-D (MBG-D) are among the most numerous archaea in sea-floor sediments; single-cell genomics reveals that these archaea belong to new branches of the archaeal tree and probably have a role in protein remineralization in anoxic marine sediments.             News & Views                   Microbiology: Intraterrestrial lifestyles ▶     David L. Valentine             Solar system: Saturn's ring rain ▶     Jack Connerney             Research Highlights                   Geology: Quake linked to drilling | Hydrology: More rain for the Central Plains         NEWS & COMMENT           No, we should not just 'at least do the research' | Wild weather can send greenhouse gases spiralling             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Special - Technology Feature ▲top               Cell culture: A better brew ▶     Advances in cell culture media mean that scientists increasingly know what has gone into the mix, and cells are enjoying a more natural environment — even in the lab.                         FREE 91 page eBook: Key Advances in Medicine An essential resource for anyone with an interest in medicine, 45 articles summarise the groundbreaking clinical studies of 2012 and highlight trends to watch out for in 2013. Download FREE PDF now!               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Citizen science: Amateur experts ▶     Involving members of the public can help science projects — but researchers should consider what they want to achieve.                   Staff cuts likely ▶     US budget woes put non-tenured researchers at risk.                   Easier migration ▶     Proposed law aims to smooth researcher mobility across the European Union.                   Online journal club ▶     Video platform enables global real-time discussion.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days: 5–11 April 2013 | Budget forces tough look at biodefence Erika Check Hayden | Italian science centre: Naples fire inflames rise in creationism Telmo Pievani | National Academy of Sciences: Guaranteeing high standards takes time Michael Feuer | Job seeking: Two sentences to impress Josef Settele               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Research Associate     University of British Columbia (Vancouver)            Postdoctral Fellow     University of Pittsbugh, School of Medicine            Team Leader     The Sainsbury Laboratory (TSL)            Ph.D student position     The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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