Thursday, May 10, 2018

Nature contents: 10 May 2018

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  journal cover  
Nature Volume 557 Issue 7704
 
This Week  
 
 
Editorial  
 
 
 
The #MeToo campaign is gaining ground in China
A string of cases at Chinese universities shows a system that is trying to address concerns and implement change, but still has some way to go.
Crowdsourced quantum reality-check gets crowdsourced peer review
An unusual study that harnessed the public to test quantum physics offers a good example of collaborative academic review.
What to do to improve postgraduate mental health
Greater awareness must be matched with steps such as better training for supervisors.
 
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World View  
 
 
 
Harassment should count as scientific misconduct
Scientific integrity needs to apply to how researchers treat people, not just to how they handle data, says Erika Marín-Spiotta.
Erika Marín-Spiotta
Research Highlights  
 
 
 
Fault reversal a harbinger of large quakes
Seafloor slippage may have presaged catastrophic 2011 event in Japan.
Bats forgo sonar to fly under the radar
A common bat may avoid detection by switching echolocation for brief 'microcalls'.
DNA uncovers the source of a rose's bloom
Genome could inform breeders looking to develop new varieties of a favourite flower.
Human hand electrified with 3D printer
Device layers silvery ink onto the skin to make a circuit.
Grey hair may have roots in immune system
Experiments in mice link loss of pigment cells with rise in levels of inflammatory genes.
Whale shark makes record-setting swim
Huge fish voyages 20,000 kilometres across the sea.
Recipe revealed for a plant-based anti-cancer drug
Identification of missing enzymes could boost compound's production.
Feeble flu vaccine still wields power
Modelling work shows that even a relatively ineffectual vaccine can save many lives.
Tissue-thin lasers flex to hug curves
Bendy membrane lasers could serve as security barcodes.
Seven Days  
 
 
 
Deadly dust storms, insect diseases and Nature's new editor
The week in science: 4-10 May 2018.
Research Highlights  
 
 
 
This issue's Research Highlights
Selections from the scientific literature.
 
 
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News in Focus
 
News  
 
 
 
Particle physicists turn to AI to cope with CERN's collision deluge
Can a competition with cash rewards improve techniques for tracking the Large Hadron Collider's messy collisions?
Davide Castelvecchi
Yellowstone's grizzlies under threat from controversial hunting proposal
Biologists argue that plan could endanger the bear population in the iconic ecosystem.
Giorgia Guglielmi
Report harassment or risk losing funding, says top UK science funder
The Wellcome Trust vows to pull grants if researchers or institutions do not abide by its new misconduct policy.
Holly Else
€100-billion budget proposed for Europe's next big research programme
Initial funding plans for the seven-year Horizon Europe science initiative get a lukewarm reception.
Inga Vesper
Cancer-killing viruses show promise — and draw billion-dollar investment
Encouraging trial results spur interest from researchers and drug giants.
Heidi Ledford
Universe's coolest lab set to open up quantum world
NASA's Cold Atom Laboratory will allow physicists to play with quantum phenomena like never before.
Elizabeth Gibney
Features  
 
 
 
How to save the high seas
As the United Nations prepares a historic treaty to protect the oceans, scientists highlight what's needed for success.
Olive Heffernan
 
 
Multimedia  
 
 
Nature Podcast 10 May 2018
This week, artificial intelligence recreates our sense of place, liquid crystals deliver cargo, and experiencing depression in academia.
 
 
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Comment
 
Comment  
 
 
 
When will clinical trials finally reflect diversity?
An analysis of drug studies shows that most participants are white, even though trials are being done in more countries, reveal Todd C. Knepper and Howard L. McLeod.
Todd C. Knepper, Howard L. McLeod
I'd whisper to my student self: you are not alone
Twenty years on, Dave Reay speaks out about the depression that almost sunk his PhD, and the lifelines that saved him.
Dave Reay
Books and Arts  
 
 
 
The triumphs and tragedies in energy history
Roger Fouquet critiques Richard Rhodes's survey of the inventors who fuelled civilization.
Roger Fouquet
Paying a visit to Pluto, how to tell causation from correlation, and the magic of milk: Books in brief
Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week's best science picks.
Barbara Kiser
Richard Feynman at 100
Paul Halpern celebrates the oeuvre of the brilliant, unconventional scientist.
Paul Halpern
Correspondence  
 
 
 
Next-generation sequencing may challenge antibody patent claims
Prabakaran Ponraj
Rethink wealth generated during cryptocurrency mining
Maciej Kawecki
Arctic nations must adopt renewables to adapt to thaw
Alex C. Y. Yeung
Kenya and Ghana set up national research funding schemes
Thomas K. Karikari, Patrick Amoateng
A scholarly transformation in the life of Joseph Fourier
Andreas Otte
 
 
Careers
 
Features  
 
 
 
How to handle the dark days of depression
Mental illness can be devastating — but there are ways to fight it, say four researchers who have known those bleak times.
Emily Sohn
Columns  
 
 
 
Write fiction to discover something new in your research
Creative writing can help you to approach your science from a completely different perspective — and boost its impact, says Amanda C. Niehaus.
Amanda C. Niehaus
 
 
Futures
 
Blue sky research
Discovery can't afford to knap.
Ian Stewart
 
 
Research
 
NEW ONLINE  
 
 
 
An absolute sodium abundance for a cloud-free ‘hot Saturn’ exoplanet
The optical transmission spectrum for the ‘hot Saturn’ exoplanet WASP-96b reveals a clear atmosphere, an atmospheric sodium abundance and hence its metallicity, which is consistent with the metallicity trend observed in Solar System planets and exoplanets.
Self-reporting and self-regulating liquid crystals
Liquid crystals are used to self-report and self-regulate either continuous or transient release of droplets or microparticles trapped within them in response to thermal, chemical, mechanical or biological stimuli.
Diverse reprogramming codes for neuronal identity
A screen in which combinatorial pairs of transcription factors are exogenously expressed in fibroblasts identifies different combinations that reprogram these cells into induced neuronal cells with diverse functional properties.
Vector-based navigation using grid-like representations in artificial agents
Grid-like representations emerge spontaneously within a neural network trained to self-localize, enabling the agent to take shortcuts to destinations using vector-based navigation.
Cellular milieu imparts distinct pathological α-synuclein strains in α-synucleinopathies
Distinct strains of misfolded α-synuclein proteins, which aggregate in neurons in Lewy body diseases or in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy, are formed as a consequence of differences between intracellular environments.
137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
Sequences of 137 ancient and 502 modern human genomes illuminate the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age and document the replacement of Indo-European speakers of West Eurasian ancestry by Turkic-speaking groups of East Asian ancestry.
Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period
Phylogenies reconstructed using 12 hepatitis B virus genomes, which were recovered from ancient human genome data, reveal a complex history of hepatitis B evolution that is not evident when using only modern samples.
Reconstitution reveals motor activation for intraflagellar transport
Reconstitution of a functional intraflagellar transport complex in Caenorhabditis elegans provides insight into the recruitment and activation of the kinesin-2 motor protein.
Control of cardiac jelly dynamics by NOTCH1 and NRG1 defines the building plan for trabeculation
A new model of cardiac trabeculation in mice is presented in which NOTCH1 and NRG1 have opposing roles in extracellular matrix degradation and synthesis that are essential for defining trabecular architecture.
Genome sequence of the progenitor of wheat A subgenome Triticum urartu
The genome sequence of Triticum urartu, the progenitor of the A subgenome of hexaploid wheat, provides insight into genome duplication during grass evolution.
An exclusive metabolic niche enables strain engraftment in the gut microbiota
Finely tuned control of strain engraftment and abundance in the mouse gut microbiota was achieved using the marine polysaccharide porphyran, which could exclusively be used by an introduced subset of wild-type or genetically modified Bacteroides strains.
 
News & Views  
 
 
 
From CRISPR scissors to virus sensors
D. Dewran Kocak, Charles A. Gersbach
 
Models of Parkinson's disease revisited
Thomas Wichmann
 
Precarious preferences wipe out a butterfly population
Anna Armstrong
 
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Weak charge of the proton measured
Xiaochao Zheng
Connections that control defence strategy
Dayu Lin
50 & 100 years ago
Detailed view of human telomerase enzyme invites rethink of its structure
Michael D. Stone
Articles  
 
 
 
Diametric neural ensemble dynamics in parkinsonian and dyskinetic states
In mouse models of Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia, striatal spiny projection neurons of the direct and indirect pathways have abnormal, imbalanced levels of spontaneous and locomotor-related activity, with the two different disease states characterized by opposite abnormalities.
Jones G. Parker, Jesse D. Marshall, Biafra Ahanonu et al.
A midline thalamic circuit determines reactions to visual threat
Separate outputs of the ventral midline thalamus comprise neural circuits that determine avoidance-based or confrontational responses to visual threat.
Lindsey D. Salay, Nao Ishiko, Andrew D. Huberman
Cryo-EM structure of substrate-bound human telomerase holoenzyme
A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the substrate-bound human telomerase holoenzyme, which lengthens the protective caps on chromosomes.
Thi Hoang Duong Nguyen, Jane Tam, Robert A. Wu et al.
Structural basis for dual-mode inhibition of the ABC transporter MsbA
Crystal structures of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with two selective small-molecule antagonists reveal an unprecedented allosteric mechanism of inhibition.
Hoangdung Ho, Anh Miu, Mary Kate Alexander et al.
Letters  
 
 
 
Electron magnetic reconnection without ion coupling in Earth's turbulent magnetosheath
Observations of electron-scale current sheets in Earth's turbulent magnetosheath reveal electron reconnection without ion coupling, contrary to expectations from the standard model of magnetic reconnection.
T. D. Phan, J. P. Eastwood, M. A. Shay et al.
Precision measurement of the weak charge of the proton
Measurement of the asymmetry in the parity-violating scattering of polarized electrons on protons gives the weak charge of the proton as 0.0719 ± 0.0045, in agreement with the standard model.
The Jefferson Lab Qweak Collaboration
Challenging local realism with human choices
The BIG Bell Test, which used an online video game with 100,000 participants worldwide to provide random bits to 13 quantum physics experiments, contradicts the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen worldview of local realism.
The BIG Bell Test Collaboration
Highly durable, coking and sulfur tolerant, fuel-flexible protonic ceramic fuel cells
Tests on a versatile protonic ceramic fuel cell resistant to carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning show that its durability and the wide range of fuels it can accept make it suitable for use in industry in the near future.
Chuancheng Duan, Robert J. Kee, Huayang Zhu et al.
Rapid energy-efficient manufacturing of polymers and composites via frontal polymerization
Frontal polymerization of dicyclopentadiene is used to generate thermoset polymers and composite materials with much lower energy requirements and cure times than are needed in conventional oven or autoclave curing approaches.
Ian D. Robertson, Mostafa Yourdkhani, Polette J. Centellas et al.
Nanoscale synthesis and affinity ranking
A system that combines nanoscale synthesis and affinity ranking enables high-throughput screening of reaction conditions and bioactivity for a given protein target, accelerating the process of drug discovery.
Nathan J. Gesmundo, Bérengère Sauvagnat, Patrick J. Curran et al.
Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago
Stone tools and a disarticulated and butchered skeleton of Rhinoceros philippinensis, found in a securely dated stratigraphic context, indicate the presence of an unknown hominin population in the Philippines as early as 709 thousand years ago.
T. Ingicco, G. D. van den Bergh, C. Jago-on et al.
Lethal trap created by adaptive evolutionary response to an exotic resource
Local extinction of the butterfly Euphydryas editha occurred after the population was caught in an eco-evolutionary trap set when the insects evolved unanimous preference for an exotic host, Plantago lanceolata, and sprung when that host became embedded in grasses after humans removed cattle.
Michael C. Singer, Camille Parmesan
Subepithelial telocytes are an important source of Wnts that supports intestinal crypts
Subepithelial telocytes are identified as a source of Wnt signals that enable proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells, an essential function for maintenance of the intestinal epithelium.
Michal Shoshkes-Carmel, Yue J. Wang, Kirk J. Wangensteen et al.
De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFβ-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation
In a mouse model of a human cholestatic liver disease caused by impaired NOTCH signalling, hepatocytes transdifferentiate into cholangiocytes and form a therapeutically effective biliary system, driven by TGFβ signalling.
Johanna R. Schaub, Kari A. Huppert, Simone N. T. Kurial et al.
Male-killing toxin in a bacterial symbiont of Drosophila
The Spaid protein is identified and shown to be responsible for the male-killing effects of Spiroplasma poulsonii in Drosophila.
Toshiyuki Harumoto, Bruno Lemaitre
Chromatin analysis in human early development reveals epigenetic transition during ZGA
By applying an optimized ATAC-seq protocol to human early embryos, distinct accessible chromatin landscapes are found before and after zygotic genome activation, revealing a marked epigenetic transition during zygotic genome activation and putative regulatory elements wiring human early development.
Jingyi Wu, Jiawei Xu, Bofeng Liu et al.
Structural principles of distinct assemblies of the human α4β2 nicotinic receptor
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of two stoichiometries of heteromeric acetylcholine receptors in complex with nicotine reveal principles of subunit assembly and the structural basis of the distinctive biophysical and pharmacological properties of the different stoichiometries.
Richard M. Walsh Jr, Soung-Hun Roh, Anant Gharpure et al.
Collections  
 
 
 
Spotlight on Robotics
Designing machines that can grasp and manipulate objects with anything approaching human levels of dexterity is first on the to-do list for robotics.
Spotlight on Australian biotechnology
Tax breaks have boosted Australian biotechnology and fuelled overseas investment, but industry insiders fear that threatened budget cuts could slow growth.
The biggest questions in science
In recent centuries we have learned so much about the worlds around and within us that it may sometimes seem that no nook is left unexplored. The truth is, though, that every new discovery leads us to ever deeper questions. Innovations In: The Biggest Questions in Science is a special report on the state of inquiry into these questions—the latest research on the nature of spacetime, the identity of dark matter, the origins of life, the source of consciousness, and more.
 
 
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