| An absolute sodium abundance for a cloud-free ‘hot Saturn’ exoplanet The optical transmission spectrum for the ‘hot Saturn’ exoplanet WASP-96b reveals a clear atmosphere, an atmospheric sodium abundance and hence its metallicity, which is consistent with the metallicity trend observed in Solar System planets and exoplanets. | Self-reporting and self-regulating liquid crystals Liquid crystals are used to self-report and self-regulate either continuous or transient release of droplets or microparticles trapped within them in response to thermal, chemical, mechanical or biological stimuli. | Diverse reprogramming codes for neuronal identity A screen in which combinatorial pairs of transcription factors are exogenously expressed in fibroblasts identifies different combinations that reprogram these cells into induced neuronal cells with diverse functional properties. | Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents Grid-like representations emerge spontaneously within a neural network trained to self-localize, enabling the agent to take shortcuts to destinations using vector-based navigation. | Cellular milieu imparts distinct pathological α-synuclein strains in α-synucleinopathies Distinct strains of misfolded α-synuclein proteins, which aggregate in neurons in Lewy body diseases or in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy, are formed as a consequence of differences between intracellular environments. | 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes Sequences of 137 ancient and 502 modern human genomes illuminate the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age and document the replacement of Indo-European speakers of West Eurasian ancestry by Turkic-speaking groups of East Asian ancestry. | Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period Phylogenies reconstructed using 12 hepatitis B virus genomes, which were recovered from ancient human genome data, reveal a complex history of hepatitis B evolution that is not evident when using only modern samples. | Reconstitution reveals motor activation for intraflagellar transport Reconstitution of a functional intraflagellar transport complex in Caenorhabditis elegans provides insight into the recruitment and activation of the kinesin-2 motor protein. | Control of cardiac jelly dynamics by NOTCH1 and NRG1 defines the building plan for trabeculation A new model of cardiac trabeculation in mice is presented in which NOTCH1 and NRG1 have opposing roles in extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis that are essential for defining trabecular architecture. | Genome sequence of the progenitor of wheat A subgenome Triticum urartu The genome sequence of Triticum urartu, the progenitor of the A subgenome of hexaploid wheat, provides insight into genome duplication during grass evolution. | An exclusive metabolic niche enables strain engraftment in the gut microbiota Finely tuned control of strain engraftment and abundance in the mouse gut microbiota was achieved using the marine polysaccharide porphyran, which could exclusively be used by an introduced subset of wild-type or genetically modified Bacteroides strains. | | | Diametric neural ensemble dynamics in parkinsonian and dyskinetic states In mouse models of Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia, striatal spiny projection neurons of the direct and indirect pathways have abnormal, imbalanced levels of spontaneous and locomotor-related activity, with the two different disease states characterized by opposite abnormalities. Jones G. Parker, Jesse D. Marshall, Biafra Ahanonu et al. | | | Precision measurement of the weak charge of the proton Measurement of the asymmetry in the parity-violating scattering of polarized electrons on protons gives the weak charge of the proton as 0.0719 ± 0.0045, in agreement with the standard model. The Jefferson Lab Qweak Collaboration | | Challenging local realism with human choices The BIG Bell Test, which used an online video game with 100,000 participants worldwide to provide random bits to 13 quantum physics experiments, contradicts the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen worldview of local realism. The BIG Bell Test Collaboration | | Nanoscale synthesis and affinity ranking A system that combines nanoscale synthesis and affinity ranking enables high-throughput screening of reaction conditions and bioactivity for a given protein target, accelerating the process of drug discovery. Nathan J. Gesmundo, Bérengère Sauvagnat, Patrick J. Curran et al. | | Lethal trap created by adaptive evolutionary response to an exotic resource Local extinction of the butterfly Euphydryas editha occurred after the population was caught in an eco-evolutionary trap set when the insects evolved unanimous preference for an exotic host, Plantago lanceolata, and sprung when that host became embedded in grasses after humans removed cattle. Michael C. Singer, Camille Parmesan | | Structural principles of distinct assemblies of the human α4β2 nicotinic receptor Cryo-electron microscopy structures of two stoichiometries of heteromeric acetylcholine receptors in complex with nicotine reveal principles of subunit assembly and the structural basis of the distinctive biophysical and pharmacological properties of the different stoichiometries. Richard M. Walsh Jr, Soung-Hun Roh, Anant Gharpure et al. | | | Spotlight on Robotics Designing machines that can grasp and manipulate objects with anything approaching human levels of dexterity is first on the to-do list for robotics. | | Spotlight on Australian biotechnology Tax breaks have boosted Australian biotechnology and fuelled overseas investment, but industry insiders fear that threatened budget cuts could slow growth. | | The biggest questions in science In recent centuries we have learned so much about the worlds around and within us that it may sometimes seem that no nook is left unexplored. The truth is, though, that every new discovery leads us to ever deeper questions. Innovations In: The Biggest Questions in Science is a special report on the state of inquiry into these questions—the latest research on the nature of spacetime, the identity of dark matter, the origins of life, the source of consciousness, and more. | | | | | |
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