Nature contents: 27 October 2011

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 478 Number 7370      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       RNA-Seq just went from complicated to compatible. EA will provide your data in a format you are used to -- 100% microarray compatible format. Now you can have your data and use it too! Expresssion Analysis will help you detect 2x more differentially expressed transcripts, novel isoforms and SNVs and can achieve >97% alignment to your reference genome. 919-405-2248             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011   Observations made in the Arctic in late winter/early spring of 2011 reveal ozone loss far outside the range previously observed over the Northern Hemisphere, comparable to some Antarctic ozone holes.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   A Pluto-like radius and a high albedo for the dwarf planet Eris from an occultation   A stellar occultation in November 2010 provided astronomers with the chance to take a close look at Eris, one of the four known 'dwarf planets' or planetoids in the Solar System. The others are Haumea, Makemake and Pluto, the latter virtually a twin in size and shape to Eris.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Laser cooling and real-time measurement of the nuclear spin environment of a solid-state qubit   A collaboration between groups at Harvard and ETH-Zurich demonstrates that quantum optical techniques, conventionally used for cooling, measurement and control of isolated atoms and ions, can be applied to control the quantum dynamics of the many-body environment of solid -state qubits - an important goal in quantum science and engineering.                 Advance your research with the help of Hamamatsu's photodetector technologies. We offer sensitive and reliable cameras for microscopy (sCMOS, CCD, and EMCCD), as well as detectors such as photodiodes, PMT, silicon photomultipliers (MPPC), and streak cameras. We also offer instruments for drug discovery screening, digital pathology, absolute PL quantum yield measurement, and other applications.                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast, how brains change across the lifespan, the biggest threat from climate change and Pluto's new best friend. Plus, the best of the rest from this week's Nature.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   A priceless resource ▶     The key to treatments for autism and schizophrenia could lie in the brains of recently deceased children. To make advances, researchers need access to an international bank of donated material.             Animal talk ▶     Germany must do more to encourage dialogue on animal experimentation.             Scientific climate ▶     Results confirming climate change are welcome, even when released before peer review.             World View                   Piecemeal cuts won't add up to radical reductions ▶     To meet ambitious emissions targets will require systems thinking and massive breakthroughs in technology and fuels, says Jane C. S. Long.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 21–27 October 2011 ▶     The week in science: Earthquake hits Turkey; global warming verified; and promising trial results from a new multiple sclerosis drug.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Fallout forensics hike radiation toll ▶     Global data on Fukushima challenge Japanese estimates.             Malaria vaccine results face scrutiny ▶     Experts question early release of incomplete trial data.             European ban on stem-cell patents has a silver lining ▶     Researchers can work without fear of action over patent infringement.             Conflicting studies fuel arsenic debate ▶     Uncertainties over contaminated groundwater in southern Asia highlight gaps in science.             US bill targets grantee salaries ▶     Cost-saving measure would reduce maximum amount paid to biomedical researchers funded by federal agencies.             Fetal gene screening comes to market ▶     Non-invasive procedure could make prenatal testing easier, but it comes with ethical problems.             Features                   Tissue-bank shortage: Brain child ▶     Asking parents to donate a child's brain to research is emotionally fraught. Some researchers say that it is time to put aside the taboos.             Plague genome: The Black Death decoded ▶     The genome of a 660-year-old bacterium is revealing secrets from one of Europe's darkest chapters.           COMMENT           Climate change: Migration as adaptation ▶     Mobility can bring opportunities for coping with environmental change, say Richard Black, Stephen R. G. Bennett, Sandy M. Thomas and John R. Beddington.             Desertification: The next dust bowl ▶     Drought is the most pressing problem caused by climate change. It receives too little attention, says Joseph Romm.             Books and Arts                   Psychology: A farewell to arms ▶     Martin Daly explores Steven Pinker's treatise on the taming of human aggression.             Sociology: The illustrated scientist ▶     Margo DeMello is fascinated by the evocative tattoo culture among different 'tribes' of scientists.             Books in brief ▶             Biotechnology: DNA dollars ▶     Linnaea Ostroff examines a history of Genentech, the US company that first made biology a business.             Q&A: The mathemagician ▶     Mathematician Persi Diaconis of Stanford University in California ran away from home in his teens to perform card tricks. As he publishes a book on the mathematics of magic, co-authored with juggler and fellow mathematician Ron Graham, he explains what makes a good trick.             Correspondence                   Brain injury: Iraq's unseen burden of wounded civilians Gilles Guerrier, Emmanuel Baron, Rasheed Fakri & Isabelle Mouniaman | Ecological oversight: Brazil's forest code puts wetlands at risk Paulo Teixeira de Sousa , Jr, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade & Ennio Candotti | Teaching or research: Small colleges aided by research networks Erin S. Lindquist, Laurel J. Anderson & Jeffrey A. Simmons | Genome sequencing: Aboriginal people agreed to DNA study Craig Muller | Marine pollution: Give more priority to phosphorus studies Caroline P. Slomp | Brain burdens: Boost resilience to tackle mental illness Oliver J. Robinson | Fund people not projects: Nature's readers comment online           Obituary                   Ralph Steinman (1943–2011) ▶     Immunologist and cheerleader for dendritic-cell biology.             Corrections                   Correction ▶             Correction ▶                         Ultimate Protection - Optimum Capacity New Thermo Scientific Revco UxF -86°C freezers maximize sample storage capacity while minimizing the freezer's physical space inside your laboratory. Choose from five new sizes, allowing you to store up to 118,300 samples in a single freezer. To find out more visit www.thermoscientific.com/revcouxf or click here to request a quote.               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools ▶     Stephen A. Smith, Nerida G. Wilson, Freya E. Goetz, Caitlin Feehery, Sónia C. S. Andrade et al.     Molluscs (snails, octopuses, clams and their relatives) have a great disparity o...             Ascaris suum draft genome ▶     Aaron R. Jex, Shiping Liu, Bo Li, Neil D. Young, Ross S. Hall et al.     Parasitic diseases have a devastating, long-term impact on human health, welfare...             Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination ▶     Kerstin Berer, Marsilius Mues, Michail Koutrolos, Zakeya Al Rasbi, Marina Boziki et al.     Active multiple sclerosis lesions show inflammatory changes suggestive of a comb...             Lowland–upland migration of sauropod dinosaurs during the Late Jurassic epoch ▶     Henry C. Fricke, Justin Hencecroth & Marie E. Hoerner     Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest vertebrates ever to walk the Earth, and as m...             Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome ▶     Jeffrey M. Lorch, Carol U. Meteyer, Melissa J. Behr, Justin G. Boyles, Paul M. Cryan et al.     White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused recent catastrophic declines among multiple...             Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1-mediated recognition of human leukocyte antigen B ▶     Julian P. Vivian, Renee C. Duncan, Richard Berry, Geraldine M. O’Connor, Hugh H. Reid et al.     Members of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, a large gr...             Rad51 paralogues Rad55–Rad57 balance the antirecombinase Srs2 in Rad51 filament formation ▶     Jie Liu, Ludovic Renault, Xavier Veaute, Francis Fabre, Henning Stahlberg et al.     Homologous recombination is a high-fidelity DNA repair pathway. Besides a critic...             Homeostatic response to hypoxia is regulated by the N-end rule pathway in plants ▶     Daniel J. Gibbs, Seung Cho Lee, Nurulhikma Md Isa, Silvia Gramuglia, Takeshi Fukao et al.     Plants and animals are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen for mitochondrial resp...             Oxygen sensing in plants is mediated by an N-end rule pathway for protein destabilization ▶     Francesco Licausi, Monika Kosmacz, Daan A. Weits, Beatrice Giuntoli, Federico M. Giorgi et al.     The majority of eukaryotic organisms rely on molecular oxygen for respiratory en...             Membrane protein sequestering by ionic protein–lipid interactions ▶     Geert van den Bogaart, Karsten Meyenberg, H. Jelger Risselada, Hayder Amin, Katrin I. Willig et al.     Neuronal exocytosis is catalysed by the SNAP receptor protein syntaxin-1A, which...             Image-based genome-wide siRNA screen identifies selective autophagy factors ▶     Anthony Orvedahl, Rhea Sumpter Jr, Guanghua Xiao, Aylwin Ng, Zhongju Zou et al.     Selective autophagy involves the recognition and targeting of specific cargo, su...             The endonuclease activity of Mili fuels piRNA amplification that silences LINE1 elements ▶     Serena De Fazio, Nenad Bartonicek, Monica Di Giacomo, Cei Abreu-Goodger, Aditya Sankar et al.     Piwi proteins and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have conserved functions in tra...             Aspartate 112 is the selectivity filter of the human voltage-gated proton channel ▶     Boris Musset, Susan M. E. Smith, Sindhu Rajan, Deri Morgan, Vladimir V. Cherny et al.     The ion selectivity of pumps and channels is central to their ability to perform...             Articles and Letters                   A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals ▶     Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Manuel Garber, Or Zuk, Michael F. Lin, Brian J. Parker et al.     The comparison of related genomes has emerged as a powerful lens for genome inte...             Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain ▶     Hyo Jung Kang, Yuka Imamura Kawasawa, Feng Cheng, Ying Zhu, Xuming Xu et al.     Brain development and function depend on the precise regulation of gene expressi...             Structure and reactivity of a mononuclear non-haem iron(III)–peroxo complex ▶     Jaeheung Cho, Sujin Jeon, Samuel A. Wilson, Lei V. Liu, Eun A. Kang et al.     Oxygen-containing mononuclear iron species—iron(iii)–peroxo, iron(iii)–hydropero...             A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death ▶     Kirsten I. Bos, Verena J. Schuenemann, G. Brian Golding, Hernán A. Burbano, Nicholas Waglechner et al.     Technological advances in DNA recovery and sequencing have drastically expanded ...             A natural polymorphism alters odour and DEET sensitivity in an insect odorant receptor ▶     Maurizio Pellegrino, Nicole Steinbach, Marcus C. Stensmyr, Bill S. Hansson & Leslie B. Vosshall     Blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes are efficient vectors of human infectio...             STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP ▶     Dara L. Burdette, Kathryn M. Monroe, Katia Sotelo-Troha, Jeff S. Iwig, Barbara Eckert et al.     The innate immune system detects infection by using germline-encoded receptors t...             Temporal dynamics and genetic control of transcription in the human prefrontal cortex ▶     Carlo Colantuoni, Barbara K. Lipska, Tianzhang Ye, Thomas M. Hyde, Ran Tao et al.     Previous investigations have combined transcriptional and genetic analyses in hu...             RNAi screen identifies Brd4 as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukaemia ▶     Johannes Zuber, Junwei Shi, Eric Wang, Amy R. Rappaport, Harald Herrmann et al.     Epigenetic pathways can regulate gene expression by controlling and interpreting...             Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia ▶     Mark A. Dawson, Rab K. Prinjha, Antje Dittmann, George Giotopoulos, Marcus Bantscheff et al.     Recurrent chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL)...             Active-site remodelling in the bifunctional fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase ▶     Juan Du, Rafael F. Say, Wei Lü, Georg Fuchs & Oliver Einsle     Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase is a bifunctional, thermost...             Structural basis for the bifunctionality of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase ▶     Shinya Fushinobu, Hiroshi Nishimasu, Daiki Hattori, Hyun-Jin Song & Takayoshi Wakagi     Enzymes catalyse specific reactions and are essential for maintaining life. Alth...             Saccharomyces cerevisiae THI4p is a suicide thiamine thiazole synthase ▶     Abhishek Chatterjee, N. Dinuka Abeydeera, Shridhar Bale, Pei-Jing Pai, Pieter C. Dorrestein et al.     Thiamine pyrophosphate 1 is an essential cofactor in all living systems. Its bio...             News & Views                   Biochemistry: Suicide of a protein ▶     Peter Roach             Genomics: Plague's progress ▶     Edward C. Holmes             Biophysics: More than a bystander ▶     Philip Ball             Corrigendum                   DNA demethylation for hormone-induced transcriptional derepression ▶     Mi-Sun Kim, Takeshi Kondo, Ichiro Takada, Min-Young Youn, Yoko Yamamoto et al.             Research Highlights                   Evolution: New origins for old plants | Neuroscience: Pups' smell tunes mum's hearing | Infectious disease: Antibody beats emerging virus | Ecology: Predators can kill by presence alone | Animal cognition: Tools don't make for brainy birds | Cancer biology: A sirtuin helps cells divide | Neuroscience: New neurons detail memories | Phylogenetics: From Africa to Amazonia         NEWS & COMMENT           A priceless resource | Animal talk | Psychology: A farewell to arms | Books in brief | Biotechnology: DNA dollars | Q&A: The mathemagician | Brain injury: Iraq's unseen burden of wounded civilians Gilles Guerrier, Emmanuel Baron, Rasheed Fakri & Isabelle Mouniaman | Genome sequencing: Aboriginal people agreed to DNA study Craig Muller | Brain burdens: Boost resilience to tackle mental illness Oliver J. Robinson           CAREERS           Turning point: Josefina del Mármol | Regional pact formed             More Biological Sciences ▶                         A personalized experience in clinical trial publishing Network with Pharma Solutions on Linked In. Our group connects key decision makers in clinical trial publishing, including lead investigators, pharmaceutical companies, and medical communication agencies. Join in discussions and hot topics shaping the industry.               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features ▶     Sun Kwok & Yong Zhang     Unidentified infrared emission bands at wavelengths of 3–20 micrometres ...             Rad51 paralogues Rad55–Rad57 balance the antirecombinase Srs2 in Rad51 filament formation ▶     Jie Liu, Ludovic Renault, Xavier Veaute, Francis Fabre, Henning Stahlberg et al.     Homologous recombination is a high-fidelity DNA repair pathway. Besides a critic...             Homeostatic response to hypoxia is regulated by the N-end rule pathway in plants ▶     Daniel J. Gibbs, Seung Cho Lee, Nurulhikma Md Isa, Silvia Gramuglia, Takeshi Fukao et al.     Plants and animals are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen for mitochondrial resp...             Membrane protein sequestering by ionic protein–lipid interactions ▶     Geert van den Bogaart, Karsten Meyenberg, H. Jelger Risselada, Hayder Amin, Katrin I. Willig et al.     Neuronal exocytosis is catalysed by the SNAP receptor protein syntaxin-1A, which...             Articles and Letters                   Structure and reactivity of a mononuclear non-haem iron(iii)–peroxo complex ▶     Jaeheung Cho, Sujin Jeon, Samuel A. Wilson, Lei V. Liu, Eun A. Kang et al.     Oxygen-containing mononuclear iron species—iron(iii)–peroxo, iron(iii)–hydropero...             Active-site remodelling in the bifunctional fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase ▶     Juan Du, Rafael F. Say, Wei Lü, Georg Fuchs & Oliver Einsle     Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase is a bifunctional, thermost...             Structural basis for the bifunctionality of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase ▶     Shinya Fushinobu, Hiroshi Nishimasu, Daiki Hattori, Hyun-Jin Song & Takayoshi Wakagi     Enzymes catalyse specific reactions and are essential for maintaining life. Alth...             Saccharomyces cerevisiae THI4p is a suicide thiamine thiazole synthase ▶     Abhishek Chatterjee, N. Dinuka Abeydeera, Shridhar Bale, Pei-Jing Pai, Pieter C. Dorrestein et al.     Thiamine pyrophosphate 1 is an essential cofactor in all living systems. Its bio...             News & Views                   Biochemistry: Suicide of a protein ▶     Peter Roach             Biophysics: More than a bystander ▶     Philip Ball             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features ▶     Sun Kwok & Yong Zhang     Unidentified infrared emission bands at wavelengths of 3–20 micrometres ...             Articles and Letters                   Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011 ▶     Gloria L. Manney, Michelle L. Santee, Markus Rex, Nathaniel J. Livesey, Michael C. Pitts et al.     Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter|[ndash...             Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities as the source of inhomogeneous mixing in nova explosions ▶     Jordi Casanova, Jordi José, Enrique García-Berro, Steven N. Shore & Alan C. Calder     Classical novae are thermonuclear explosions in binary stellar systems containin...             A Pluto-like radius and a high albedo for the dwarf planet Eris from an occultation ▶     B. Sicardy, J. L. Ortiz, M. Assafin, E. Jehin, A. Maury et al.     The dwarf planet Eris is a trans-Neptunian object with an orbital eccentricity o...             Laser cooling and real-time measurement of the nuclear spin environment of a solid-state qubit ▶     E. Togan, Y. Chu, A. Imamoglu & M. D. Lukin     Control over quantum dynamics of open systems is one of the central challenges i...             News & Views                   Planetary science: Eris under scrutiny ▶     Amanda Gulbis             Astrophysics: Shedding light on the fabric of space-time ▶     Giovanni Amelino-Camelia             Research Highlights                   Astronomy: Ice in the outer reaches | Materials: Wipe-on water repellent         NEWS & COMMENT           Climate change: Migration as adaptation | Desertification: The next dust bowl           CAREERS           France: Peak of potential             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Mixed aromatic–aliphatic organic nanoparticles as carriers of unidentified infrared emission features ▶     Sun Kwok & Yong Zhang     Unidentified infrared emission bands at wavelengths of 3–20 micrometres ...             Lowland–upland migration of sauropod dinosaurs during the Late Jurassic epoch ▶     Henry C. Fricke, Justin Hencecroth & Marie E. Hoerner     Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest vertebrates ever to walk the Earth, and as m...             Articles and Letters                   Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011 ▶     Gloria L. Manney, Michelle L. Santee, Markus Rex, Nathaniel J. Livesey, Michael C. Pitts et al.     Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter|[ndash...             A Pluto-like radius and a high albedo for the dwarf planet Eris from an occultation ▶     B. Sicardy, J. L. Ortiz, M. Assafin, E. Jehin, A. Maury et al.     The dwarf planet Eris is a trans-Neptunian object with an orbital eccentricity o...             News & Views                   Atmospheric science: An Arctic ozone hole? ▶     Rolando R. Garcia             Planetary science: Eris under scrutiny ▶     Amanda Gulbis           NEWS & COMMENT           Climate change: Migration as adaptation | Desertification: The next dust bowl | Ecological oversight: Brazil's forest code puts wetlands at risk Paulo Teixeira de Sousa , Jr, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade & Ennio Candotti | Marine pollution: Give more priority to phosphorus studies Caroline P. Slomp             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Register for your exclusive discounts! Nature Lab Offers provides researchers like you with exclusive discounts from the top suppliers of antibodies, reagents, cell/tissue cultures, imaging equipment, DNA sequencing, RNA isolation & purification, lab consumables, and so much more! Register at nature.com/laboffers to receive your exclusive offers. Each week, one lucky registrant will win a one-year subscription to Nature!               Careers & Jobs ▲top               France: Peak of potential ▶     Once known mostly for its natural beauty, Grenoble is becoming a centre of innovation for academia and industry.                   Turning point: Josefina del Mármol ▶     Giving up music for science, PhD student moves from Argentina to the United States.                   Industry support falls ▶     UK business funds needed to spur innovation.                   Academics unhappy ▶     Low pay, low grant success and job insecurity add to researchers' miseries in Australia.                   Regional pact formed ▶     Agreement between Europe and Singapore will aid training and collaborations.                   Careers related news & comment                   Scientific climate | Malaria vaccine results face scrutiny | European ban on stem-cell patents has a silver lining | Fetal gene screening comes to market | Biotechnology: DNA dollars | Brain injury: Iraq's unseen burden of wounded civilians Gilles Guerrier, Emmanuel Baron, Rasheed Fakri & Isabelle Mouniaman | Teaching or research: Small colleges aided by research networks Erin S. Lindquist, Laurel J. Anderson & Jeffrey A. Simmons | Marine pollution: Give more priority to phosphorus studies Caroline P. Slomp | Fund people not projects: Nature's readers comment online             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       PhD Studentships in Cancer Research     Paterson Institute for Cancer Research Manchester, GB           Faculty in Human Genomics     Institute for Genome Sciences Baltimore, US           Research Program Leader - Business Services and Analytics Program     Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Melbourne, AU           Postdoctoral Scholar     The University of Chicago Chicago, US         No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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