Friday, August 10, 2018

Science X Newsletter Friday, Aug 10

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for August 10, 2018:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

A new defensive technique could hold off attackers by making software buggier

Study finds flaw in emergent gravity

First coronal mass ejection from a star other than the sun observed

Early age of type 1 diabetes diagnosis linked to shorter life expectancy, compared to later diagnosis

New efficiency record for organic photovoltaic cells

Satellite measurements of the Earth's magnetosphere promise better space weather forecasts

Tbx6 revealed as crucial to heart and skeleton formation from stem cells

Evolution is getting a rethink after scientists take a closer look at Earth's first animals

Machine-learning system determines the fewest, smallest doses that could still shrink brain tumors

Methyl marks on RNA discovered to be key to brain cell connections

NASA finds Amazon drought leaves long legacy of damage

Laziness led to extinction of Homo erectus

Students digging into data archive spot mysterious X-ray source

Detailed atlas of the nervous system

Global warming increases risk of frost damage to trees

Astronomy & Space news

First coronal mass ejection from a star other than the sun observed

A team of researchers led by Costanza Argiroffi, an astronomer at the University of Palermo in Italy, has found evidence of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from a star that was not our sun—the first ever observed. They reported their findings at this year's Cool Stars 20 meeting in Massachusetts.

Satellite measurements of the Earth's magnetosphere promise better space weather forecasts

Earth is constantly being hammered by charged particles emitted by the sun with enough power to make life on Earth almost impossible. Life is only possible because Earth's magnetic field traps and deflects these particles, preventing the vast majority of them from ever reaching the planet's surface. The trapped particles bounce back and forth between the North and South poles in complex, ever-changing patterns that are also influenced by intricate and shifting electric fields. When the Van Allen radiation belts in which they travel dip into the atmosphere near the poles, they create the Northern (and Southern) lights. Bursts of these particles can also damage satellites and sensitive equipment on the ground.

Students digging into data archive spot mysterious X-ray source

An enigmatic X-ray source revealed as part of a data-mining project for high-school students shows unexplored avenues hidden in the vast archive of ESA's XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory.

The cautionary tail of Comet Swift–Tuttle

Comet Swift–Tuttle, formally 109P/Swift–Tuttle, is an enormous, icy comet on a 133 year orbit around the Sun, and the reason for the spectacular annual Perseids meteor showers on Earth.

The U.S. plan for a Space Force risks escalating a 'space arms race'

,United States Vice President Mike Pence has confirmed overnight plans to create a "Space Force" as the sixth branch of the US military.

NASA counts down to launch of first spacecraft to 'touch Sun'

NASA counted down Friday to the launch of a $1.5 billion spacecraft that aims to plunge into the Sun's sizzling atmosphere and become humanity's first mission to explore a star.

NRL's sun imaging telescopes fly on NASA Parker Solar Probe

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's unique expertise in sun-viewing telescopes will be an integral part of the historic NASA Parker Solar Probe mission scheduled to launch Aug. 11 to better understand how the Sun affects our solar system.

NASA sending spacecraft straight into sun's glittering crown

NASA is sending a spacecraft straight into the sun's glittering crown, an atmospheric region so hot and harsh any normal visitor would wither.

Technology news

A new defensive technique could hold off attackers by making software buggier

Researchers at New York University have recently devised a new cyber defense technique, which works by adding so-called "chaff bugs," non-exploitable bugs, rather than eliminating existing ones. A pre-print version of their inventive study was uploaded to ArXiv last week.

New efficiency record for organic photovoltaic cells

A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in China has established a new efficiency record for organic photovoltaic cells. In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes their approach and the efficiency they achieved.

Machine learning tool Quicksilver can find overlooked females

Primer's John Bohannon has been discovering people's work and contributions thanks to a machine learning system built at Primer. "It does this much as a human would, if a human could read 500 million news articles, 39 million scientific papers, all of Wikipedia, and then write 70,000 biographical summaries of scientists." The reason this is news is because you would probably never know about their contributions by frequenting Wikipedia, but he knows a way to fix that.

The rise of cyberlockers—how online piracy is fighting back

Illegal downloading is on its way out. A new report released by polling firm YouGov has found that only 10% of people in the UK now use illegal downloads to access music, down from 18% in 2013. And the recently released Global online piracy study from the University of Amsterdam argued that entertainment streaming services such as Spotify and Netflix mean that far fewer people are accessing copyright-infringing content.

Qualcomm settles vastly reduced Taiwan antitrust fine

US chipmaking giant Qualcomm on Friday agreed a sharply reduced fine with Taiwan after officials said it had harmed market competition and manipulated prices, as it faces a number of probes worldwide.

Fujitsu triples the output power of gallium-nitride transistors

Fujitsu Limited and Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. today announced that they have developed a crystal structure that both increases current and voltage in gallium-nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMT), effectively tripling the output power of transistors used for transmitters in the microwave band. GaN HEMT technology can serve as a power amplifier for equipment such as weather radar. By applying the new technology to this area, it is expected that the observation range of the radar will be expanded by 2.3 times, enabling early detection of cumulonimbus clouds that can develop into torrential rainstorms.

Hackers cause most data breaches, but accidents by normal people aren't far behind

Have you ever had your personal information leaked on the internet? Maybe it was something you purchased online from a website, only to find out that the company was hacked months later? If the answer is "yes", you probably want to know whether the breach was reported and dealt with.

Tech giants still stumbling in the social world they created

Who knew connecting the world could get so complicated? Perhaps some of technology's brightest minds should have seen that coming.

Amazon welcomes first graduates of program to turn veterans into technologists

Mike Cooper and his four colleagues in Amazon's inaugural class of veterans-turned-technologists won't make a dent in the company's roughly 17,000 job openings.

French court orders Twitter to change smallprint after privacy case

A Paris court on Thursday ordered Twitter to change its smallprint, according to a consumer group which accused the tech giant of having "abusive" clauses in its terms and conditions.

IEA warns easing oil supply concerns may only be temporary

Concerns about oil supplies have eased as major producers have stepped up output, but the respite may be only temporary as tough new US sanctions on Iran approach, the IEA warned on Friday.

What's culture got to do with energy consumption?

An EU initiative has launched an online interactive data set of sustainable energy initiatives across Europe. The database could help policymakers reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decarbonise the economy.

Medicine & Health news

Early age of type 1 diabetes diagnosis linked to shorter life expectancy, compared to later diagnosis

Life-expectancy for individuals with younger-onset disease is on average 16 years shorter compared to people without diabetes, and 10 years shorter for those diagnosed at an older age

Machine-learning system determines the fewest, smallest doses that could still shrink brain tumors

MIT researchers are employing novel machine-learning techniques to improve the quality of life for patients by reducing toxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy dosing for glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain cancer.

Detailed atlas of the nervous system

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have created a systematic and detailed map of the cell types of the mouse nervous system. The map, which can provide new clues about the origin of neurological diseases, is presented in the journal Cell. The researchers will now use the same methods to map out the human brain on a detailed level.

Autoimmune response drives vision loss in glaucoma

A research team from Massachusetts Eye and Ear and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has shown that immune cells in the eye that developed in response to early exposure to bacteria are a key contributor to progressive vis8/9/2018ion loss from glaucoma, the second leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The findings, published online in Nature Communications, suggest that high pressure in the eye leads to vision loss by setting into motion an autoimmune response that attacks the neurons in the eye—similar to immune responses triggered by bacterial infections. The discovery of these immune cells also reveals a promising new target for future therapies to be developed for the blinding condition.

With a detailed cell atlas of the mouse brain, scientists gain a new view into the brain's diversity

Researchers have generated a cellular atlas of the mouse brain, based on the gene expression profiles of nearly 700,000 individual cells covering nine major brain regions.

Tiny fruit flies unravelling the secrets to end of life

We are used to seeing them dive-bombing our glass of wine or hovering around the fruit bowl.

Scientists uncover new details in how sense of smell develops

Dogs, known for their extraordinarily keen senses of smell, can be trained to use their sensitive sniffers to find drugs, bombs, bed bugs, missing hikers and even cancer. Among dogs and other animals that rely on smell, at least one factor that may give them an advantage is a sheet of tissue in the nasal cavity.

Study finds average consumption safe for heart health

New research shows that for the vast majority of individuals, sodium consumption does not increase health risks except for those who eat more than five grams a day, the equivalent of 2.5 teaspoons of salt.

More than 40 percent of women with asthma may develop COPD, but risk may be reduced

More than 4 in 10 women with asthma may go on to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to a study conducted in Ontario, Canada, and published online in the Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

Researchers immunize mice against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, report potential for future vaccine

A groundbreaking study by LA BioMed researchers shows promising results for a potential vaccine for deadly drug-resistant bacteria, also known as "superbugs."

PSD as a molecular platform for understanding synapse formation and plasticity

Synapses, the structures that allow neurons to pass signals to one another, are essential to neuronal function. Proper formation and responses to stimulation of synapses both during development and in adulthood are fundamental to mammalian brains, but the molecular processes governing formation and modulation of compartmentalized synaptic assemblies are unclear.

Lab 'failure' leads to potential treatment for obesity

Yale scientists set out to create a morbidly obese mouse. They failed miserably. What they found was much more interesting.

New findings show that for heart health, environment matters

Working with colleagues in the U.S. and in China, University at Albany School of Public Health faculty and students have released new findings about the cardiovascular health impacts of environmental factors, including results suggesting that current extreme-weather warning thresholds may not be sufficient and that owning pets might provide protection against hypertension.

Why young women say no to rural Australia

When it comes to migration trends, young people aged 15-24 are among the most itinerant in Australia. According to the 2016 census statistics, slightly more than half (50.5%) of people in this age bracket changed their residence in the five-year period from 2011-2016.

Better studies needed on effectiveness of fertility awareness-based methods for contraception

A new systematic review provides the most comprehensive assessment to date on the scientific evidence estimating the effectiveness of various fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs) for contraception. "Effectiveness of Fertility Awareness–Based Methods for Pregnancy Prevention: A Systematic Review," led by UNC's Rachel Peragallo Urrutia, MD, was published in Obstetrics and Gynecology, also known as The Green Journal. The review shows that the current evidence base on effectiveness for each unique FABM is small and of low to moderate quality, leaving a critical gap in information for current and prospective users.

Mental health of teens with disability significantly harmed by peer bullying

Compared to those without a disability, adolescents with a disability have much poorer health and wellbeing, new research has found. They also experience bullying at a higher level than their peers.

Firstborn Asians feel added pressure with family responsibilities

When compared to European Americans, Asian-American firstborns feel the additional burden of being cultural brokers and having to take care of their immigrant parents and young siblings at the same time, says a University of Michigan researcher.

Function of gene mutations linked to neurological diseases identified

Several gene mutations have been linked to Parkinson's disease, but exactly how and where some of them cause their damage has been unclear. A new Yale study, published in the Journal of Cell Biology, shows that one of the genes whose mutations are responsible for a familial form of Parkinson's encodes a protein that controls the transfer of lipids between membranes of cell organelles.

New report shows increasing trend of EMS-administered naloxone for overdoses

A study conducted by researchers with The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Office of EMS shows a significant increase in EMS administration of naloxone during a recent five-year period. Naloxone is a life-saving drug that can quickly reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.

Report explores ways of encouraging men into nursing

While nursing is increasingly viewed as a worthwhile and rewarding career for both men and women, the perception of nursing as an inherently female profession is still a barrier to more males entering nursing, according to a new report from researchers at Scottish universities.

Potentially inappropriate medication associated with a higher risk of fractures and mortality

A recent study published in the European Journal of Health Economics finds that the initiation of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) is associated with a higher risk of fracture-specific hospitalizations and mortality. Initiation of a PIM is also associated with higher hospital costs. The study was conducted on the basis of collaboration between the University of Eastern Finland, Fimea and The Social Insurance Institution of Finland.

CBD oil study shows significant improvement in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy

Findings from the landmark study at the University of Alabama at Birmingham on cannabidiol, or CBD oil, provide the published evidence of significant improvements in seizure frequency and other measures of efficacy in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Published in the journal Epilepsy and Behavior, the results indicate use of CBD oil reduced adverse events and seizure severity, in addition to a reduction in overall seizure frequency.

Norway to test free heroin for drug addicts

Norway, which has one of the highest deadly drug overdose rates in Europe, will test prescribing free heroin to the most serious addicts to improve their living conditions, the government said on Friday.

Drive to curb salt intake should focus on China: Study

Salt consumption exceeds national and World Health Organization guidelines in most countries, but only the highest-sodium diets, such as in China, are linked to clear health risks, researchers said Friday.

AMA adopts policy to advance gender equity in medicine

(HealthDay)—The American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates has adopted a new policy to study, act for, and advocate to advance gender equity in medicine, according to a report published in the association's AMA Wire.

Feeling young may be reflected in brain structure

(HealthDay)—People who feel younger than their age show fewer signs of brain aging than those who feel their age or older than their age, according to a small study published recently in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.

How to improve farm safety for kids

Agriculture is rated among the most dangerous industries by the International Labour Organization, and not just for adults.

A strong immune system helps ward off colds and flus, but it's not the only factor

It's peak flu season. You're cold, rugged up and squashed on public transport or in the lift at work. You hear a hacking cough, or feel the droplets of a sneeze land on your neck. Will this turn into your third cold this year?

An aspirin a day may keep HIV away, study finds

An affordable, globally available drug – low-dose Aspirin – shows promise as a new approach to preventing HIV transmission, a University of Manitoba study has found.

Testing for food contamination

Food can become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria even when hygiene standards in a kitchen, whether domestic or commercial, and in the food industry. There are so many possible microbes that can come into contact with food from a wide variety of sources including people with poor personal hygiene or outsourced ingredients that have been contaminated elsewhere.

Over-the-counter drugs, dietary supplements and their effect on lab test results

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and dietary supplements are widely used and popular, with US households spending an average of almost USD 350 annually on OTC products. In 2006 an average of EUR 67.50 was spent per person on OTC products in Germany.

Research shows more seniors are happy despite cognitive decline

It's the diagnosis those 65 and older often fear, but what are the chances you will be unhappy if you develop some cognitive impairment in the years ahead?

Flip a switch and shut down seizures? New research suggests how to turn off out-of-control signaling in the brain

The brain is a precision instrument. Its function depends on finely calibrated electrical activity triggering the release of chemical messages between neurons.

Palliative care may reduce suicide risk in veterans with lung cancer

Results from a large-scale patient population study, recently published in the Annals of the American Thoracic Society, reveal palliative care is associated with a reduced risk of suicide in veterans diagnosed with advanced stage lung cancer. The findings were based on a study of more than 20,000 lung cancer patients enrolled in a cancer patient registry from the VA Central Cancer Registry.

Precision public health method identifies clusters of respiratory disease in Uganda

A study led by researchers at Center for Infection and Immunity (CII) at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health and the Department of Medicine at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center reports on the use of a genetic sequencing method to identify viral pathogens behind unexplained respiratory illnesses in Uganda over a five-year period. The method, called VirCapSeq-VERT and developed at CII, identified nine clusters of infections, including one potentially related to tourism from the U.K.

Working out after baby

(HealthDay)—Losing weight about 6 months after giving birth lowers a woman's risk of being overweight in the future.

Mayo Clinic Q&A: What is a liquid biopsy?

Dear Mayo Clinic: What is a liquid biopsy? Can it be used in place of a tumor biopsy to find cancer?

'Everybody is down to not drink.' Why young people are drinking less alcohol

On her 21st birthday, Rabbah Johnson experienced a first: not a legal cocktail, but a roller coaster ride at Six Flags.

An ion channel differentiates newborn and mature neurons in the adult brain

The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is part of the brain that helps form memories. It is also one of just two areas in the adult brain where new neurons are continuously formed.

New study finds fake, low-quality medicines prevalent in the developing world

A new study from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found that substandard and falsified medicines, including medicines to treat malaria, are a serious problem in much of the world. In low- and middle-income countries, more than 13 percent of the essential medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population fall in this category. When looking specifically at African countries, the portion of substandard and falsified medicines rises to almost 19 percent.

Adolescent health undervalued and under-invested across the globe

Melbourne's Murdoch Children's Research Institute, in partnership with Harvard Medical School, has discovered that adolescent health programs across the developing world receive only a tiny share of international aid, even though young people make up 30 per cent of the population of low-income countries.

Novel blood test predicts kidney cancer risk and survival five years prior to diagnosis

A critical biomarker of kidney disease may help predict clear cell kidney cancer—the most common form of kidney cancer—years before clinical diagnosis. Kidney-injury-molecule-1 (KIM-1) can be detected in the urine and blood and is generally present at low levels in healthy individuals. Prior research by leaders at Brigham and Women's Hospital has shown that KIM-1 is an important and highly predictive marker for kidney injury. In a new study published in Clinical Cancer Research, BWH investigators, along with colleagues from Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, explore whether a blood test can detect higher concentrations of KIM-1 in patients who will go on to develop kidney cancer up to five years later. Their results show that KIM-1 substantially helped distinguish between those who went on to develop kidney cancer from those who did not.

Global funding for adolescent health misses the target

Even though adolescents make up 26 percent of the population in developing countries, their health claimed a meager 1.6 percent of global development assistance between 2003 and 2016, according to a newly published study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School.

Making weight: Ensuring that micro preemies gain pounds and inches

A quality-improvement project to standardize feeding practices for micro preemies—preterm infants born months before their due date— helped to boost their weight and nearly quadrupled the frequency of lactation consultations ordered in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), a multidisciplinary team from Children's National Health System finds.

Research may help rescue antibiotics' effectiveness in the face of drug-resistant bacteria

Bacteria—especially Gram-negative strains—are becoming increasingly resistant to current antibiotic drugs, and the development of new classes of antibiotics has slowed. Faced with these challenges, investigators are studying the potential of combination therapy, in which two or more drugs are used together to increase or restore the efficacy of both drugs against a resistant bacterial pathogen. Now new research indicates that such synergy may work even when bacteria become resistant to colistin, which is considered a treatment agent of last resort.

Why we're susceptible to fake news, how to defend against it

Thought processes and belief systems that people develop early in life to help protect against the anxiety and stress of an uncertain world may help explain why some individuals fall victim to what has come to be known as fake news, but psychologists can offer some strategies to defend against it, according to a series of presentations at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association.

Dealing with digital distraction

Our digital lives may be making us more distracted, distant and drained, according to research presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association.

Preparation is the first step to dealing with a hospital mass shooting

"Run, hide, fight" is the Department of Homeland Securities response directive for the public if they find themselves in an active shooter event. However, for healthcare professionals this suggestion might not be an option. An alternative strategy has been created by a collaboration of experts including Baylor College of Medicine.

Greek authorities urge vigilance over West Nile fever outbreak

Three people have died from West Nile fever after an outbreak in Athens which has infected 60 people this year, Greek authorities said Friday, indicating they were monitoring the situation carefully.

Ten dead in Ebola flareup in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Ten people have died in an outbreak of Ebola in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, according to a toll issued Friday that said 27 other deaths were suspected to be Ebola-related.

Biology news

Tbx6 revealed as crucial to heart and skeleton formation from stem cells

Many studies have attempted to identify a single transcription factor that can induce formation of the mesoderm, an early layer in embryonic development, without help from other cellular proteins. None have been successful, until now.

Methyl marks on RNA discovered to be key to brain cell connections

Methyl chemical groups dot lengths of DNA, helping to control when certain genes are accessible by a cell. In new research, UCLA scientists have shown that at the connections between brain cells—which often are located far from the central control centers of the cells—methyl groups also dot chains of RNA. This methyl markup of RNA molecules is likely key to brain cells' ability to quickly send signals to other cells and react to changing stimuli in a fraction of a second.

Researchers won't take dead orca calf away from mother as she carries it into a 17th day

As Tahlequah carries her deceased calf for a 17th straight day, and concerns mount about her health, taking the calf away is not an option because of the tight bond between Tahlequah and the rest of the pod to her baby—dead or alive, experts say.

A new, highly effective and selective molecule to fight malaria

A novel laboratory-synthesized molecule, based on natural compounds known as marinoquinolines found in marine gliding bacteria, is a strong candidate for the development of a new antimalarial drug.

Research on homemade mosquito repellants finds interesting alternatives

What do burning coffee, eating bananas and drinking gin and tonic have in common? They are among the unconventional mosquito repellents people say they use.

Repairs in the basement membrane

Basement membrane (BM) is an evolutionarily ancient sheet-like scaffold that wraps around most animal tissues. BM protects and provides mechanical stiffness to tissues and regulates development, function, and repair. But how it is repaired after being damaged is poorly understood.

Is CRISPR gene editing doomed, even as gene therapy enters the clinic?

Anyone watching the recent 60 Minutes segment on CRISPR would conclude that the gene editing technology is on the brink of pouring forth a cascade of cures. But a recent study reveals a mess of missing and moved chromosome parts in the wake of deploying the famed "molecular scissors."

The Meg is a horror story, but our treatment of sharks is scarier

After 20 years of development hell, the film The Meg opens in Australia this week. The screenplay is based on the first of Steve Alten's six-book, horror sci-fi series. The film has been pitched as an action-packed thriller, centring on our hero, naval captain and diver Jonas Taylor (played by Jason Statham) and his monstrous fishy nemesis. The pre-launch trailer, featuring frightening scenes of the Meg set to Beyond the Sea, a chirpy love song first popularised by Bobby Darin, suggests we shouldn't take the film too seriously. But, then again, perhaps we should.

Fresh insight into invasive plant that blights UK rivers

New research into the behaviour of an invasive plant seen on riverbanks across the UK could help improve the management of the problem, experts have found.

Did red tide kill a 26-foot long whale shark in Florida?

What killed a 26-foot whale shark that washed up in southwest Florida?

Deep in the weeds: Using eDNA sequencing to survey pondweed diversity

Ecological surveys of biodiversity provide fundamental baseline information on species occurrence and the health of an ecosystem, but can require significant labor and taxonomic expertise to conduct. However, as the cost of high-throughput DNA sequencing has plummeted in recent years, DNA from environmental samples (eDNA) has emerged as a cost-effective source of biodiversity data. In research reported in a recent issue of Applications in Plant Sciences, Dr. Maria Kuzmina and colleagues at the University of Guelph show the feasibility of eDNA sequencing for identifying aquatic plant diversity.

Generating DNA sequence data in the developing world

Globally, biodiversity is concentrated around the equator, but the scientific institutions generating DNA sequence data to study that biodiversity tend to be clustered in developed countries toward the poles. However, the rapidly decreasing cost of DNA sequencing has the potential to change this dynamic and create a more equitable global distribution of genetic research. In research published in a recent issue of Applications in Plant Sciences, Dr. Gillian Dean and colleagues show the feasibility of producing high-quality sequence data at a laboratory in Indonesia.

Devastating toxic algae bloom plagues Florida's Gulf Coast

Tons of dead fish. A smell so awful you gag with one inhale. Empty beaches, empty roads, empty restaurants.

US wildlife officials eye ongoing Alaska seabird die-off

U.S. wildlife officials are documenting a seabird die-off stretching hundreds of miles along the coast of Alaska.

Teams pack boats with fish to prepare to feed ailing orca

Teams taking drastic measures to save a young, ailing killer whale loaded up two boats with live fish and rushed to waters near an island off Washington state Friday, preparing if needed to feed the critically endangered orca a day after injecting it with medicine.

'Intelligent' crows to pick up litter at French theme park

Six crows specially trained to pick up cigarette ends and rubbish will be put to work next week at a French historical theme park, its president said on Friday.


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