Nature contents: 27 September 2018

If you are unable to see the message below, click here to view.

Volume 561 Issue 7724   This Week       Editorial         The costs of climate inaction Brexit is already damaging European science Discovery of Galileo’s long-lost letter highlights the value of physical repositories   Application of CRISPR/Cas to the Generation of Genetically Engineered Mice Explore CRISPR/Cas technologies to streamline and accelerate your genetic engineering projects, while costing significantly less than pre-CRISPR gene editing techniques. Download this White Paper to learn: Which advantages and limitations of CRISPR impact your designs When to prefer CRISPR, Easi-CRISPR, or previous editing technologies Why incorporating CRISPR into your program can dramatically reduce project timelines World View         No more first authors, no more last authors Gretchen L. Kiser Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature. Seven Days         Gravity glitch, biodefence plan and an asteroid first

It's Time for Precision Genomics   Current bulk NGS methods are inadequate to fully characterize cancer. Targeted single-cell DNA analysis resolves genetic heterogeneity, which has critical implications in understanding tumor evolution and the acquisition of therapeutic resistance. Read our spotlight and learn how you can use Tapestri to move precision medicine forward.   Learn More

News in Focus   News         Discovery of Galileo’s long-lost letter shows he edited his heretical ideas to fool the Inquisition Alison Abbott Prominent palaeontologist loses £1-million grant following bullying investigation Holly Else Discovery of vibrant deep-sea life prompts new worries over seabed mining Amy Maxmen Top US science agency unveils hotly anticipated harassment policy Alexandra Witze Prehistoric children as young as eight worked as brickmakers and miners Traci Watson Reimagining of Schrödinger’s cat breaks quantum mechanics — and stumps physicists Davide Castelvecchi Features         Why Chinese medicine is heading for clinics around the world David Cyranoski Six months to Brexit: how scientists are preparing for the split Ehsan Masood, Inga Vesper, Richard Van Noorden

Multimedia       Nature Podcast 26 September 2018 This week, an ultra-thin, wearable biosensor, and a multi-shape, mechanical metamaterial.

Comment   Comment         Clear up this stem-cell mess Douglas Sipp, Pamela G. Robey, Leigh Turner How do natural hazards cascade to cause disasters? Amir AghaKouchak, Laurie S. Huning, Felicia Chiang et al. Books and Arts         Genetic determinism rides again Nathaniel Comfort The sex lives of vegetables, life in a heart beat, and the cold-war engineer who cracked supercomputing Barbara Kiser Correspondence         Mega mining project in French Guiana threatens Amazonian biodiversity François M. Catzeflis How to deliver translational data-science benefits to science and society Chaitanya Baru Swap outdated authorship listings for contributorship credit George Davey Smith, Marcus Munafò, Mika Kivimäki Just a handful of publications can collect the prize Michele Carbone Do boring speakers really talk for longer? Robert M. Ewers

Technology   Toolbox         Machine learning gets to grips with plankton challenge Jeffrey M. Perkel Technology Feature         Cryo-electron microscopy shapes up Monya Baker

Careers   Features         The quest for postdoctoral independence Chris Woolston Columns         The price of grief Summer Praetorius

Futures   Last contact Graham Robert Scott

Research   NEW ONLINE         A dual origin for blood vessels Contrary to previous assumptions, it seems the cells that line blood vessels are derived from more than one source. In addition to their known developmental path, they can arise from progenitors of embryonic blood cells. M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe A natural variant and engineered mutation in a GPCR promote DEET resistance in C. elegans DEET interferes selectively with chemotaxis of Caenorhabditis elegans; mutations in the str-217 gene or silencing of the pair of chemosensory neurons that express it makes worms DEET-resistant. Emily J. Dennis, May Dobosiewicz, Xin Jin et al. An evolving jet from a strongly magnetized accreting X-ray pulsar Observations of a jet from a strongly magnetized neutron star reveal that strong magnetic fields do not prevent jet formation and suggest that stellar properties influence jet power. J. van den Eijnden, N. Degenaar, T. D. Russell et al. Erythro-myeloid progenitors contribute endothelial cells to blood vessels New blood vessel endothelial cells arise from differentiation of erythro-myeloid progenitor cells to complement the proliferation of pre-existing endothelial cells. Alice Plein, Alessandro Fantin, Laura Denti et al. Blood flow forces liver growth Increases in biomechanical forces in the liver’s blood vessels have now been shown to activate two mechanosensitive proteins. The proteins trigger blood-vessel cells to deploy regenerative factors that drive liver growth. Sina Y. Rabbany, Shahin Rafii Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome Analyses of the relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits across the tundra and over time show that community height increased with warming across all sites, whereas other traits lagged behind predicted rates of change. Anne D. Bjorkman, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Sarah C. Elmendorf et al. Mechanosensing by β1 integrin induces angiocrine signals for liver growth and survival In mouse and human liver models, blood vessel perfusion and mechanical stretching release angiocrine signals from endothelial cells that lead to hepatocyte survival and liver growth. Linda Lorenz, Jennifer Axnick, Tobias Buschmann et al. Common genetic variants contribute to risk of rare severe neurodevelopmental disorders A genome-wide association study of approximately 7,000 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders demonstrates that overall risk and clinical presentation in putative monogenic disorders are also influenced by common genetic variants present in the general population. Mari E. K. Niemi, Hilary C. Martin, Daniel L. Rice et al. Subcycle observation of lightwave-driven Dirac currents in a topological surface band Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals how Dirac fermions in the band structure of the topological surface state of Bi2Te3 are accelerated by the carrier wave of a terahertz-frequency light pulse. J. Reimann, S. Schlauderer, C. P. Schmid et al. Principles of nucleosome organization revealed by single-cell micrococcal nuclease sequencing Single-cell micrococcal nuclease sequencing simultaneously measures chromatin accessibility and genome-wide nucleosome positioning in single cells to reveal principles of nucleosome organization. Binbin Lai, Weiwu Gao, Kairong Cui et al. From the archive What Nature was saying 50 and 100 years ago. Architecture of the TRPM2 channel and its activation mechanism by ADP-ribose and calcium Structures of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in the apo resting (closed) state and in the ADP-ribose/Ca2+-bound active (open) state are determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Yihe Huang, Paige A. Winkler, Weinan Sun et al. The interaction landscape between transcription factors and the nucleosome A method for systematically exploring interactions between the nucleosome and transcription factors identifies five major interaction patterns. Fangjie Zhu, Lucas Farnung, Eevi Kaasinen et al. Discovery of a periosteal stem cell mediating intramembranous bone formation A periosteal stem cell specialized in intramembranous bone formation has been identified and was found to be essential for normal bone development and fracture healing. Shawon Debnath, Alisha R. Yallowitz, Jason McCormick et al. Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages Chip-scale lithium niobate electro-optic modulators that rapidly convert electrical to optical signals and use CMOS-compatible voltages could prove useful in optical communication networks, microwave photonic systems and photonic computation. Cheng Wang, Mian Zhang, Xi Chen et al.   News & Views         Flexible self-powered biosensors Shiming Zhang, Fabio Cicoira   A core problem in nuclear assembly Matthias Samwer, Daniel W. Gerlich   Antibodies pose a double threat to HIV Nancy L. Haigwood   Complex mechanical motion guided without external control Larry L. Howell Designer proteins activate fluorescent molecules Roberto A. Chica Brief Communications Arising         The role of Olfr78 in the breathing circuit of mice Hortensia Torres-Torrelo, Patricia Ortega-Sáenz, David Macías et al. Chang et al. reply Andy J. Chang, Noah S. Kim, Homza Hireed et al. Articles         Population dynamics of normal human blood inferred from somatic mutations Analysis of blood from a healthy human show that haematopoietic stem cells increase rapidly in numbers through early life, reaching a stable plateau in adulthood, and contribute to myeloid and B lymphocyte populations throughout life. Henry Lee-Six, Nina Friesgaard Øbro, Mairi S. Shepherd et al. Combination therapy with anti-HIV-1 antibodies maintains viral suppression Combination therapy with the anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies 3BNC117 and 10-1074 maintains long-term suppression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy in individuals with antibody-sensitive viral reservoirs. Pilar Mendoza, Henning Gruell, Lilian Nogueira et al. De novo design of a fluorescence-activating β-barrel The elucidation of general principles for designing β-barrels enables the de novo creation of fluorescent proteins. Jiayi Dou, Anastassia A. Vorobieva, William Sheffler et al. Cryo-EM structure of the active, Gs-protein complexed, human CGRP receptor The structure of a complex containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, the human calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor and the Gs heterotrimer, determined using Volta phase-plate cryo-electron microscopy, provides structural insight into the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors by receptor activity modifying protein 1. Yi-Lynn Liang, Maryam Khoshouei, Giuseppe Deganutti et al. Letters         Outbursts of luminous blue variable stars from variations in the helium opacity Three-dimensional simulations of the convective envelopes of massive stars suggest that it is the helium opacity that controls outbursts in luminous blue variable stars. Yan-Fei Jiang, Matteo Cantiello, Lars Bildsten et al. A topological source of quantum light Topologically protected edge states realized in a square array of ring resonators are used to demonstrate a robust source of heralded single photons produced by spontaneous four-wave mixing. Sunil Mittal, Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt, Mohammad Hafezi Extremely efficient terahertz high-harmonic generation in graphene by hot Dirac fermions Efficient terahertz harmonic generation—challenging but important for ultrahigh-speed optoelectronic technologies—is demonstrated in graphene through a nonlinear process that could potentially be generalized to other materials. Hassan A. Hafez, Sergey Kovalev, Jan-Christoph Deinert et al. Multi-step self-guided pathways for shape-changing metamaterials A scheme for implementing multi-step topological reorganization of a mechanical metamaterial is demonstrated, which proceeds autonomously, without the need for external control. Corentin Coulais, Alberico Sabbadini, Fré Vink et al. Self-powered ultra-flexible electronics via nano-grating-patterned organic photovoltaics Detection of biometric signals by self-powered electronic devices that are highly flexible and can be applied to skin. Sungjun Park, Soo Won Heo, Wonryung Lee et al. Multicomponent synthesis of tertiary alkylamines by photocatalytic olefin-hydroaminoalkylation Complex tertiary alkylamines are prepared in one step from readily available amines, carbonyls and alkenes, via the visible-light-mediated reduction of in-situ-generated iminium ions to form alkyl-substituted α-amino radicals. Aaron Trowbridge, Dominik Reich, Matthew J. Gaunt Transience of the North American High Plains landscape and its impact on surface water The High Plains region of North America is in a transient state, with a younger, efficient network of river channels progressively cannibalizing an older, less efficient region, aiding water retention for wetlands and groundwater recharge. Sean D. Willett, Scott W. McCoy, Helen W. Beeson The role of miniaturization in the evolution of the mammalian jaw and middle ear Biomechanical analyses of mammaliaform and cynodont fossils demonstrate that miniaturization drove the evolutionary transformation of the mammalian jaw, which preceded the optimization of bite force-to-joint load in the mandible. Stephan Lautenschlager, Pamela G. Gill, Zhe-Xi Luo et al. Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought The diversity in the hydraulic traits of trees mediates ecosystem resilience to drought and will probably have an important role in future ecosystem–atmosphere feedback effects. William R. L. Anderegg, Alexandra G. Konings, Anna T. Trugman et al. Sensation, movement and learning in the absence of barrel cortex Mice can learn to detect objects with their whiskers and respond appropriately even in the absence of their primary somatosensory cortex. Y. Kate Hong, Clay O. Lacefield, Chris C. Rodgers et al. Touch and tactile neuropathic pain sensitivity are set by corticospinal projections Somatosensory corticospinal neurons facilitate touch sensitivity and touch-evoked neuropathic pain in mice. Yuanyuan Liu, Alban Latremoliere, Xinjian Li et al. Nuclear envelope assembly defects link mitotic errors to chromothripsis The mitotic spindle prevents normal nuclear envelope assembly on missegregated chromosomes, leading to spontaneous envelope disruption of micronuclei and subsequent genome instability. Shiwei Liu, Mijung Kwon, Mark Mannino et al. mRNA circularization by METTL3–eIF3h enhances translation and promotes oncogenesis METTL3, the enzyme responsible for m6A modification, influences translation by interacting with eIF3h to mediate looping between the regions near the stop codon and 5′ cap of mRNA. Junho Choe, Shuibin Lin, Wencai Zhang et al. Structure of the membrane-assembled retromer coat determined by cryo-electron tomography The retromer complex (the vacuolar protein sorting heterotrimer Vps26–Vps29–Vps35) has been resolved in association with membranes and the sorting nexin protein Vps5 using cryo-electron tomography. Oleksiy Kovtun, Natalya Leneva, Yury S. Bykov et al.

Amendments & Corrections   Author Correction: Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi Sietse van der Linde, Laura M. Suz, C. David L. Orme et al. Publisher Correction: Oxidized phospholipids are proinflammatory and proatherogenic in hypercholesterolaemic mice Xuchu Que, Ming-Yow Hung, Calvin Yeang et al. Publisher Correction: Cryo-EM structure of human rhodopsin bound to an inhibitory G protein Yanyong Kang, Oleg Kuybeda, Parker W. de Waal et al.

Nature Outlook   Brain cancer

natureevents directory featured events         19th Annual World Vaccine Congress Europe     29.10.18 Lisbon, Portugal         Natureevents Directory is the premier resource for scientists looking for the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia. Featured across Nature Publishing Group journals and centrally at natureevents.com it is an essential reference guide to scientific events worldwide.

Your email address is in the Nature mailing list. You have been sent this Table of Contents Alert because you have opted in to receive it. You can change or discontinue your e-mail alerts at any time, by modifying your preferences on your nature.com account at: www.nature.com/nams/svc/myaccount (You will need to log in to be recognised as a nature.com registrant).

For further technical assistance, please contact our registration department at registration@nature.com For print subscription enquiries, please contact our subscription department at subscriptions@nature.com For other enquiries, please contact feedback@nature.com Nature Research | One New York Plaza, Suite 4500 | New York | NY 10004-1562 | USA Nature Research's offices: Principal offices: London - New York - Tokyo Worldwide offices: Basingstoke - Beijing - Boston - Buenos Aires - Delhi - Heidelberg - Hong Kong - Madrid - Melbourne - Munich - Paris - San Francisco - Seoul - Shanghai - Washington DC - Sydney Macmillan Publishers Limited is a company incorporated in England and Wales under company number 785998 and whose registered office is located at The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW. Nature is part of Springer Nature. © 2018 Springer Nature Limited. All rights reserved.