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Focus on neurovascular interactions p1353
doi:10.1038/nn1111-1353
Blood vessels in the nervous system are not simply inert bystanders that only support the metabolic needs of neurons. We present a focus on neurovascular interactions that highlights our emerging knowledge of how these interactions shape neuronal function both in health and disease.
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News and Views | Top |
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Perspectives | Top |
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Stroke research at a crossroad: asking the brain for directions pp1363 - 1368
Costantino Iadecola and Josef Anrather
doi:10.1038/nn.2953
There remains an urgent need to develop new strategies and therapies to help protect the brain from ischemic cell death. In this perspective, the authors suggest that learning more about the mechanisms that underlie brain self-preservation and developing multifaceted approaches that act on multiple pathways involved in both cell death and neuroprotection may advance our efforts to treat stroke.
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Emerging mechanisms of disrupted cellular signaling in brain ischemia pp1369 - 1373
Michael Tymianski
doi:10.1038/nn.2951
This perspective discusses newly discovered mechanisms leading to cellular ionic imbalances, as well as underappreciated signaling cascades that mediate cell death and that may add to the traditional glutamatergic mechanisms to which ischemic brain injury is ascribed. An integrated consideration of such new mechanisms may aid in formulating better therapies.
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Reviews | Top |
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Twisted tango: brain tumor neurovascular interactions pp1375 - 1381
Anita B Hjelmeland, Justin D Lathia, Sith Sathornsumetee and Jeremy N Rich
doi:10.1038/nn.2955
Brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) stimulate angiogenesis and may also directly contribute to tumor vasculature. The authors review the codependence of BTSCs and the perivascular niche and how this may inform new therapeutic approaches.
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Perivascular instruction of cell genesis and fate in the adult brain pp1382 - 1389
Steven A Goldman and Zhuoxun Chen
doi:10.1038/nn.2963
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Cerebrovascular disorders: molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities pp1390 - 1397
Erik Storkebaum, Annelies Quaegebeur, Miikka Vikkula and Peter Carmeliet
doi:10.1038/nn.2947
Blood vessels in the CNS have traditionally been considered neutral bystanders that passively adapt in response to the needs of neural cells. This review surveys recent evidence that blood vessels actively participate in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders and the implications of this work for therapy.
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Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease pp1398 - 1405
Ethan A Winkler, Robert D Bell and Berislav V Zlokovic
doi:10.1038/nn.2946
This review focuses on recent breakthroughs in understanding the biology of CNS pericytes and their role in the CNS in both health and disease.
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Brief Communications | Top |
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Ivy/neurogliaform interneurons coordinate activity in the neurogenic niche pp1407 - 1409
Sean J Markwardt, Cristina V Dieni, Jacques I Wadiche and Linda Overstreet-Wadiche
doi:10.1038/nn.2935
Maturation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus is known to require GABAergic input. Here the authors show that a subtype of interneurons, namely neurogliaform cells, acts as the primary source of GABA for newborn neurons in mouse dentate gyrus.
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PDZ binding of TARPγ-8 controls synaptic transmission but not synaptic plasticity pp1410 - 1412
Akio Sumioka, Travis E Brown, Akihiko S Kato, David S Bredt, Julie A Kauer and Susumu Tomita
doi:10.1038/nn.2952
The authors generated knock-in mice of the AMPAR auxiliary subunit TARP that lack the C-terminal PDZ ligand. They found that synaptic transmission and AMPAR were reduced without changes in extrasynaptic AMPAR expression, but LTP was unaltered.
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Hemisphere-specific optogenetic stimulation reveals left-right asymmetry of hippocampal plasticity pp1413 - 1415
Michael M Kohl, Olivia A Shipton, Robert M Deacon, J Nicholas P Rawlins, Karl Deisseroth and Ole Paulsen
doi:10.1038/nn.2915
Using hemisphere-specific optogenetic activation of hippocampal fibers, this study finds that the magnitude of long-term potentiation in CA1 neurons depends on whether afferents originate in left or right CA3.
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Amygdala lesions selectively impair familiarity in recognition memory pp1416 - 1417
Anja Farovik, Ryan James Place, Danielle Renée Miller and Howard Eichenbaum
doi:10.1038/nn.2919
This study shows that lesioning a rat's amygdala affects only familiarity-based recognition, having no effect on recollection-based recognition, and further dissociates the role of medial temporal lobe structures mediating recognition memory.
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Sleep and waking modulate spine turnover in the adolescent mouse cortex pp1418 - 1420
Stephanie Maret, Ugo Faraguna, Aaron B Nelson, Chiara Cirelli and Giulio Tononi
doi:10.1038/nn.2934
Using two-photon microscopy in mice, the authors find that the number of cortical spines increases in adolescent mice while they are awake and decreases while they are asleep.
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Articles | Top |
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A dual shaping mechanism for postsynaptic ephrin-B3 as a receptor that sculpts dendrites and synapses pp1421 - 1429
Nan-Jie Xu, Suya Sun, Jay R Gibson and Mark Henkemeyer
doi:10.1038/nn.2931
Examining the role of ephrin-B3 in dendritic and synaptic development in vivo, this study finds that ephrin-B3 functions postsynaptically as a receptor to initiate reverse signaling events that organize dendritic branching complexity, spine maturation and formation of functional synapses.
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See also: News and Views by Soskis et al.
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Bidirectional plasticity of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in oligodendrocyte lineage cells pp1430 - 1438
Marzieh Zonouzi, Massimiliano Renzi, Mark Farrant and Stuart G Cull-Candy
doi:10.1038/nn.2942
The authors studied the dynamic regulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Group 1 mGluRs regulate CP-AMPARs via a pathway that requires intracellular Ca2+, PI3 kinase, PICK-1 and JNK. Purinergic receptor activation decreases CP-AMPAR expression.
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See also: News and Views by De Biase & Bergles
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In utero exposure to cocaine delays postnatal synaptic maturation of glutamatergic transmission in the VTA pp1439 - 1446
Camilla Bellone, Manuel Mameli and Christian Lüscher
doi:10.1038/nn.2930
Cocaine can easily cross the placental and fetal blood-brain barrier, and in utero exposure to cocaine can cause lasting behavioral changes in postnatal periods. Here, Bellone et al. studied the physiological and circuit level mechanism behind the consequence of in utero cocaine exposure and found a postnatal synaptic maturation defect of excitatory input to the dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of mice. In particular, they found that late embryonic in utero cocaine exposure causes a delay in AMPAR/NMDAR switch in early postnatal mouse brain.
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PI3Kγ is required for NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression and behavioral flexibility pp1447 - 1454
Jae-Ick Kim, Hye-Ryeon Lee, Su-eon Sim, Jinhee Baek, Nam-Kyung Yu, Jun-Hyeok Choi, Hyoung-Gon Ko, Yong-Seok Lee, Soo-Won Park, Chuljung Kwak, Sung-Ji Ahn, So Yoen Choi, Hyun Kim, Kyoung-Han Kim, Peter H Backx, Clarrisa A Bradley, Eunjoon Kim, Deok-Jin Jang, Kyungmin Lee, Sang Jeong Kim, Min Zhuo, Graham L Collingridge and Bong-Kiun Kaang
doi:10.1038/nn.2937
This study examines the contribution of a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) isoform, namely PI3Kγ, to hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavior. The authors find that the loss of PI3Kγ can specifically impair NMDA receptor-mediated long-term depression and cognitive functions that rely on behavioral flexibility.
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Neural activity at the human olfactory epithelium reflects olfactory perception pp1455 - 1461
Hadas Lapid, Sagit Shushan, Anton Plotkin, Hillary Voet, Yehudah Roth, Thomas Hummel, Elad Schneidman and Noam Sobel
doi:10.1038/nn.2926
Inserting a recording electrode into the nostrils of human volunteers allowed the authors to record neural activity directly from the olfactory epithelium, and measures of olfactory perception, all from the same individuals. This uncovered a non-uniform patchy organization of the receptive surface, which was organized in part according to the perception of odorant pleasantness.
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See also: News and Views by Frank & Hettinger
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Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold pp1462 - 1467
James F Cavanagh, Thomas V Wiecki, Michael X Cohen, Christina M Figueroa, Johan Samanta, Scott J Sherman and Michael J Frank
doi:10.1038/nn.2925
One mechanism by which medial prefontal cortex (mPFC) exerts cognitive control is thought to involve the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which acts as a temporary brake on behavior. Here the authors found increases in mPFC and STN theta power as a function of decision conflict. Increases in mPFC theta power predicted increased decision thresholds. STN deep brain stimulation reversed this relationship, resulting in impulsive choice.
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Dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex orchestrate normative choice pp1468 - 1474
Thomas Baumgartner, Daria Knoch, Philine Hotz, Christoph Eisenegger and Ernst Fehr
doi:10.1038/nn.2933
The authors examine the neural circuitry causally involved in normative, fairness-related decisions by generating a temporarily diminished capacity for costly normative behavior through non-invasive brain stimulation. Their findings suggest that a prefrontal network, the activation of rDLPFC and pVMPFC and the connectivity between them, facilitates costly normative decisions.
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How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality pp1475 - 1479
Tali Sharot, Christoph W Korn and Raymond J Dolan
doi:10.1038/nn.2949
This study reports that people are worse at incorporating negative information when updating their beliefs. Correspondingly, neural activity encodes desirable information updates, but there is weaker encoding of unexpectedly undesirable information.
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See also: News and Views by Izuma & Adolphs
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Technical Report | Top |
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Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain pp1481 - 1488
Hiroshi Hama, Hiroshi Kurokawa, Hiroyuki Kawano, Ryoko Ando, Tomomi Shimogori, Hisayori Noda, Kiyoko Fukami, Asako Sakaue-Sawano and Atsushi Miyawaki
doi:10.1038/nn.2928
The authors describe a chemical approach for imaging deep into fixed brain tissue using Scale, a solution that renders biological samples transparent, but preserves fluorescent signals. This technique allows for imaging at unprecedented depth and at subcellular resolution, and makes three-dimensional reconstruction of neural networks possible without serial sectioning.
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See also: News and Views by Gundersen
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Nature Reviews Neuroscience
FOCUS ON ADDICTION
Read for FREE online at:
www.nature.com/nrn/focus/addiction
Produced with support from
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |
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