Science X Newsletter Thursday, Jun 28

Dear Reader ,

Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for June 28, 2018:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Spectral cloaking could make objects invisible under realistic conditions

'Prevalence induced concept change' causes people to re-define problems as they are reduced, study says

Injectable electronics offer powerful new tool in understanding how retinal cells work

Atomic movie of melting gold could help design materials for future fusion reactors

New insights bolster Einstein's idea about how heat moves through solids

Researchers use micro-robots to carry cells to a target site in live animals

More clues that Earth-like exoplanets are indeed Earth-like

Does human life span really have a limit?

Self-heating, fast-charging battery makes electric vehicles climate-immune

What makes dogs man's best friend?

End of the line for ASIMO, Japan's famed robot?

How smart technology gadgets can avoid speed limits

Complexity of NMDA receptor drug discovery target revealed

How the office org chart in your brain helps to organize your actions

Genetic biomarker linked to improved survival for patients with certain brain tumors

Astronomy & Space news

	More clues that Earth-like exoplanets are indeed Earth-like A new study from the Georgia Institute of Technology provides new clues indicating that an exoplanet 500 light-years away is much like Earth.
	Study suggests branching networks on surface of Mars due to heavy rainfall A trio of researchers with ETH Zurich and the University of Chicago has found evidence that suggests narrow channel networks seen on the surface of Mars are due to heavy rainfall runoff. In their paper published on the open access site Science Advances, Hansjoerg Seybold, Edwin Kite and James Kirchner describe their study of the channel networks and comparisons they made with similar formations found here on Earth.
	Are we alone? The question is worthy of serious scientific study Are we alone? Unfortunately, neither of the answers feel satisfactory. To be alone in this vast universe is a lonely prospect. On the other hand, if we are not alone and there is someone or something more powerful out there, that too is terrifying.
	New telescope will scan the skies for asteroids on collision course with Earth Around sunrise on Feb. 15, 2013, an extremely bright and otherworldly object was seen streaking through the skies over Russia before it exploded about 97,000 feet above the Earth's surface. The resulting blast damaged thousands of buildings and injured almost 1,500 people in Chelyabinsk and the surrounding areas. While this sounds like the first scene of a science fiction movie, this invader wasn't an alien spaceship attacking humanity, but a 20-meter-wide asteroid that had collided with the Earth.
	Image: Asteroid 162173 Ryugu After a 42-month journey, Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft arrived at asteroid 162173 Ryugu, 300 million km from Earth, on 27 June at 02:35 CEST (00:35 GMT).
	A new telescope expands Big Bear Solar Observatory's view of the Sun A solar telescope that captures images of the entire disk of the Sun, monitoring eruptions taking place simultaneously in different magnetic fields in both the photosphere and chromosphere, is now being installed beside the Goode Solar Telescope (GST) at NJIT's California-based Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO).
	Complex organics bubble from the depths of ocean-world Enceladus Data from the international Cassini spacecraft have revealed complex organic molecules originating from Saturn's icy moon Enceladus, strengthening the idea that this ocean-world hosts conditions suitable for life.
	Scientists develop new strategies to discover life beyond earth Scientists now think we may be able to detect signs of life on planets beyond our solar system in the next few decades, but to do so new tools and techniques will be required. Researchers from around the world just produced a roadmap to develop the techniques that may finally answer the question of whether we are alone in the Universe. This work was published this month in five papers in the journal Astrobiology. These papers will serve as a reference for future research into how scientists can search for signs of life in the cosmos using telescope observations.

Technology news

	Researchers use micro-robots to carry cells to a target site in live animals A team of researchers at the City University of Hong Kong have found a way to use micro-robots to carry a cluster of cells to a target site in live animals. In their paper published in the journal Science Robotics, the group describes the micro-robots they designed and their performance during testing.
	Self-heating, fast-charging battery makes electric vehicles climate-immune Californians do not purchase electric vehicles because they are cool, they buy EVs because they live in a warm climate. Conventional lithium-ion batteries cannot be rapidly charged at temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit, but now a team of Penn State engineers has created a battery that can self-heat, allowing rapid charging regardless of the outside chill.
	End of the line for ASIMO, Japan's famed robot? It has played football with former US president Barack Obama and danced for German leader Angela Merkel, but Honda's ASIMO robot may have reached the end of the line.
	Security gaps identified in LTE mobile telephony standard By abusing security weaknesses in the LTE mobile telephony standard, attackers are able to identify which web pages a user visits and to reroute him to a scam website. This is the result of a study carried out by security experts from Horst Görtz Institute at Ruhr-Universität Bochum. All devices using LTE, also referred to as 4G, are affected—i.e. almost all mobile phones and tablets, as well as certain household devices connected to the network. The weaknesses are impossible to close; and they are also still present in the upcoming mobile telephony standard 5G, the standardization of which is currently pending. Still, the problem may be stemmed with the aid of other security mechanisms in browsers or apps.
	'Breakthrough' algorithm exponentially faster than any previous one What if a large class of algorithms used today—from the algorithms that help us avoid traffic to the algorithms that identify new drug molecules—worked exponentially faster?
	Maybe you shouldn't eat that: Novel app switches you to healthier options Drop that yogurt. Instead, try this one with less sugar, fat and fewer unpronounceable additives.
	Laser-made aircraft parts a breakthrough for industry Researchers are developing laser technology to manufacture and repair steel and titanium parts in what could be a game-changing application for industry.
	Move over UPS truck: Amazon delivery vans to hit the street Your Amazon packages, which usually show up in a UPS truck, an unmarked vehicle or in the hands of a mail carrier, may soon be delivered from an Amazon van.
	Voters in Google's hometown to decide employee 'head tax' Voters in Google's Silicon Valley hometown will decide whether the search engine leader and other tech companies should help pay for the traffic congestion and other headaches resulting from mushrooming workforces.
	Apple and Samsung settle lengthy iPhone patent battle After seven years of litigation that spanned the globe, Apple and Samsung have definitively ended a patent battle launched after the US company accused its rival of "slavishly" copying the iPhone's groundbreaking design.
	Supercomputers help design mutant enzyme that eats plastic bottles A dump truck's worth of plastic empties into the ocean every minute. Worldwide, humankind produces over 300 million tons of plastic each year, much of which is predicted to last centuries to millennia and pollutes both aquatic and terrestrial environments. PET plastic, short for polyethylene terephthalate, is the fourth most-produced plastic and is used to make things like beverage bottles and carpets, the latter essentially not being recycled. Some scientists are hoping to change that, using supercomputers to engineer an enzyme that breaks down PET. They say it's a step on a long road toward recycling PET and other plastics into commercially valuable materials at industrial scale.
A milestone on the path towards efficient solar cells Scientists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) are currently working on a joint research project to generate more electricity from solar cells and conduct further research into so-called singlet fission with Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, U.S. Singlet fission could considerably boost the efficiency of solar cells, and thanks to the latest research, it is one step closer to becoming possible. The findings have been published in the scientific journal Chem.
	Optimized pixel isolation technology enhances light sensitivity and color fidelity Samsung Electronics, a world leader in advanced semiconductor technology, today introduced its new 'ISOCELL Plus' technology, which allows CMOS image sensors to capture more light, significantly increasing light sensitivity and color fidelity. Smartphone consumers can now expect even more accurate and clearer photos in challenging light environments.
	Computational intelligence-inspired clustering in multi-access vehicular networks There is an increasing demand for distributing large amounts of digital information to vehicles on the move. However, the current widely used cellular networks are not sufficient due to limited bandwidth in dense vehicle environments. Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted great interest for improving communications between vehicles using infrastructure-less wireless technologies. IEEE 802.11p is the default standard for providing vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications in VANETs.
	Pulsed electric field technology offers new potential for food processing University of Otago researchers are demonstrating the potential of a new technology which could see New Zealand production of a popular food – the French fry – become healthier, and less costly and wasteful.
	Kroger to test grocery deliveries with driverless cars Kroger Co. is about to test whether it can steer supermarket customers away from crowded grocery aisles with a fleet of diminutive driverless cars designed to lower delivery costs.
	Zensational! Japan firm launches Buddhist sermon service Feeling uncertain about life? Need a bit of guidance? A Japanese firm is launching a new service allowing you to talk to a smart speaker and receive a sermon from Buddhist monks.
	Natural language processing facilitates collaborative decisions The Decision Science, AI and Natural Language Processing team at IBM Research-Ireland recently presented a conference paper called "Decision Conversations Decoded" at the 16th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL HLT). The team also presented a demo of our virtual assistant prototype, which analyses collaborative decision discussions to identify alternatives and criteria. Development of this conversational analytics tool is part of a large body of research in natural language processing at IBM Research AI, a key factor in our mission to develop broad AI that learns across different disciplines to augment human intelligence. Natural language processing is a central component of IBM Project Debater, which debuted last week. Project Debater is the first AI system that can debate humans on complex topics and represents a big step toward mastering language, one of the great boundaries in AI.
	Amazon takes on pharmacy sector with new acquisition (Update) Amazon set its sights on the pharmacy market Thursday with the acquisition of tech-focused retailer PillPack, sending shock waves through the sector over prospects of disruption by the US online colossus.
Movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Illegal streaming sites vulnerable to copyright enforcers Fifty-eight per cent of a new kind of online video piracy is based in just two locations making them more vulnerable to copyright enforcers than previously thought, according to research by Queen Mary University of London.
	Energy giant BP bets on electric car boom British energy major BP on Thursday bought the nation's largest electric vehicle charging firm, as it bets on booming demand in the coming decades.
	Facebook boosts ad transparency as it braces for elections Facebook announced new steps Thursday to let people see who is behind ads and other content on the leading social network as it braced for elections in the US and Brazil.
	Building the future, one RoboBoat at a time Last week, teams of students from 13 schools—representing six countries—tested their engineering skills by developing autonomous boats during the 11th annual International RoboBoat Competition, held June 18-24 in Daytona Beach, Florida.
	Technology for visualizing flow of blood to aid neurosurgery in the human brain Neurosurgeons conduct vascular recanalization for treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Successful surgery necessitates surgery the minimization of flow disturbances due to blood during surgical intervention. However, monitoring the flow of blood under surgery is difficult due to a lack of imaging tools for visualizing microcirculation in the brain.
	Enhancing the competitiveness of the railway sector Enhancing the competitiveness and attractiveness of the railway sector – the core ambition of the Shift2Rail joint undertaking – requires other projects to clear the way. The ROLL2RAIL project played this role by focusing on novel rolling stock technologies and methodologies.
	Big data analytics for dummies Big Data is still very much an elite thing: only the most IT-savvy and wealthy businesses have a shot at scratching the surface of its potential. All this could be about to change thanks to a Big Data analytics platform developed under the TOREADOR project, which will automatically handle all major problems related to on-demand data preparation.
	A 'social' virtual assistant for migrants Migrants have been very high on the EU political agenda for the past few years. But far from the political debate, there are cases where technological innovation can truly make a difference. The KRISTINA project has been developing such technologies with a focus on overcoming language barriers.
	New Airbus transport aircraft BelugaXL sports whale's grin A whale of a transport aircraft will be flying high later this summer sporting the grin of a Beluga whale.
California data privacy bill heads to Gov. Jerry Brown A California internet privacy bill that experts call the nation's most far-reaching effort to give consumers more control over their data is headed to Gov. Jerry Brown after passing both chambers of the Legislature on Thursday.

Medicine & Health news

	'Prevalence induced concept change' causes people to re-define problems as they are reduced, study says Although it's far from perfect by virtually any measure—whether poverty rates, violence, access to education, racism and prejudice or any number of others—the world continues to improve. Why, then, do polls consistently show that people believe otherwise?
	Injectable electronics offer powerful new tool in understanding how retinal cells work Charles Lieber and his group are rewriting the rules of how scientists study retinal cells, and they're doing it with a single injection.
	Does human life span really have a limit? The limits of human existence might not be as limited as we have long thought.
	Complexity of NMDA receptor drug discovery target revealed Know your target. Especially if your target is coming into focus for treating diseases such as schizophrenia and treatment-resistant depression.
	How the office org chart in your brain helps to organize your actions Driving to work, typing an email or playing a round of golf—people perform actions such as these throughout the day. But neuroscientists are still unsure how the brain orchestrates complex actions or switches to a new action—behaviors that are impaired in disorders such as Parkinson's disease or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
	Genetic biomarker linked to improved survival for patients with certain brain tumors A DNA-level biomarker (MGMT promoter methylation) can be used to help predict survival outcomes in patients with high-risk, low-grade gliomas, according to a new study conducted through the NRG Oncology/RTOG collaborative clinical trials group and led by scientists at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center—Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC—James).
	'Music of speech' linked to brain area unique to humans We humans are the only primates that can flexibly control the pitch of our voices. This melodic control is not just important for our singing abilities: Fluctuating pitch also conveys critical information during speech—including the speaker's mood, words of emphasis, or whether a sentence is a statement or a question. Some tonal languages, like Mandarin Chinese, even use pitch to give different meanings to otherwise identical words.
	Novel drug therapy partially restores hearing in mice A small-molecule drug is the first to preserve hearing in a mouse model of an inherited form of progressive human deafness, report investigators at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, and the National Institutes of Health's National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). The study, which appears online in Cell, sheds light on the molecular mechanism that underlies a form of deafness (DFNA27), and suggests a new treatment strategy.
	Study debunks notion that large chunks of Medicare go to lost causes Around 25 percent of Medicare spending in the U.S. occurs in the last year of people's lives. This is sometimes discussed as a questionable use of resources: Is society throwing large amounts of medical treatment at some patients in a futile, if noble, effort to extend lives that are bound to end soon?
	More than half of Amazonian armadillos carry leprosy The bacteria that causes leprosy, a chronic disease that can lead to disfigurement and nerve damage, is known to be transmitted to humans from nine-banded armadillos. A new study in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases reports that 62% of the armadillos in the western part of Pará state in the Brazilian Amazon are positive for the leprosy bacteria.
	A next-gen EEG could bring back lost brain function A device under development at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University could help bring back lost brain function by measuring how the brain responds to therapies that stimulate it with electric current.
	New treatment to reverse drug resistance in some cancers University of Queensland researchers have discovered how to reverse drug resistance in skin and mouth squamous cell carcinomas.
	Compounds kill C. diff, don't affect other gut bacteria in vitro NC State researchers developed a drug-testing pipeline to help identify compounds that worked against the three stages of Clostridium difficile infection, and found that a compound that holds promise for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria may also be able to control C. difficile infections by killing the harmful bacteria without affecting other bacteria in the gut.
	Research reveals early maternal diet affects brain development and adult memory Poor protein in a mother's diet in early pregnancy, around the time of conception, can have a lasting effect on brain development, according to research recently published by University of Southampton academics.
	Stress really can make young adults feel older Psychology researchers have found that stress can play a significant role in how old emerging adults feel, with every stressful event above the daily norm making many young people feel at least one year older.
	Tau does not stabilize microtubules, challenges approach to treating Alzheimer's A new study by researchers from Drexel University College of Medicine reverses the popular scientific dogma that the protein tau stabilizes microtubules within brain cells. The scientists' new research, published this week in Current Biology, suggests just the opposite: Tau's actual role in the neuron is to allow microtubules to grow and remain dynamic.
	Study provides promise in search for simple, early test for Alzheimer's disease Researchers at Indiana University have found early evidence that tiny snippets of genetic material called microRNA may help with early detection of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
	Survey: Exercise and obesity are both rising in US It may seem like a contradiction, but more adults in the U.S. say they are exercising at the same time more of them are becoming obese.
	Recorded penicillin allergy linked to increased risk of 'superbug' infections Patients who have a penicillin allergy recorded in their medical records are at an increased risk of developing the drug resistant 'superbug' infection MRSA and healthcare-associated infection C difficile, finds a study published by The BMJ today.
	Financial incentives help to drive down unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions from GPs Offering financial incentives to NHS commissioners reduces the amount of antibiotics in the community, and could help to curb drug-resistant infections.
Handwashing and house cleaning may protect against unhealthy chemicals Washing your hands and cleaning your house frequently may help to lower your contact with common flame-retardant chemicals, according to a new study by researchers at the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. The study is the first to assess whether house cleaning and handwashing can effectively lower exposure to flame retardants. Results appear in the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.
AI and radar technologies could help diabetics manage their disease People with diabetes could be able to monitor their blood sugar without drawing blood using a system now being developed at the University of Waterloo.
	Gaming or gambling? Online transactions blur boundaries In-game purchasing systems, such as 'loot boxes', in popular online games resemble gambling and may pose financial risks for vulnerable players, according to gambling psychology researchers at the University of Adelaide.
For some bladder cancer patients, simple test could reduce over-treatment, ease high cost Bladder cancer is relatively common and imposes the highest per patient cost on the U.S. health care system than the management of any other cancer type. Now, a new test could be key to reducing the cost of care while at the same time, relieving some patients of unneeded over-treatment, say investigators led by Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center researchers.
Mutations in gene TRAF7 are associated with a multisystem disorder A group of seven patients presenting with a similar disorder of unknown origin now know of a possible genetic root of their condition. A team of researchers sequenced all the protein-coding genes in the patients' genomes and identified four different mutations in the gene TRAF7. The researchers report in the American Journal of Human Genetics that in six individuals the mutations are de novo, meaning they are not present in the parents. Laboratory studies showed that the mutations resulted in a reduction of the normal activity of a cellular pathway called ERK1/2. Altogether, the results suggest that these mutations in TRAF7 are likely associated with the multisystem disorder presented by the patients.
	Moving a cardiac regulatory protein to the right place The largest known protein, titin, named for the Titan giants of Greek mythology, is a molecular spring found in cardiac muscle. It provides structural support and maintains tension during muscle stretching. Mutations in the titin gene, and in the gene encoding its regulatory protein RBM20, cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), in which the left ventricle of the heart is enlarged and weakened, and cannot pump blood around the body efficiently.
	New mechanism involved in memory loss associated with aging discovered A study led by Luísa Lopes, Group Leader at Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM; Portugal) and published today in the prestigious journal Molecular Psychiatry, describes a new mechanism involved in memory loss associated with aging. The work developed over three years by a team of Portuguese, French and German scientists now shows that specific changes in the signaling of circuits involved in memory induce an abnormal brain neuron response associated with aging. Understanding these processes is crucial in defining new therapeutic strategies, as aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases.
	Two proteins involved in schistosome epigenetics play key roles in parasite's biology Two proteins that recognize and translate DNA methylation marks in Schistosoma mansoni are required for growth of adult stem cells in the parasitic flatworm, as well as production of eggs, according to new research presented in PLOS Pathogens by Kathrin Geyer and colleagues at Aberystwyth University, U.K.
	Notes from doctors and nurses could improve dementia diagnosis The memory and reasoning problems associated with Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia go woefully under-recognized when people visit the hospital. Searching for clues in electronic health records could steer many more patients to better treatment and follow-up examinations—especially patients from minority groups that tend to be less likely to receive specialized care.
	'Bad' antibodies let blood infections rage Certain antibodies in a patient's blood stream may enable life-threatening bacterial infections to spread instead of fighting them off, a University of Queensland study has found.
	Study reveals secrets of "hot" and "cold" pancreatic cancer tumors So-called "hot" tumors filled with T cells are often considered to be more sensitive to immunotherapy compared to "cold" tumors with fewer T cells, but a clear demonstration of why has eluded cancer biologists—until now. A team from Penn Medicine's Abramson Cancer Center (ACC) discovered that whether a tumor is hot or cold is determined by information embedded in the cancer cells themselves. In a new study published this week in Immunity, researchers probe the role of "tumor heterogeneity," a cancer cells' ability to move, replicate, metastasize, and respond to treatment. These new findings could help oncologists more precisely tailor treatments to a patient's unique tumor composition.
	Proteins linked to scrub typhus infection are shown to inhibit immune response Virginia Commonwealth University researchers have discovered how a pathogen that causes the vector-borne disease scrub typhus infects cells. The finding could lead to methods to treat the disease and conditions such as cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation, and contribute to greater understanding of infectious disease processes, said Jason Carlyon, professor of microbiology and immunology in the VCU School of Medicine.
	Tropical disease target of Australian alert A life-threatening parasitic worm could be quietly infecting up to 60 percent of vulnerable Australians in remote northern communities.
Increasing health insurance coverage for addiction treatment is key to fighting opioid deaths People who suffer from an addiction to opioids and want to overcome their addiction should not be denied access to treatment by their insurance providers, according to new policy recommendations that were co-authored by Claudio Nigg, a professor in the Office of Public Health Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
	Autistic people do want to socialize, they may just show it differently A new paper led by the University of Virginia and just published in the journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences is pushing back hard on the notion that people with autism are not interested in socializing.
	Science Says: How family separation may affect kids' brains Doctors have long known that separating families and other traumatic events can damage children's well-being. More recent research has shed some light on how that may happen: Severe early adversity may cause brain changes and "toxic stress," resulting in lasting psychological and physical health problems.
	How yoga and Pilates benefit beginners The idea of going for a run or joining a gym can be intimidating for people who don't exercise. When you have a health condition that prevents you from engaging in many types of high-impact exercise, it can also be tough to know where to start.
	Why rates of mental illness aren't going down despite higher spending Successive Australian governments have increased their spending on mental health over the last few decades, which is a good thing. But when the rate of mental illness isn't going down, we need to step back and ask why.
	The creeping problem of drug shortages Dozens of drugs are suddenly unavailable every year. In Canada, we read about shortages of Epipens, opioids and antibiotics and before that, it was saline. In India, it is anti-HIV drugs for children. The problem is global, but most Canadians notice only when their pharmacists cannot fill their prescriptions.
	Confused about what to eat? Here's a doctor's recommended meal plan Knowing what makes up a healthy diet can be really confusing. New fads and fast fixes appear weekly. At the same time, the rise of celebrity chefs and TV cooking – while admittedly entertaining – has made preparing food seem complex and often unachievable.
Can taking a hallucinogen curb cocaine use? Unlike with alcohol or nicotine, there is not a pharmacological option available to individuals addicted to cocaine to help them stop using the drug. However, researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham believe the tool to help individuals treat their addiction may very well exist.
Hip arthroscopy innovation represents paradigm shift for the surgery Orthopedic surgeon Michael Salata, MD, Director, Joint Preservation and Cartilage Restoration Center at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Associate Team Physician, Cleveland Browns, is the first in Northeast Ohio to employ a new technique that lessens complications when performing hip arthroscopy.
Living longer in poor neighborhoods, tied to higher risk of not gaining healthy pregnancy weight The longer a woman spends living in a neighborhood low on the socio-economic scale, the more likely she is to not gain enough weight during pregnancy, according to a new study.
	First guidelines for applying placebo effect in clinical practice It is becoming increasingly clear that the placebo effect has a great influence on medical treatment. An international, interdisciplinary team of researchers led by Professor of Health Psychology Andrea Evers from Leiden University has now written a first set of guidelines on how to apply the placebo effect in clinical practice. Publication in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.
	Researchers investigate non-obstructive heart attacks found more often in women One in 10 heart attacks in younger patients aren't caused by blocked coronary arteries, but a new study found survivors have similar outcomes as those whose heart attack was triggered by the most common source – a blockage.
	High-protein formula increases the risk of excess body fat in children Feeding infants with high-protein formula increases the risk of developing excess body fat by the age of 6. Moreover, in many such cases, Body Mass Index (BMI) does not reflect the true level of body fat, as LMU researchers have now shown.
	Who wants to live to 100? While the ageing of society has become one of the givens in today's world, less is made of the lived experience of the very elderly in society. And although there is some suggestion that the much trumpeted steady expansion of the human lifespan has begun to slow down, the numbers of very old people continue to grow. Despite this, debates about the resourcing of universal health and social care tend not to examine the costs associated with extreme ageing. Yet the problem of chronic conditions and multiple morbidity is greatest among octagenerians and nonagenarians.
Kidney disease patients' experience of care and illness can take a large emotional toll For patients with advanced kidney disease, interactions with clinicians and with the wider health system, combined with patients' own struggle to understand their illness, can exact a large emotional toll. The findings, which come from a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN), indicate that a deeper appreciation of patients' emotional experiences may offer important opportunities to improve care.
Availability of family and friends key factor in deciding organ transplant suitability This may sanction existing prejudices and widen inequalities in selection process, warn researchers
	A molecule that can improve the efficiency of chemotherapy A team of researchers from the CNRS and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis has just shown that a small molecule called methiothepin can inhibit the chemotherapy resistance of certain tumors. These results will be on the cover of the July 1, 2018 issue of International Journal of Cancer.
	Amazonian psychedelic may ease severe depression, new study shows "Leon" is a young Brazilian man who has long struggled with depression. He keeps an anonymous blog, in Portuguese, where he describes the challenge of living with a mental illness that affects some 300 million people worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.
	Extreme stress in childhood is toxic to your DNA The real danger of separating children from parents is not the psychological stress – it's the biological time bomb. The screaming and crying, the anguish and desolation is gut-wrenching. But the fallout pales in comparison to the less visible long-term effects that are more sinister and dangerous.
	Why is suicide on the rise in the U.S. – but falling in most of Europe? Suicide now ranks in the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S.
	Robots may soon join ranks of Alzheimer's caregivers (HealthDay)—Robots work on assembly lines and assist doctors in the operating room. They manage inventory in warehouses and vacuum floors in homes.
	Focus on just one sport risks burnout for teens (HealthDay)—Student athletes who specialize in one sport year-round could lose out in academics and other fields, a new study finds.
	Make exercise a family affair. Your kids will thank you. (HealthDay)—While recommendations call for adults to exercise for 30 minutes a day, kids need double that amount—yes, 60 minutes of physical play a day.
	Most bleeding events in non-CVD patients are GI-related (HealthDay)—Among a cohort of individuals without cardiovascular disease (CVD) not receiving antiplatelet therapy, most major bleeding events involved gastrointestinal bleeding and 7 percent of bleeding events were fatal, according to a study published online June 26 in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
	Few hemodialysis patients on medicare enroll in hospice (HealthDay)—Among Medicare beneficiaries on hemodialysis, few patients are enrolled in hospice at the end of life, regardless of the spending trajectory during the last year of life, according to a study published in the June issue of Health Affairs.
	Azithromycin cuts pulmonary exacerbation in CF with early Pseudomonas aeruginosa (HealthDay)—For children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and early Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection, the risk of pulmonary exacerbation is significantly reduced with the addition of azithromycin to tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS), according to a study published online June 11 in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
	Half of CV events occur from two to five years post-TIA, -stroke (HealthDay)—For patients who experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke, the rate of a composite of stroke, acute coronary syndrome, or death from cardiovascular causes is 12.9 percent at five years, with half of these events occurring in the second through fifth years, according to a study published June 7 in the New England Journal of Medicine.
	Learning disabilities: Kids and families struggle beyond the academics Most research on learning disabilities focuses on remediating specific academic skills like reading and math. But struggles at school and with homework can create an enormous amount of stress and anxiety for children and families, finds a study published June 4 in the Journal of Learning Disabilities.
People undergoing voluntary and involuntary ECT treatment have similar outcomes People who have involuntary electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression have similar outcomes to those who have voluntary treatment, according to a ground-breaking new study conducted by researchers from Trinity College Dublin's Department of Psychiatry.
Dietary supplement increases muscle force by 50 percent in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse model A dietary supplement derived from glucose increases muscle-force production in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mouse model by 50% in ten days, according to a study conducted by researchers from Université Laval's Faculty of Medicine and Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Centre-Université Laval. The results, which were recently published in the scientific periodical The FASEB Journal, pave the way for a clinical study to test the treatment's effectiveness on humans.
Global pact to curb illicit tobacco trade to take effect in September The World Health Organization announced Thursday that a "game-changing" global pact to battle the illegal tobacco trade would soon kick into action, after Britain became the 40th country to join.
California may block new local soda taxes California lawmakers were expected to vote Thursday to prohibit new local taxes on soda for the next 12 years—part of a last-minute deal to block a beverage industry-backed ballot measure that would make it much harder for cities and counties to raise taxes of any kind.
	Just 1 in 4 americans gets enough exercise (HealthDay)—Three-quarters of Americans are falling far short when it comes to exercise, and the South and Midwest bear the dubious distinction of having the most couch potatoes, a new government report shows.
	Cataract surgery tied to fewer car crashes for seniors (HealthDay)—Data on more than half a million Canadian seniors shows that traffic accident rates fall after drivers undergo a needed cataract surgery.
	Combination of LABA + inhaled glucocorticoid safe in asthma (HealthDay)—Compared to treatment with an inhaled glucocorticoid alone, combination therapy with a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) and an inhaled glucocorticoid is not associated with a significantly higher risk of serious asthma-related events, according to a study published online June 27 in the New England Journal of Medicine.
	Health care technology impacts younger patient satisfaction (HealthDay)—Health care communication technology is a determinant of patient satisfaction in younger patients, according to a report published by Black Book Market Research LLC.
	New guidelines increase melanoma staging reproducibility (HealthDay)—Greater reproducibility and higher concordance are seen for melanoma staging with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification of cancer staging, the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th edition (AJCC 8), which includes revisions to definitions of T1a versus T1b or greater, according to a study published online May 18 in JAMA Network Open.
	Prenatal pediatric visit recommended for expectant families (HealthDay)—All expectant families should have a pediatric prenatal visit, according to a clinical report published online June 25 in Pediatrics.
	Radiomic model approach for characterizing nodules promising (HealthDay)—A radiomic low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)-based approach is promising for indeterminate screen-detected nodule characterization, according to a study published online May 14 in PLOS One.
	USPSTF favors osteoporosis screening to prevent fracture (HealthDay)—The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures for women aged ≥65 years and for postmenopausal women aged
	FDA approves epidiolex for severe forms of epilepsy (HealthDay)—The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Epidiolex (cannabidiol) oral solution for treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome for patients age 2 years and older.
#Hookahlife: Social media posts spread misleading information on hookah use A new study finds that Instagram users using #hookah or #shisha portray hookah use in an overwhelmingly positive manner, despite its serious health risks. Published in Health Education & Behavior, the study authors examined nearly 300 Instagram posts and found that the portrayal and promotion of hookah smoking on social media can normalize its use and pose public health challenges.
	As asylum requests rise, doctors have important role With applications for asylum in the United States increasing sharply, a new paper from a team of asylum medicine and law experts is highlighting physicians' important role in evaluating refugees' claims of torture and persecution.
Computational models provide novel genetic insights into atherosclerosis Researchers have identified a new gene-activation pathway caused by lipids associated with coronary artery disease, a finding that could help identify new directions in research and drug development. The study was published in June in Nature Communications.
Obesity + aging linked to Alzheimer's markers in the brain A new study suggests that when a high-fat, high-sugar diet that leads to obesity is paired with normal aging, it may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, researchers discovered that certain areas of the brain respond differently to risk factors associated with Alzheimer's. The study is published in Physiological Reports.
Smoking associated with delayed shinbone healing In adults, tibia (shinbone) fractures are usually fixed through the surgical implantation of a slender metal rod called an intramedullary nail in the hollow space within the bone. This treatment is generally effective for tibial fractures. However, in 10% to 15% of cases the bone fails to heal in a timely manner, resulting in a nonunion—or arrested healing.
WTO backs Australia's neutral cigarette packs The World Health Organization on Thursday upheld Australia's right to require neutral packaging for cigarettes, over the objections of several foreign governments.
	Men and women have different genetic risk factors for developing brain cancer Glioma is the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor in the United States; glioblastoma being the most common type of glioma in adults. While sex differences in the incidence and survival rates of glioma were known, researchers had not investigated whether genetic differences based on sex could cast light on potential differences in the risk profile of glioma between men and women.
	New study reveals the function of a mysterious component of the inner ear A few years ago, Ian Swinburne, HMS research fellow in systems biology, noticed something odd while conducting a time-lapse microscopy study of the inner ear of zebrafish. A tiny structure in the inner ear was pulsing like clockwork, inflating and deflating over and over.
	'Walk and think' test could be key to concussion care (HealthDay)—Can you spell words backwards while you're walking?
	'Superbugs' found in vast majority of U.S. supermarket meat (HealthDay)—Nearly 80 percent of meat in U.S. supermarkets contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria, according to the Environmental Working Group, a non-profit environmental research organization.
	July is peak time for illness from poop in pools: CDC (HealthDay)—Is it safe to go in the water this summer? Not if microscopic germs like E. coli or cryptosporidium are swimming in the pool with you, U.S. health officials warn.
	CAR-T immunotherapies may have a new player Emerging CAR-T immunotherapies leverage modified versions of patient's T-cells to target and kill cancer cells. In a new study, published June 28 online in Cell Stem Cell, researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine and University of Minnesota report that similarly modified natural killer (NK) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) also displayed heightened activity against a mouse model of ovarian cancer.
	Key messaging tailored to gender and education can help prevent future Zika outbreaks In a summer outbreak that posed significant risks to pregnant women and their fetuses, 29 people in Miami-Dade County were infected with the Zika virus between late June and early August of 2016, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Educational interventions decrease sunburns among heavy equipment operators Implementation of educational interventions among operating engineers (heavy equipment operators) in Michigan significantly increased the use of sunscreen and decreased the number of reported sunburns.
Video clips, spicy soap operas, games slash STD rates in gay young men A novel online HIV prevention program with spicy soap operas and interactive games—like a rising thermometer of sexual risk—reduced sexually transmitted infections in gay young men by 40 percent, reports a Northwestern Medicine study.
New study proves double trouble of high genetic risk and poor lifestyle for the development of cardiovascular disease A new study by researchers at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) finds that irrespective of the genetic makeup, a poor lifestyle is linked to development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
	New combined treatment shows promise in hepatocellular carcinoma Researchers from the Metabolism and Cancer group at the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), led by Dr. Sara Kozma, have unveiled a new potential combined treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The combination of mTOR inhibitors together with the mitochondrial inhibitor phenformin has shown positive results in in vitro HCC cells, leading to a striking increase in the overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. The study has been reported in Clinical Cancer Research.
	Approval of drug derived from cannabis not necessarily a win for weed The Food and Drug Administration on June 25 approved for the first time a drug made from cannabidiol (CBD), a molecule derived from the cannabis plant. The drug, Epidiolex, was approved for the treatment of two types of epilepsy, Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, that have been resistant to treatment.
	Psychology professors' book on personality sets 'new standard' in the field What is personality? Where does personality come from? How does personality influence health, politics, economics, relationships and other aspects of life?
	Breastfeeding mothers stop nursing sooner when living with smokers Nursing mothers who live with two or more smokers are more likely to stop breastfeeding sooner than those who live in nonsmoking households. In a Hong Kong-based study, researchers discovered that these mothers are at 30 percent higher risk for ending breastfeeding before a year. This study can be found in Breastfeeding Medicine.
	Pulse wave analysis provides reliable information on heart health in young people Arterial stiffness is one of the early signs of cardiovascular disease, and arterial stiffening has been observed in children. A recent study suggests that an easy-to-use, non-invasive method can produce reproducible estimates of arterial stiffness in adolescents aged 16–19 years. The results of the study, conducted at the University of Jyväskylä, were published in the journal Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging.
	Computer-designed heart valves implanted into sheep for the first time According to the European Society of Cardiology, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Europe. Each year, 3.9 million people die here from heart disease, which is responsible for 45 % of all deaths on the continent.
	New search tools open up access to medical information The EU-funded KConnect project has developed innovative online medical search and analysis tools, enabling researchers to achieve clearer insights into the effectiveness of specific medical interventions and ultimately leading to more optimised treatments.
Obstetric trauma rates for forceps deliveries have increased in Canada Trauma to both mother and baby during vaginal deliveries, especially forceps deliveries, has increased in Canada in recent years, according to a large study published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
Study will test new treatments for life-threatening kidney condition IgA nephropathy A patient from Birmingham is the first person to be recruited into a new worldwide study to test new treatments for a potentially life-threatening kidney condition called IgA nephropathy. The research team responsible for this fantastic achievement is based in the John Walls Renal Unit at Leicester General Hospital.
No difference in outcomes for children of same-sex versus different-sex parents For children of lesbian or gay parents, psychological adjustment is about the same as in children of heterosexual parents, reports a study in the Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics .
CMS Policy to reduce hospital-acquired conditions had minimal impact Hospitals may have avoided financial penalties by billing hospital-associated conditions (HAC) as present at the time of the patient's admission, supporting prior work that showed that a Medicare policy designed to monetarily penalize hospitals for preventable complications had an insignificant impact on reducing healthcare-associated infections. The new research was published today in Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, the journal of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. In addition, the targeted billing codes were rarely used by hospitals, far less than expected based on national estimates; and even when hospitals billed for HACs during a hospitalization, this infrequently affected the diagnosis-related group (DRG) assignment, impacting hospital reimbursement.
	Biochemists follow clues toward Alzheimer's, cancer, longevity James McNew's and Michael Stern's biochemical hunt for the root cause of a rare, paralyzing genetic disorder is a 10-year quest that's taken an unexpected turn toward everyday killers such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer and aging.
	Strategic classroom intervention can make big difference for autism students Special training for teachers may mean big results for students with autism spectrum disorder, according to Florida State University and Emory University researchers.
DR Congo's Ebola outbreak coming to an end: minister An outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo is just weeks away from being defeated, after claiming 29 lives, the country's health minister said Thursday.
Study looks at ways to control dust coal miners breathe A new report examines the way coal dust inhaled by miners is regulated as health and safety officials grapple with an increase in cases of severe black lung disease in Appalachia.

Biology news

	What makes dogs man's best friend? From pugs to labradoodles to huskies, dogs are our faithful companions. They live with us, play with us and even sleep with us. But how did a once nocturnal, fearsome wolf-like animal evolve over tens of thousands of years to become beloved members of our family? And what can dogs tell us about human health? Through the power of genomics, scientists have been comparing dog and wolf DNA to try and identify the genes involved in domestication.
	How the flu virus builds a better mousetrap For the first time, scientists have directly visualized in real-time structural changes in the surface protein of the influenza virus that may help the virus to fuse with and enter target cells before hijacking their functions. Researchers at Tufts University School of Medicine found that single molecules of the protein hemagglutinin (HA) that reside on the surface of the virus unfold to stretch toward target cells, then refold and try again 5 to 10 times per second. The discovery shows the flu virus to be more dynamic than previously thought and may help efforts to develop more effective vaccines and better understand other viruses such as Ebola, HIV, and SARS. The research appears in the journal Cell online June 28 and in print August 9.
	I am human, hear me roar: Judging formidability from human vocalizations Many animals—including sea lions, red deer, and dogs—use vocalizations to judge one another's size and physical formidability when in competition for mates or other resources. Now, researchers reporting in the journal iScience on June 28 have found that humans can use nonverbal vocal cues, including aggressive roars, in a similar way. The new evidence is the first to show that, from a vocalization alone, human listeners can estimate whether another person is stronger or weaker or taller or shorter than they are with a high degree of accuracy.
	Ancient Moroccan dental remains elucidate history of long-lost African fauna Long before rhinoceros, giraffes, hippos, and antelopes roamed the African savannah, a group of large and highly specialized mammals known as embrithopods inhabited the continent. The most well known is Arsinoitherium, an animal that looked much like a rhinoceros but was in fact more closely related to elephants, sea cows, and hyraxes. Now, researchers reporting in Current Biology on June 28 offer a glimpse into this ancient past with the discovery of the earliest and most ancient embrithopod yet described.
	What's giant panda conservation worth? Billions every year, study shows In China, the giant panda is clearly a cultural icon. And yet panda conservation, and the panda itself, is often criticized because of the associated cost. But an analysis reported in Current Biology on June 28 shows that panda conservation has great value that extends far beyond protection of pandas themselves.
	Cheating on cheaters—exploring bacterial social interactions to manipulate bacterial pathogens A new study, to be published in Current Biology on 28 June, proposes new strategies to induce the collapse of bacterial populations by manipulating social interactions in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that causes chronic lung infections.
	Molecular vestiges resolve the controversial evolution of the testicular position in mammals The loss of anatomical features is a frequent evolutionary event. For example, humans and other great apes have lost their tails and whales have lost their legs. The most convincing evidence comes from the presence of vestiges in fossils. Unfortunately, the fossil record mostly preserves vestiges of hard structures such as bones or teeth. Consequently, resolving the evolution of soft-tissue structures such as muscle or brain tissue requires analytical methods. A team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, the Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden and the Natural History Museum Frankfurt now provides a new approach to resolve the evolution of soft-tissue structures, focusing on the evolution of testes in mammals.
	Could electricity-producing bacteria help power future space missions? Humans aren't the only ones who have harnessed the power of electricity. Some bacteria do this, too, by producing structures that extend from their surface like wires to transfer electrons over distances. Now, scientists at NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley are exploring this phenomenon to see if they can make use of these special microbes to perform essential functions on future space missions—from generating electricity to treating wastewater or producing medicines. With an experiment launching to the International Space Station, researchers will see whether the microbes work the same in space as they do on Earth.
	Chimpanzees start using a new tool-use gesture during an alpha male take over Similar to humans, non-human primates combine gestures, facial expressions, and vocalizations in various ways to communicate effectively. Researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology investigated one such signal, the 'leaf clip' gesture, which re-emerged in a wild chimpanzee group during an alpha takeover. Importantly, the gesture was produced only by adult male chimpanzees, immediately preceded their pant hoot vocalizations and was associated with acoustic changes in those calls.
	Organizing a cell's genetic material from the sidelines A tremendous amount of genetic material must be packed into the nucleus of every cell—a tiny compartment. One of the biggest challenges in biology is to understand how certain regions of this highly packaged DNA can be called upon so that the genes encoded in them can be "turned on" or expressed and used to manufacture RNA and proteins.
	Crows 'reverse engineer' tools from memory: study New Caledonian crows use mental pictures to twist twigs into hooks and make other tools, according to a provocative study that suggests the notoriously clever birds pass on successful designs to future generations, a hallmark of culture.
	Climate change linked to potential population decline in bees A new study from Northwestern University and the Chicago Botanic Garden has found that climate change may drive local extinction of mason bees in Arizona and other naturally warm climates.
	Out of the darkness: A new spider found deep within an Indiana cave Spiders are ubiquitous within our forests, fields, and backyards. Although you may be used to seeing the beautiful yellow and black spiders of the genus Argiope in your garden, large ground-scurrying wolf spiders in your yard, or spindly cellar spiders in your basement, this new sheet-web-building spider is probably one you haven't seen before. The reason is that it's known from a single cave in the world, Stygeon River Cave, in southern Indiana.
	Bird flu hot spot: Scientists track virus in huge migration Huge flocks of famished birds scour the sands of Delaware Bay for the tiny greenish eggs an army of horseshoe crabs lays every spring.
New insights into the epigenetic control of hematopoiesis Scientists at The Wistar Institute have characterized a novel function for the INTS13 protein that is part of a large protein complex regulating gene transcription, called Integrator. According to study results, published online in Molecular Cell, INTS13 is required for monocytic maturation, promoting expression of lineage-specific genes.
	Dangerous reptiles The southeast Asian island state of East Timor has a problem with crocodiles. Between 2007 and 2014, there was a sharp increase in attacks on humans. Many of these attacks were fatal. Sebastian Brackhane, a research assistant in the Department of Remote Sensing and Landscape Information Systems of the University of Freiburg, has analyzed data on crocodile attacks in relation to a rise in the population of estuarine crocodiles in East Timor. The results of his field study have been published in the Journal of Wildlife Management.
	To find the sex of a Galápagos penguin, measure its beak, researchers say It turns out that to tell the sex of a Galápagos penguin, all you need is a ruler.
	Gabon's unique 'orange crocodiles' intrigue scientists The West African state of Gabon is famous for its biodiversity but in a galaxy of spectacular finds, one stands out: orange crocodiles.
	Even a microchipped pet can be lost if your data is out of date From July 1st 2018, every state and territory of Australia (excluding the Northern Territory) will have laws making microchipping cats and dogs compulsory.
	Why we're sequencing the genomes of Canada's iconic species Last year, to commemorate Canada's 150th birthday —and to lay a foundation for Canadian research excellence for the next 150 years—a group of scientists in our country embarked upon the Canada 150 Sequencing Initiative (CanSeq150).
	Marine protected areas often expensive and misplaced Many marine protected areas are often unnecessarily expensive and located in the wrong places, an international study has shown.
	Hunting and fishing activities cause dietary changes in South American fur seals and sea lions Researchers of the Faculty of Biology and the Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio) of the University of Barcelona reconstructed the dietary habits of South American sea lions and seals in the area of Rio de la Plata (Uruguay) over the last 7,000 years. The results show that these species' diets were different until late 20th century, when they started coinciding without overlapping each other.
	Off the scale: Can forensics save the world's most-trafficked mammal? A pioneering new project trials fingerprinting techniques to battle pangolin poaching.
Molecular brake on human cell division prevents cancer Researchers at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, and the University of Sussex, England, have discovered that the process of copying DNA generates a brake signal that stalls cell division. This molecular brake ensures that the cell has two complete copies of DNA before it divides and thus prevents DNA damage and cancer development. The study is published in the scientific journal Molecular Cell.
	Study finds benefits and tradeoffs in feeding rice bran to pigs Rice is the third most widely grown cereal grain worldwide, and the bran left over from milling white rice is available in large quantities for livestock feed. Rice bran is high in unsaturated fatty acids, but limited information is available about effects of rice bran on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and impacts on meat and carcass quality. A new study from the University of Illinois provides this information for the first time.
	Pursuing poachers, and tourism, to boost Mozambique's conservation The dam at Massingir in southwestern Mozambique is like a bridge between two worlds, one a deadly threat to the wildlife in the other.
	Researchers study the spatial behaviour of male cheetahs Scientists of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Leibniz IZW) in Berlin analysed the spatial behaviour of cheetahs. They showed that male cheetahs operate two space use tactics which are associated with different life-history stages. This long-term study on movement data of over 160 free-ranging cheetahs in Namibia has now been published in the scientific journal Ecosphere.

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