Science X Newsletter Tuesday, Apr 10

Dear Reader ,

Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for April 10, 2018:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Quantum simulator offers faster route for prime factorization

Four new 'hot Jupiter' exoplanets discovered

Study results suggest genetic influence on social outcomes greater in meritocratic than communistic societies

Scientists induce sensations of touch and movement in the arm of a paralyzed man

Metamaterial device controls transmission and reflection of acoustic waves

Dense stellar clusters may foster black hole megamergers

Tiny distortions in universe's oldest light reveal clearer picture of strands in cosmic web

New way of defining Alzheimer's aims to find disease sooner

Sperm whale 'clicks' help scientists understand behaviour

This imaging sensor is powered by sunlight

Mom's marijuana winds up in breast milk

Sleepless nights show ties to Alzheimer's risk

Tiny nanomachine successfully completes test drive

Researchers trace biological development via CRISPER-Cas9-induced scarring on DNA

Characterising the structure of self-assembling organic molecules on the surface of nanoparticles

Astronomy & Space news

	Four new 'hot Jupiter' exoplanets discovered Four new "hot Jupiter" extrasolar planets have been detected as part of the Hungarian-made Automated Telescope Network-South (HATSouth) exoplanet survey. The newly found alien worlds are generally similar in size, but vary widely in mass. The discovery is detailed in a paper published April 4 on the arXiv pre-print server.
	Dense stellar clusters may foster black hole megamergers When LIGO's twin detectors first picked up faint wobbles in their respective, identical mirrors, the signal didn't just provide first direct detection of gravitational waves—it also confirmed the existence of stellar binary black holes, which gave rise to the signal in the first place.
	Tiny distortions in universe's oldest light reveal clearer picture of strands in cosmic web Scientists have decoded faint distortions in the patterns of the universe's earliest light to map huge tubelike structures invisible to our eyes – known as filaments – that serve as superhighways for delivering matter to dense hubs such as galaxy clusters.
	Swarm tracks elusive ocean magnetism The magnetic field is arguably one of the most mysterious features of our planet. ESA's Swarm mission is continually yielding more insight into how our protective shield is generated, how it behaves and how it is changing. Adding yet another string to its bow, Swarm is now tracking changes in the magnetic field produced in the oceans in more detail that ever before.
	ExoMars poised to start science mission The Trace Gas Orbiter has reached its final orbit after a year of 'aerobraking' that ended in February. This exciting operation saw the craft skimming through the very top of the upper atmosphere, using drag on its solar wings to transform its initial highly elliptical four-day orbit of about 200 x 98 000 km into the final, much lower and near-circular path at about 400 km.
	Outback radio telescope listens in on interstellar visitor A telescope in outback Western Australia has been used to listen to a mysterious cigar-shaped object that entered our Solar System late last year.
	Traveling into space – safely, quickly and cost-effectively Low Earth orbit increasingly resembles an overcrowded junkyard. Disused satellites, burned-out rocket stages and thousands of pieces of debris produced by collisions – all these things pose a threat to infrastructure in space. Fraunhofer researchers have developed a new radar system and other technologies to give spacecraft better protection against space junk. And that is not all: By virtue of an agile small satellite, the scientists are now also making access to space quicker and more cost-effective.
	New tool helps minimize impact of solar activity University of Saskatchewan researcher Lindsay Goodwin has developed a new way to measure the impact of solar activity on the ionosphere as indicated by northern lights and geomagnetic storms. The ionosphere is the upper part of the atmosphere.
	A magnetar just woke up after three years of silence When stars reach the end of their main sequence, they undergo a gravitational collapse, ejecting their outermost layers in a supernova explosion. What remains afterward is a dense, spinning core primarily made up of neutrons (aka. a neutron star), of which only 3000 are known to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy. An even rarer subset of neutron stars are magnetars, only two dozen of which are known in our galaxy.
	Newly discovered supernova remnants only reveal themselves at the highest gamma-ray energies The H.E.S.S. telescopes have surveyed the Milky Way for the past 15 years searching for sources of gamma radiation. The H.E.S.S. collaboration includes scientists of the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the University of Tübingen led by Professor Andrea Santangelo and Dr. Gerd Pühlhofer. They are interested in sources of very high energy gamma radiation in the TeV energy range, i.e. in the range of 1012 electron volts, corresponding to a trillion of the energy of visible light photons. For the first time they have been able to classify celestial objects using only the emission of this kind of radiation: very likely they are supernova remnants, which are celestial objects that emerge after the explosion of massive stars. The results are published in a special edition of the scientific journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, which appears on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the H.E.S.S. telescopes with the largest set of science results of the project to date.
Inside an asteroid Why Perth scientists are hoping to score asteroid fragments brought back to Earth by an ambitious space mission.

Technology news

	This imaging sensor is powered by sunlight A simultaneous imaging and energy harvesting sensor is in the news. Samuel Moore at IEEE Spectrum informed readers that a team of four from University of Michigan published their paper describing what they achieved. They built a prototype sensor, and what it does—-think of a future camera that just about watches you non-stop—is described in the journal, IEEE Electron Device Letters.
	What is the optimal way to diversify an economy? One of the eternal challenges of economic development is how to identify the economic activities that a country, city, or region should target. During recent years, a large body of research has shown that countries, regions, and cities, are more likely to enter economic activities that are related to the ones they already have. For instance, a region specialized in the exports of frozen fish and crustaceans can more easily start exporting fresh fish than heavy machinery. This research has illuminated a new chapter in the economic development literature, but also, it has left an important question unanswered: what is the right strategy for countries wanting to diversify their economy?
	Researchers propose a blockchain data network to boost manufacturing Researchers at North Carolina State University are proposing the creation of a public, open-source network that uses blockchains – the technology behind cryptocurrencies – to share verifiable manufacturing data. The system could be used as a peer-to-peer network that allows companies to find small- and medium-sized manufacturers that are capable of producing specific components on a reliable basis.
	New sodium-ion electrolyte may find use in solid-state batteries A newly discovered structure of a sodium-based material allows the materials to be used as an electrolyte in solid-state batteries, according to researchers from Penn State and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The team is fine-tuning the material using an iterative design approach that they hope will shave years off the time from research to everyday use.
	Tiny injectable sensor could provide unobtrusive, long-term alcohol monitoring Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed a miniature, ultra-low power injectable biosensor that could be used for continuous, long-term alcohol monitoring. The chip is small enough to be implanted in the body just beneath the surface of the skin and is powered wirelessly by a wearable device, such as a smartwatch or patch.
	Engineers build smallest volume, most efficient wireless nerve stimulator In 2016, University of California, Berkeley, engineers demonstrated the first implanted, ultrasonic neural dust sensors, bringing closer the day when a Fitbit-like device could monitor internal nerves, muscles or organs in real time. Now, Berkeley engineers have taken neural dust a step forward by building the smallest volume, most efficient wireless nerve stimulator to date.
	Making computer animation more agile, acrobatic—and realistic It's still easy to tell computer-simulated motions from the real thing - on the big screen or in video games, simulated humans and animals often move clumsily, without the rhythm and fluidity of their real-world counterparts.
	Apple turns green, claiming '100% clean energy' Apple said Monday it had achieved a goal of "100 percent clean energy" for its facilities around the world.
	Ubisoft aims to rack up five billion players with Tencent deal Fresh from winning a long corporate battle, French video game powerhouse Ubisoft is aiming for a tenfold surge in its global playing audience after securing a partnership with Chinese internet giant Tencent.
	Is Facebook really changing? Or just trimming its data haul? Lost amid a flurry of Facebook announcements about privacy settings and data access is a much more fundamental question: Is Facebook really changing its relationship with users, or just tinkering around the edges of a deeper problem—its insatiable appetite for the data it uses to sell ads?
	Sensors in public spaces can help create cities that are both smart and sociable How are smart cities meant to meet citizen needs? Big data from a network of sensors can give managers and planners a real-time, big-picture overview of traffic flows, public transport patronage, and water and power use. However, the needs of people in the city must be met at both the meta and micro levels.
	CFRP recycling—into the battery instead of the garbage Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics are gaining importance as components of aircraft. The trend is increasing the need for sustainable recycling concepts. At the ILA from April 25 to 29, 2018 in Berlin, Fraunhofer will present a technology that converts recycled carbon fibers into materials for batteries and fuel cells. This saves costs, improves the CO2 balance and opens up new means of recycling in aircraft production.
	Scientific challenges and opportunities for remediating radioactive waste One of the nation's enduring scientific challenges has been to find effective ways of remediating millions of gallons of chemical and radioactive waste remaining from Cold War activities. Now a team of experts has combed through more than 100 studies to determine what is known of the complex chemical and rheological aspects of the waste and identify scientific issues that must be resolved to finally reach the end goal of cleanup.
Tackling the toughest questions with NanoSIMS It may take a village to raise a child, according to the old proverb, but it takes an entire team of highly trained scientists and engineers to install and operate a state-of-the-art, exceptionally complex ion microprobe. Just ask Julie Smith, a nuclear security scientist at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
	After Uber, Tesla incidents, can artificial intelligence be trusted? Given the choice of riding in an Uber driven by a human or a self-driving version, which would you choose?
	The fight for clean emissions continues It is exactly 20 years since experts from Empa and VERT published the first test results on diesel particle filters. Today, more than 300 million vehicles worldwide are fitted with such filters. However, a VERT conference held at the Empa Academy revealed why the emission problem is by no means over.
	The dark secrets of social media dark patterns Tweeting praise or criticism gives you more power—and can pose a greater potential threat—than you may know, according to Michigan State University research.
	Volkswagen says considering board 'changes', may name new CEO Scandal-hit car giant Volkswagen said Tuesday it was considering reshuffling its board and that chief executive Matthias Mueller could be replaced, although no decision has yet been made.
	EU court backs France ban of Uber service without notifying Brussels The EU's top court on Tuesday dealt another blow to US ridesharing giant Uber by backing the right of France and other member states to ban an illegal taxi service without notifying Brussels regulators.
	D-Day for Facebook, Zuckerberg before skeptical lawmakers Facebook chief Mark Zuckerberg was set for a fiery face-off on Capitol Hill Tuesday as he attempts to quell a firestorm over privacy and security lapses at the social network that have angered lawmakers and the site's two billion users.
Zuckerberg says company working with Mueller probe (Update) Apologetic Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg told senators Tuesday it had been "clearly a mistake" to believe the Trump-linked data-mining company Cambridge Analytica had discarded data that it had harvested from social media users in an attempt to sway 2016 elections.
	Facebook sends privacy alerts to affected users Facebook has begun alerting some users that their data was swept up in the Cambridge Analytica privacy scandal.
	What social media platforms and search engines know about you The Facebook scandal involving the harvesting of data from tens of millions of users has raised a lot of questions about social media and search engines.
Facebook's biggest Black Lives Matter page was reportedly fake, according to CNN One of Facebook's biggest pages devoted to the Black Lives Matter movement was reportedly fake.
	What to do if Facebook says your info was used by Cambridge Analytica With Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg set to testify before Congress on the scandal involving data firm Cambridge Analytica, the social network is informing individual users their profiles may have been used for the firm's political targeting without their consent.
	Airbus to offer sleeping berths down in cargo hold Soon when you fly in an Airbus jet and you fancy a bit of shut-eye, all you will need do is make your way down to the cargo hold.
	Yes, Mark Zuckerberg will wear a suit for Congress testimony Yes, Mark Zuckerberg will wear a suit.
	Air France says 7 days of strikes cost company 170 mn euros Air France said Tuesday that seven day-long strikes since February by workers demanding higher pay are set to cost it 170 million euros ($209 million).
	Backpage co-founders, executives indicted on prostitution charges Two co-founders of Backpage and top executives of the classified advertising website have been indicted on charges of enabling prostitution and money laundering.
	Jet Airways rules out Air India bid Jet Airways on Tuesday became the latest major Indian airline to rule out a bid for debt-laden national carrier Air India in a new blow to the government's privatisation plans.
	Fly with individually air-conditioned seats In cooperation with its partner Gentherm, Fraunhofer has developed an air-conditioned business class seat (Aviation Double Seat). The seat features a combination of seat ventilation by means of fans and thermal regulation by seat heating. This leads to an optimal temperature control of the seat surface as well as a continuous moisture removal. The result is a permanently comfortable, dry climate on the seat surface. The Aviation Double Seat will be on display at the ILA Berlin 2018 at the joint Fraunhofer booth 229 in Hall 2 from April 25th to 29th and will soon be launched on the market.
	Automated lightweight construction reduces weight and costs The aircraft of the future flies electrically and autonomously, is feather-light and can be conveniently produced in a fully automated manner. While the electrification and permanent autopilot are still in their infancy, lightweight construction is already indispensable today. Digital manufacturing processes are about to be applied. Fraunhofer will present new automated production technologies for lightweight construction materials at the ILA, the largest innovation trade fair in the aerospace industry, at the Berlin ExpoCenter Airport from April 25 to 29, 2018.
	Lifespan of new solar cell technologies to increase tenfold Armi Tiihonen defended her doctoral dissertation at Aalto University 6 April 2018 on the ageing of new kinds of perovskite and dye-sensitised solar cells. She has developed ways to increase the lifetime of solar cells and also proposes ways to improve ageing tests for them.
The story of techlash, and how the future might be different Are you over social media? Are you disillusioned with a seemingly relentless pace of change? Does the future really, really worry you? You're not alone.
	Recovering SAS orders 50 Airbus A320-neos SAS said Tuesday it had ordered 50 Airbus A320-neos for its short and medium-haul routes, a sign of improving fortunes for the Scandinavian carrier after some difficult years.
	Researchers develop more comprehensive acoustic scene analysis method Researchers have demonstrated an improved method for audio analysis machines to process our noisy world. Their approach hinges on the combination of scalograms and spectrograms—the visual representations of audio—as well as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the learning tool machines use to better analyze visual images. In this case, the visual images are used to analyze audio to better identify and classify sound.
	Milestone for next-gen solid-state batteries to power future long-range electrical vehicles Imec, the world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics, energy and digital technologies and partner in EnergyVille, has fabricated an innovative type of solid-state Li-ion battery achieving an energy density of 200 Wh/liter at a charging speed of 0.5C (2 hours). This battery is a milestone on our roadmap to surpass wet Li-ion battery performance and reach 1000Wh/L at 2C by 2024. With this clear performance engineering path, imec's battery technology is ready to become a contender to power tomorrow's fast-charging, long-haul vehicles.
Could you do it? Trips that ban cellphones, even for photos Would you take a trip without your cellphone?
	Indonesia's Lion Air buying 50 Boeing 737's in $6.2 bn deal Indonesia's Lion Air is buying 50 Boeing 737 MAX 10 airplanes in a deal valued at about $6.2 billion, the firms said Tuesday, as the carrier looks to cash in on a transport boom in the Southeast Asian nation.
	Silicon Valley wunderkind Zuckerberg in eye of the storm His goal was to change the world with computer code, but now Mark Zuckerberg is facing the test of his life in rescuing Facebook from a deepening crisis over its failure to protect privacy and thwart manipulation.
Apple announces (PRODUCT)RED iPhone 8 and 8 Plus models to help combat AIDS Apple announced red versions of the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, special edition models that will be available for pre-order online on Tuesday and in stores on Friday. The red 8 and 8 Plus start at $699 and $799, respectively for the 64GB model, and climb to $849 and $949, for 256GB. Those are the same prices as Apple charges for iPhone 8s and 8 Plus's in other colors.

Medicine & Health news

	Scientists induce sensations of touch and movement in the arm of a paralyzed man For the first time, scientists at Caltech have induced natural sensations in the arm of a paralyzed man by stimulating a certain region of the brain with a tiny array of electrodes. The patient has a high-level spinal cord lesion and, besides not being able to move his limbs, also cannot feel them. The work could one day allow paralyzed people using prosthetic limbs to feel physical feedback from sensors placed on these devices.
	New way of defining Alzheimer's aims to find disease sooner Government and other scientists are proposing a new way to define Alzheimer's disease—basing it on biological signs, such as brain changes, rather than memory loss and other symptoms of dementia that are used today.
	Mom's marijuana winds up in breast milk (HealthDay)—Breast-feeding has known benefits for both baby and mom, but if a new mom also smokes marijuana, does the drug turn up in her breast milk?
	Sleepless nights show ties to Alzheimer's risk Even one night of lost sleep may cause the brain to fill with protein chunks that have long been linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease, a new study warns.
	Large-scale replication study challenges key evidence for the pro-active reading brain When people read or listen to a conversation, their pro-active brains sometimes predict which word comes next. But a scientific team led by the MPI for Psycholinguistics now demonstrates that the predictive function of the human language system may operate differently than the field has come to believe in the last decade. Their study is the first large-scale, multi-laboratory replication effort for the field of cognitive neuroscience.
	Female body shape gene may increase risk of type 2 diabetes Scientists at the University of Oxford have identified a gene that in women is linked to the creation and location of new fat cells and in turn contributes to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
	Researchers grow capillaries with a neural organoid A team of researchers at UC Davis has succeeded in growing capillaries on and into a neural organoid. In their paper published in the journal NeuroReport, the group describes how they grew capillaries with the organoid and their hopes that such research will one day lead to therapies for treating brain damage in people.
	Discovery sheds new light on how neurodegenerative diseases might occur Researchers from the University of Leicester have shed new light on how neurons in the brain communicate with one another. This could potentially help in our understanding of how and why a range of neurodegenerative diseases occur.
	Gene that makes humans eat more sugar can also lower body fat You are what you eat, the old saying goes. But it turns out that may be backwards. What if, in fact, you eat certain things because of who you are? Scientists have known since 2013 that a common version of the gene FGF21 makes us consume more carbohydrates. Now, for the first time, a group of researchers is showing that, despite the effect it has on diet, this gene variant actually decreases fat in the body. The results appear April 10 in the journal Cell Reports.
	Study highlights the health and economic benefits of a US salt reduction strategy New research, published in PLOS Medicine, conducted by researchers at the University of Liverpool, Imperial College London, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts and collaborators as part of the Food-PRICE project, highlights the potential health and economic impact of the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration's proposed voluntary salt policy.
Gender gap in academic medicine has negative impact, but there are simple solutions Existing gender gaps in academic medicine may have a negative impact on workplace culture and organizational effectiveness, but there are simple, systems-based solutions, suggests a new study.
	Rats, cats, and people trade-off as main course for mosquitoes in Baltimore, Md. Understanding how neighborhood dynamics regulate mosquito bites is key to managing diseases like West Nile virus and Zika virus. Today in Parasites & Vectors, researchers report that in Baltimore, Maryland, socioeconomic differences between neighborhoods influence bite risk, with rats being a primary blood meal source in lower income neighborhoods.
Review by researcher calls for pill testing to be part of Australia's Drug Strategy On-site testing of 'party drug' pills could reduce the harms caused by drug use and potentially save lives, according to an independent review of Australia's National Drug Strategy, published in the open access Harm Reduction Journal.
	Later school start times really do improve sleep time The study aimed to investigate the short and longer-term impact of a 45-min delay in school start time on sleep and well-being of adolescents.
	New method lets doctors quickly assess severity of brain injuries A new way to rapidly assess levels of consciousness in people with head injuries could improve patient care.
	New biological research framework for Alzheimer's seeks to spur discovery The research community now has a new framework toward developing a biologically-based definition of Alzheimer's disease. This proposed "biological construct" is based on measurable changes in the brain and is expected to facilitate better understanding of the disease process and the sequence of events that lead to cognitive impairment and dementia. With this construct, researchers can study Alzheimer's, from its earliest biological underpinnings to outward signs of memory loss and other clinical symptoms, which could result in a more precise and faster approach to testing drug and other interventions.
	New research framework defines Alzheimer's by brain changes, not symptoms "NIA-AA Research Framework: Towards a Biological Definition of Alzheimer's Disease" was published today in the April 2018 issue of Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association. First author Clifford R. Jack, Jr., M.D., of Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN and colleagues propose shifting the definition of Alzheimer's disease in living people - for use in research - from the current one, based on cognitive changes and behavioral symptoms with biomarker confirmation, to a strictly biological construct. This represents a major evolution in how we think about Alzheimer's.
	Concussion increases the risk of prolonged headache woes "Most people with a mild head injury take off work for a week and then forget about it, but some end up with long-term ailments like headaches," says Lena Hoem Nordhaug, a PhD candidate in neuromedicine at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
Researchers explore little-known, deadly fungal infections A new study by Althea Campuzano, Ph.D. a student at The University of Texas at San Antonio, and Floyd Wormley, Jr., Professor of Biology and Senior Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies, sheds light on little-known fungal infections caused by the fungus Cryptococcus. There are currently no vaccines available for any fungal infection, which can be extremely deadly to patients under treatment for diseases like HIV, AIDS and cancer. Campuzano and Wormley suggest that more research is needed to develop an effective solution to these infections.
	Study: Almost 100 million adults have COPD in China Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is widespread in China with 8.6 percent of the country's adult population - almost 100 million people -suffering from the chronic lung disease, according to a new Tulane University study published in The Lancet.
	Common antidepressants in pregnancy may alter fetal brain development (HealthDay)—Pregnant women who take certain antidepressants may unknowingly compromise the brain development of their child, researchers suggest.
	Expert tips for taming oily skin (HealthDay)—Oily skin isn't all bad. And there are a number of things you can do to control it, an expert says.
	Asthma as kid, stiffer arteries as an adult? Having asthma as a child is associated with developing stiff arteries earlier in adulthood, according to a new study.
	Pharmacists play role in cutting hospital-acquired infections (HealthDay)—Pharmacists have been involved in the recent progress made toward reducing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), according to an article published in Drug Topics.
Baby apps leave parents feeling guilty and pressured, research says Some new parents are deleting phone apps that give advice on looking after their babies because they make them feel guilty and inferior, new research says.
	Technology holds personalised cancer vaccine breakthrough University of Queensland researchers have developed a vaccine delivery technology that enables treatment to be tailored precisely for different cancers.
	Risk stages defined for children with chronic kidney disease Experts in pediatric kidney disease have published a new staging system to help doctors better predict the length of time until a child with chronic kidney disease (CKD) will need to undergo a kidney transplant or start receiving dialysis. Although this type of prognostic guide exists for adults, this is the first such tool specific to children.
	Warning signs: New US health study reveals 'dangerous disparities' among states Working-age Americans in 21 states faced a higher probability of premature death from 1990 to 2016, according to the most extensive state-by-state US health study ever conducted.
Cancer risk rises as patients wait for diagnostic testing The longer a patient with a positive screening result waits for diagnostic testing, the worse their cancer outcomes may become, according to a literature review of breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung studies in the journal CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians led by researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
	Heart screening could protect hundreds from stroke Testing Māori and Pacific people for an irregular heartbeat earlier could spare hundreds of people from stroke each year, a University of Auckland study has found.
	Better post-hospital care needed for nursing home residents An intervention approach that involves structured visits to healthcare professionals for nursing home residents after hospital discharge halves their chance of readmission and visits to emergency rooms, according to new research by UNSW.
	When weight loss helps with sleep Carefully managed weight loss has been linked to improvements in obstructive sleep apnoea, a common problem that contributes to a range of short and long-term health issues.
	Protecting young adults' sexual health Gilla Shapiro studies clinical psychology at McGill. She earned her BA and MA in Social and Political Sciences at the University of Cambridge and dual degrees in public policy and public administration at the Hertie School of Governance and London School of Economics and Political Science. Gilla became interested in understanding and promoting sexual health during her doctoral research examining the relationship between sexually transmitted diseases (such as HPV) and cancer prevention.
	Research shows we're stronger than we think, especially as we age Alberto Salazar won the first marathon he entered. He was 22. In 1980, he won the New York City Marathon and went on to win it again in 1981, finishing with a time of 2:08:13 and setting a new course record.
	Scientist searches for alternatives to opioids Since ancient times, humans have used opium and its derivatives to block pain. Yet in all that time, no one has found a solution to two main side effects of opioids—addiction and overdose.
Income inequality impacts obesity in children National income and income inequality impacts on body size of children and adolescents according to new research from the University of Auckland.
	Analysis of 32 studies shows preschool, daycare do not raise asthma risk A study that involved combing through more than 50 years of data to assess the link between asthma and daycare and preschool attendance may provide welcome reassurance to working parents. Early child care does not boost children's risk for developing this common respiratory disease, according to the study led by researchers at UCSF and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco.
	How does your fitness compare with an elite athlete? Think you can give those Commonwealth Games athletes a run for their money?
	Jamming the signal The formation of blood clots in atherosclerotic arteries results in myocardial infarction and stroke. New research at LMU now demonstrates that low doses of agents developed to treat leukemia can selectively inhibit atherosclerotic plaque-induced thrombus formation.
	Weight loss is an important predictor of cancer Unintended weight loss is the second highest risk factor for some forms of cancer, concludes the first robust research analysis to examine the association.
	New class of drugs could help tackle treatment-resistant cancers Researchers have discovered a new class of drug that has the potential to help cancer patients who no longer respond to existing therapies.
	Japanese confirmed as world's oldest living man aged 112 Masazo Nonaka from Japan was recognised Tuesday as the world's oldest man at the ripe old age of 112, as his family revealed his secret: sweets and hot baths.
	EU set to miss target for halving road deaths by 2020 The EU admitted Tuesday it is unlikely to hit its target of halving road deaths by 2020, saying that efforts to improve safety reduced fatalities by just 300 last year.
	How intestinal bacteria can affect your blood sugar and lipid levels Intestinal bacteria have attracted recent attention since they were discovered to influence various physiological functions and diseases in humans. Researchers from Kumamoto University in Japan analyzing the influence of changes in intestinal bacteria on sugar and lipid metabolism have found that secondary bile acids produced by the bacteria can influence blood glucose and lipid concentrations as well as parts of their molecular mechanisms. This result is expected to lead to the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and dyslipidemia by targeting intestinal bacteria that produce secondary bile acid.
	Early 'chemobrain' intervention needed for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy More support is needed to help breast cancer patients and survivors manage 'chemobrain' symptoms, such as memory loss, short attention span and mental confusion, according to a study led by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS).
	What is hepatitis A and how can you get it from eating frozen fruit? Seven people in New South Wales have been diagnosed with hepatitis A after eating imported frozen pomegranate seeds from Coles. Although still under investigation, the company responsible for production recalled the implicated product as a precaution.
	Stock investors on higher floors take more risks – here's why Stocks have been on a bumpy ride lately as concerns over a trade war prompt investors to rethink their appetite for risk.
	Cohesive neighborhoods, less spanking result in fewer child welfare visits The child welfare system is more likely to intervene in households in "less neighborly" neighborhoods and in which parents spank their kids, a new study shows.
	Efforts to transform healthcare led to better asthma outcomes Over the past decade, how patients receive their care in clinics has been transforming, from traditional primary care to patient-centered medical homes. These "homes" focus on team-based, coordinated, and whole-person care instead of short-term, episodic, or fragmented care seen earlier in primary care. While research has shown patient-centered medical homes can lead to improved care, University of Minnesota researchers set out to discover why that might be the case.
	Fathers missing in childhood obesity interventions, study finds Research shows that fathers play an important role in their children's eating and physical activity habits, but a new study has found that dads are rarely included in family-based interventions designed to prevent childhood obesity.
	DNA testing can rapidly solve Legionnaires' disease outbreaks A DNA test method called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed New York City health officials to identify the source of a Legionnaires' disease outbreak within hours of specimen collection and should be considered in all Legionnaires' outbreak investigations, researchers say in the April issue of the Journal of Environmental Health.
School-based yoga can help children better manage stress and anxiety Participating in yoga and mindfulness activities at school helps third-graders exhibiting anxiety improve their wellbeing and emotional health, according to a new Tulane University study published in the journal Psychology Research and Behavior Management.
New drug combo improves survival of women with rare uterine cancer Adding the monoclonal antibody drug trastuzumab—already used to treat certain breast cancers—to the chemotherapy regimen of women with a rare form of uterine cancer lengthens the amount of time their tumors are kept from growing, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers conducting a small phase II trial of the regimen, testing its safety and value.
	Hepatitis C: A novel point-of-care assay One of the major challenges identified by the WHO in efforts to eradicate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the diagnosis of chronic cases that are generally asymptomatic. Major progress is required for new diagnostic techniques that can be "decentralized", in other words accessed by populations and countries with limited resources. Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and Inserm, in collaboration with the company genedrive, have developed and validated a rapid, reliable, point-of-care HCV assay. This new screening assay means that patients can begin treatment for the disease as soon as they are diagnosed. The results have been published in the journal Gut on April 4th, 2018.
Sex and race disparities in cardiovascular health could be reduced Substantial sex and racial gaps exist for cardiac rehabilitation referral at hospital discharge, especially among females, African-Americans, Hispanic and Asian patients leading to less favorable outcomes and/or survival rates.
Research suggests alternative treatment for beta blocker intolerant heart attack patients Beta blockers have become a prescription drug staple for recovering heart attack patients. However, these blood pressure-reducing medications cannot be tolerated by many patients who are at higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease, including those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, the elderly, and diabetics. As seen in the March 26 issue of Thyroid, researchers at New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYITCOM) now pose a new treatment for patients with beta blocker intolerance: thyroid hormone therapy.
	Lack of vegetable choices in infant and toddler food is widespread Eat your vegetables is a well-worn message that weary parents have been giving reluctant children at the dinner table for generations.
Impact of Medicare annual wellness visit on detection of cognitive impairment is minimal In the first nationwide study to measure the effect of the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit on early identification of cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer's disease, researchers from the Indiana University Center for Aging Research, Regenstrief Institute and IU Center for Health Innovation and Implementation Science found the visit has only minimal impact on detection of cognitive impairment as well as on subsequent cognitive testing and care.
	Patients with high-risk clinical features are at high risk for acute aortic dissection Patients with one or more high-risk clinical features (tearing pain, hypotension, pulse deficit, neurologic deficit, new murmur) should be considered high risk for acute aortic dissection (AAD). That is the finding of a study to be published in the April 2018 issue of Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM), a journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM).
Blood test may predict future risk of cardiovascular events Despite heart disease and type 2 diabetes being among the leading causes of death in the U.S., the mechanisms leading to and linking these two diseases remain incompletely understood. A new study by investigators at Brigham and Women's Hospital may help shed light on a molecular pathway that heart disease and diabetes share, and points to a biomarker that is elevated in women at risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The team's results were presented by Diedre Tobias, ScD, at the AHA Epidemiology and Lifestyle meeting and simultaneously published in Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine.
	Study identifies new molecular target for treating deadly lung disease IPF Scientists searching for a therapy to stop the deadly and mostly untreatable lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), found a new molecular target that slows or stops the illness in preclinical laboratory tests.
Newly discovered biomarkers could be key to predicting severity of brain tumor recurrence Researchers have identified specific predictive biomarkers that could help assess the level of risk for recurrence in patients with malignant glioma. The study, led by Henry Ford Health System's Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Public Health Sciences, was published today in Cell Reports.
Gene jumpstarts regeneration of damaged nerve cells Searching the entire genome, a Yale research team has identified a gene that when eliminated can spur regeneration of axons in nerve cells severed by spinal cord injury.
Better diagnosing heart transplant rejection and injury The results of an international clinical trial for a new system of diagnosing heart transplant rejection and injury will be presented publicly for the first time at the International Society for Heart & Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) annual meeting, which will take place on April 11 and 12 in Nice, France.
	Study: Many teens and young women think STDs can't happen to them Many young women and their doctors remain uncomfortable talking about sexually transmitted diseases, and these patients often underestimate their risk, according to a new report by a major health services provider.
Medical breakthrough: Seattle man is first adult to get new gene therapy for vision Toby Willis gave up on medical miracles long ago.
	Free-range parenting laws letting kids roam could catch on After Utah passed the country's first law legalizing so-called free-range parenting, groups in states from New York to Texas are pushing for similar steps to bolster the idea that supporters say is an antidote for anxiety-plagued parents and overscheduled kids.
Large-scale study links PCOS to mental health disorders Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common hormone condition among young women, are prone to mental health disorders, and their children face an increased risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), according to a new study published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
	Even toddlers endangered by opioids, other addictive drugs (HealthDay)—The youngest victims of America's addiction crisis are not the teenagers tempted by tobacco, pot and pills.
	Video games may be OK for toddlers—if mom or dad join in (HealthDay)—Parents, you may be able to stop feeling guilty about letting your toddlers play video games—as long as you're playing with them.
	Help for when you're wide-eyed at 3 a.m. (HealthDay)—Something like this has happened to most of us: You wake up, wide awake, only to discover that it's 3 a.m. Suddenly your mind fills with worry about how hard tomorrow will be if you don't get more sleep. The problem is, you toss and turn and can't get back to sleep.
	Income-based disparities seen in pediatric hospitalizations (HealthDay)—There are pervasive income-based disparities in pediatric inpatient bed-day rates, according to a study published in the April issue of Health Affairs.
	Whole body CT doesn't cut mortality in peds blunt trauma (HealthDay)—Whole body computed tomography (WBCT) is not associated with reduced mortality compared with a selective CT approach among children with blunt trauma, according to a study published online April 9 in JAMA Pediatrics.
	DPP-4I not tied to increased risk of acute pancreatitis in seniors (HealthDay)—For older adults, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is) are not associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis, according to a study published online April 4 in Diabetes Care.
	Number of IUD insertions up after ACA contraceptive mandate (HealthDay)—Women in insurance plans with the greatest drop in out-of-pocket cost after the Affordable Care Act's contraceptive mandate had the greatest gains in intrauterine device (IUD) placement, according to a study published online April 9 in Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Task force identifies ways US health care systems can learn from the world Millions of Americans have the same life expectancy as the American national average in the 1970s, according to a new task force report from the Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. But surprisingly, there are lessons to be learned by the United States in improving community health from low- and middle-income countries such as Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Brazil that have seen dramatic gains in life expectancy, according to The Task Force on Global Advantage findings.
	Hospital ownership of practice may reduce physician burnout Physicians have joined larger groups and hospital systems in the face of multiple challenges across the health care landscape. In a recently published article in the Annals of Family Medicine entitled "Effect of Practice Ownership on Work Environment, Learning Culture, Psychological Safety, and Burnout," Alison Cuellar, PhD, et al, examine whether there are differences across practice ownership in self-reported work environment, a practice culture of learning, psychological safety, and burnout.
	The search is on for a treatment target for acute kidney injury When you have diabetes then get an acute kidney injury there is a multiplier effect that can worsen your prognosis and destroy your kidneys.
Interventions to decrease cardiovascular disease are not one-size-fits-all In a recently published study in the Annals of Family Medicine, Aimee English, MD, et al, describe a cluster-randomized trial evaluating the differential impact on cardiovascular disease care of engaging patients and communities in practice transformation in addition to standard practice facilitation support.
Practice leaders' and facilitators' perspectives on quality improvement may differ Practice facilitation is a promising approach to helping medical practices implement quality improvements. In a recently published study in the Annals of Family Medicine, Megan McHugh, et al, aimed to describe practice facilitators' and practice leaders' perspectives on implementation of a practice facilitator-supported quality improvement program and describe where their perspectives aligned and diverged.
Solo medical practices outperform groups in treatment of cardiac disease In a recently published article in the Annals of Family Medicine, Donna Shelley, MD, MPH, et al, aimed to describe small, independent primary care practices' performance in meeting the Million Hearts ABCSs (aspirin use, blood pressure control, cholesterol management, and smoking screening and counseling), as well as on a composite measure that captured the extent to which multiple clinical targets are achieved for patients with a history of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. They also explored relationships between practice characteristics and ABCS measures.
Major disruptions are frequent in primary care In primary care practices, sustainability of performance improvements and ability to deliver continuity of care to patients can be adversely affected by major disruptive events, such as relocations and changes in ownership, clinicians, and key staff.
Use of quality improvement strategies among US primary care practices Improving primary care quality is a national priority, but little is known about the extent to which small- to medium-size practices use quality improvement strategies to improve care.
Recruiting practices is costly The methods and costs to enroll small primary care practices in large, regional quality improvement initiatives are unknown, according to a recently published article in the Annals of Family Medicine entitled "Engaging Primary Care Practices in Studies of Improvement: Did You Budget Enough for Practice Recruitment?" Lyle Fagnan, MD, et al, explored the recruitment approach, cost, and resources required to recruit and enroll 500 practices in the Northwest and Midwest regional cooperatives participating in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)-funded initiative, EvidenceNOW: Advancing Heart Health in Primary Care.
	Associating frailty to cardiovascular disease and mortality Frailty is common in elderly people with cardiovascular disease and goes along with elevated mortality. However, no consensus exists on the definition of frailty. Many scores have been developed to assess frailty and to make predictions on disease and mortality, but there is no gold standard. Dr Gloria Aguayo from the Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH) and co-workers examined the predictive ability of 35 frailty scores for cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The analysis, recently published in a special issued of PLOS Medicine on cardiovascular disease and multimorbidity, reveals that all frailty scores are associated with future mortality, and that some are linked to cardiovascular disease but none to cancer. The study underscores that the comparative evaluation of strength of associations between health outcomes in elderly people provides a solid evidence base for researchers and health professionals.
	Review examines everything we know about Internet gaming disorder An analysis of all published articles on internet gaming disorder (IGD) notes that the condition has a complex psychosocial background, and many personal, neurobiological, familial, and environmental factors may put certain individuals at increased risk.
Contrast-enhanced subharmonic imaging detects prostate cancers not identified by MRI A test of contrast-enhanced subharmonic imaging (SHI) has shown promise in detecting prostate cancers that were not identified by MRI, according to a study to be presented at the ARRS 2018 Annual Meeting, set for April 22-27 in Washington, DC.
	Fake pot likely tainted with rat poison kills 3, sickens 100 Fake marijuana likely contaminated with rat poison has killed three people in Illinois and caused severe bleeding in more than 100 others, including a few in four other states.

Biology news

	Sperm whale 'clicks' help scientists understand behaviour Scientists have recorded thousands of hours of "clicks" that sperm whales make to forage for food and communicate, helping them better understand the behaviour of one of the Southern Ocean's key predators.
	Researchers trace biological development via CRISPER-Cas9-induced scarring on DNA Technologies such as RNA sequencing are now revealing which genes are expressed in each individual cell. All cells can then be arranged systematically using similar expression profiles. Dr. Jan Philipp Junker, head of the Quantitative Developmental Biology research group at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), says, "Whenever we use such a technology to examine an organ or an organism, we find not only familiar cell types, but also unknown and rare ones. The next question is obvious—where do these different types come from?" Junker's team is has now published a paper in Nature Biotechnology that describes a technique called LINNAEUS that enables researchers to determine the cell type as well as the lineage of each cell.
	Repeat spawning comes with tradeoffs for trout Steelhead trout that spawn multiple times have more than twice the lifetime reproductive success of single spawning trout, suggesting there is a substantial benefit associated with repeat spawning. But it comes with a tradeoff, according to new research published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
	Bugs, microbes and death can inform the living It's been said that people can be judged by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University shows that what's true for the living also is true for the dead.
	Virus's 'taste' for unusual sugar could lead to new cancer treatments The way in which a rare virus attacks cells could hold the key to new therapies for aggressive brain and lung cancers, according to new research.
	Scientists records brain activity of free-flying bats Johns Hopkins University researchers have developed a way to study the brain of a bat as it flies, recording for the first time what happens as a roving animal focuses and refocuses its attention.
	Scientists uncover details of viral infections that drive environmental, human health Below the surface of systems as large and ancient as an ocean and as small and new as a human baby are communities of viruses and bacteria that interact to influence everything from worldwide oxygen levels to the likelihood a newborn will fall ill.
	Genetic screening tool identifies how the flu infiltrates cells Researchers at the University of Chicago have developed a genetic screening tool that identified two key factors that allow the influenza virus to infect human lung cells. The technique uses new gene editing tools to create a library of modified cells, each missing a different gene, allowing scientists to see which changes impact their response to flu. This in turn could identify potential targets for antiviral drugs.
	Fit for porpoise: Gene changes made 'river pig' unique China's critically endangered Yangtze River porpoise is a distinct species, meaning it cannot interbreed with other porpoise types to pass on its DNA, a major analysis of the creature's genome revealed on Tuesday.
	Study finds humans and others exposed to prenatal stress have high stress levels after birth Vertebrate species, including humans, exposed to stress prenatally tend to have higher stress hormones after birth, according to a new Dartmouth-led study published in Scientific Reports. While previous research has reported examples of maternal stress experience predicting offspring stress hormones in different species, this study is the first to empirically demonstrate the impact of prenatal stress on offspring stress hormone levels using data from all known studies across vertebrates.
	Scientists learn how to avoid a roadblock when reprogramming cells Over a decade ago, Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi made a discovery that would revolutionize biomedical research and trigger the field of regenerative medicine. They learned how to reprogram human adult cells into cells that behave like embryonic stem cells. Scientists were shocked that something so complex could be done so simply, and they had thousands of questions.
	The absence of a single mitochondrial protein causes severe inflammation The link between mitochondria and inflammation is still unclear. But it is known is that the accumulation of defective mitochondria that should have been removed causes inflammation. Scientists at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) headed by Antonio Zorzano have demonstrated that the removal of a single mitochondrial protein in mouse muscle leads to severe inflammation throughout the body, causing the premature death of the animal. This study has been published today in the EMBO Journal.
	Substance that guides ant trail is produced by symbiotic bacteria Researchers working on the Ribeirão Preto campus of the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil have discovered that a bacterium found in the microbiota associated with leafcutter ant species Atta sexdens rubropilosa produces so-called "trail pheromones," the aromatic chemical compounds used by the ants to lay a trail to their nest. An article on their findings has been published in Scientific Reports.
	Why zombie slugs could be the answer to gardeners' woes Slugs and snails are the bane of almost every vegetable planting gardener and farmer. Slugs in particular have voracious appetites and are relentless in eating stems, leaves and shoots. No wonder gardeners have sought any means to control the spread of this crop killer. Unfortunately, the most common response – slug pellets – can have a terrible effect on other wildlife. One alternative is the parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, a nematode worm which naturally kills slugs and snails.
	Reading the entire human genome – one long sentence at a time Fifteen years ago, the Human Genome Project announced they had cracked the code of life. Nonetheless, the published human genome map was incomplete and parts of our DNA remained to be deciphered. Now, a new study published in the journal Nature Biotechnology brings us closer to a complete genetic blueprint by using a nanotechnology-based sequencing technique.
	A new wave of rock removal could spell disaster for farmland wildlife My (DM's) perception of threatened species habitats changed the first time I encountered a population of endangered lizards living under small surface rocks in a heavily cleared grazing paddock. That was 20 years ago, at a time when land managers were well aware of the biodiversity values of conservation reserves and remnant patches of native vegetation. But back then we knew very little about the biodiversity values of the agricultural parts of the landscape.
	The fishy problem of underwater noise pollution When the famous explorer Jacques Cousteau released The Silent World, a documentary of his underwater adventures in 1953, he inspired generations of scientists to study the world's oceans.
	Human impact on sea urchin abundance Sea urchin populations are more sensitive to human activities than previously believed, according to a half-century observational study. Researchers found that changing water temperature and algal blooms strongly affected sea urchin populations and even caused some abnormal development of their larvae. The research is published in the journal Ecological Indicators.
	Ctenophores and the story of evolution in the oceans Ctenophores (pronounced "TEEN-o-fours") are mysterious ocean drifters found anywhere from the ocean's edge to the deepest parts of the ocean. Colorful, translucent, and delicate, these predators slip through ocean waters capturing other animals, typically using their long, sticky tentacles.
	Gut bacteria keeps bears healthily obese The summer sun pokes its way through the pine trees to strike the forest floor, where a bear is feasting on blueberries. She can easily get through 50 kilograms a day.
	Research paints underwater pictures with sound Silent marine robots that record sounds underwater are allowing researchers at the University of East Anglia (UEA) to listen to the oceans as never before.
	Fish have ears, so man-made noise threatens their survival An 'acoustic fog' from motorboat noise, underwater construction and other man-made marine sounds can threaten the survival of fish and their ability to communicate with each other, research has found.
	How cheetahs outsmart lions and hyenas Cheetahs in the Serengeti National Park adopt different strategies while eating to deal with threats from top predators such as lions or hyenas. A new study in Springer's journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology shows that male cheetahs and single females eat their prey as quickly as possible. Mothers with cubs, on the other hand, watch out for possible threats while their young are eating in order to give them enough time to eat their fill. The research was led by Anne Hilborn of Virginia Tech's College of Natural Resources and Environment in the US.
Report: Breakthrough on devastating citrus disease unlikely Florida's citrus industry got some dire news Tuesday from an organization that advises the federal government on science and technical matters.
	Race for Mexico's 'cocaine of the sea' pushes two species toward extinction The dried fish parts don't look like much to the novice eye, but the totoaba swim bladders discreetly displayed in this shop in Guangzhou, China sell for up to $20,000.
	Discovery of compounds that keep plants fresh A team of scientists at Nagoya University has discovered new compounds that can control stomatal movements in plants. Some of the compounds have been shown to prevent leaves from drying up suppressed withering when sprayed on rose and oat leaves. Further investigation could lead to the development of new compounds to extend the freshness of cut flowers and flower bouquets, reduce transportation costs for plants, and to confer drought resistance to crops. The study is published in Plant & Cell Physiology, and explores a new chemical approach that does not rely on classical genetic methods to regulate the stomatal openings in plants.
	Europe must sea food in a new way thanks to warming waters Aquaculture, or fish farming, is one of the world's fastest growing food sectors, providing about half of all the fish we eat. As it stands, climate change is altering our ocean's environment, causing the seawater to become warmer and impacting the marine ecosystems profoundly. How will these changes affect marine species, consumers and industries that rely on them?
	Five ivory objects that will be exempt from a proposed trade ban When Michael Gove first called for responses from the public to his plan to ban ivory sales back in October 2017, the environment secretary said a ban would "put the UK front and centre of global efforts to end the insidious trade in ivory".
	Churchill's favourite butterfly to return The UK's changing climate means conditions may now be suitable for one of Sir Winston Churchill's favourite butterflies—the black-veined white—to return, a study has revealed.
New study shows invasive Chinese privet can be well controlled with lower concentrations of herbicide Chinese privet is one of the most invasive shrubs in the southeastern United States - frequently growing in dense thickets along roadsides, on rights of way and in forests. Now the journal Invasive Plant Science and Management has good news for land managers battling the shrub. Researchers say you can achieve great control with much less herbicide than typically used.
	Beached whale dies despite rescue efforts at Argentina resort A whale that ran aground on a beach in Mar del Plata, Argentina's biggest seaside resort, has died despite rescue efforts to get it back into the sea.
	US farm lobby wants strict definition of 'meat' A major US agriculture lobbying group on Tuesday threw its weight behind an effort to keep the "meat" label off of lab-created products, including ones that employ animal cells.

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