Nature Neuroscience Contents: May 2018 Volume 21 Number 5

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Advertisement Analyze biomolecular interactions using AAV biosensors  Prepackaged and Ready-to-use Growing collection of sensors (e.g. Calcium and glutamate) CaMPARI, GCaMP3, GCaMP5, GCaMP6, jRCaMP1, jRGECO1 & iGLuSnFR Choice of promoter and the ability to include Cre inducible (FLEx-ON) expression Perfect for in vitro or in vivo models  Learn more TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2018 Volume 21, Issue 5 Editorial News & Views Brief Communications Articles   Advertisement Remember this... The failure of AD therapies in the clinic is driving the need to build strong preclinical data packages. Charles River offers comprehensive drug discovery services in patient derived cells and in vivo rodent and large animal models. Our models are tested using a customizable multi-modal approach that includes imaging, cognitive testing, PK and neurochemical profiling.   Advertisement nature.com webcasts Nature Research Custom presents a webcast on: MicroRNAs in CSF as prodromal biomarkers for Huntington's disease Date: Tuesday, May 29, 2018 Join our webcast to learn about the fundamental characteristics of microRNAs and why Huntington's disease may serve as a disease model for the assessment of biomarkers. This webcast has been produced on behalf of the sponsor who retains sole responsibility for content  Register for FREE  Sponsored by: HTG Molecular    Advertisement Nature Neuroscience: Poster on Cerebral Organoids  Emerging three-dimensional culture methods enable differentiated human stem cells to form into brain organoids or assembloids, which can be used to study evolution, development, and disease.  Available to download free online >>  Produced with support from:  STEMCELL Technologies   Editorial   Celebrating 20 years of Nature Neuroscience    p647 doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0146-9 News & Views   Yet another reason to walk instead of drive    pp648 - 649 Jennifer L. Raymond doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0142-0 Heartless beat or beatless heart?    pp649 - 651 László Acsády doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0140-2 Baby brains reflect maternal inflammation    pp651 - 653 Monica D. Rosenberg doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0134-0 Neuroscience JOBS of the week 18 PhD Positions Medical Neuroscience Medical University of Vienna Postdoctoral Position in NeuroImmunology and Behavioral Science Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Postdoctoral Fellow Positions in RNA Biology / Neurobiology Lab University of California, Riverside Assistant, Associate or Full Professor of Neuroscience NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine Faculty Positions- Neurovascular Center Thomas Jefferson University (TJU) More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Summer Program in Neuroscience, Excellence and Success 14.06.18 Wood Hole, USA More science events from Advertisement Do you have a career question?  The Naturejobs podcast features one-on-one Q&As, panel discussions and other exclusive content to help scientists with their careers. Hosted on the Naturejobs blog, the podcast is also available on iTunes and Soundcloud.  Listen today!   Brief Communications   Excitatory connections between the prelimbic and infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex show a role for the prelimbic cortex in fear extinction    pp654 - 658 Roger Marek, Li Xu, Robert K. P. Sullivan & Pankaj Sah doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0137-x Prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) mPFC are thought to mediate fear expression and fear extinction, respectively. The authors show that PL projects to IL and innervates projections to amygdala and that this connection is engaged in fear extinction.   Advertisement Searching for a new career? At Nature Research we frequently recruit talented individuals to join our editorial and publishing teams. If you have a PhD and a passion for science this may be the perfect career for you. Visit our research editorial and publishing careers website to discover more about what we do   Articles   Tbr1 instructs laminar patterning of retinal ganglion cell dendrites    pp659 - 670 Jinyue Liu, Jasmine D. S. Reggiani, Mallory A. Laboulaye, Shristi Pandey, Bin Chen et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0127-z Specific retinal connectivity depends on laminar restriction of neuronal processes. The authors show that a single transcription factor specifies a common laminar identity in dendrites of four retinal cell types, albeit via cell-type-specific means.   Synaptic nanomodules underlie the organization and plasticity of spine synapses    pp671 - 682 doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0138-9 Hruska et al. suggest an architectural basis for NMDAR-dependent spine plasticity mediated by addition of unitary pre- and postsynaptic nanomodules that function as building blocks of synaptic organization and enable structural plasticity.   Lifelong cortical myelin plasticity and age-related degeneration in the live mammalian brain    pp683 - 695 Robert A. Hill, Alice M. Li & Jaime Grutzendler doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0120-6 It is unknown if myelination patterns are fixed in adults. Using label-free & fluorescence in vivo imaging, Hill et al show lifelong internode addition to partially myelinated axons, with age-related internode loss & debris accumulation in microglia.   Myelin remodeling through experience-dependent oligodendrogenesis in the adult somatosensory cortex    pp696 - 706 Ethan G. Hughes, Jennifer L. Orthmann-Murphy, Abraham J. Langseth & Dwight E. Bergles doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0121-5 Oligodendrocytes are generated in adult somatosensory cortex, but few successfully integrate to form myelin. Sensory enrichment alters myelination patterns by enhancing oligodendrogenesis rather than altering the length of existing myelin sheaths.   Circuit dissection of the role of somatostatin in itch and pain    pp707 - 716 Jing Huang, Erika Polgár, Hans Jürgen Solinski, Santosh K. Mishra, Pang-Yen Tseng et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0119-z Huang et al. demonstrate that somatostatin (Sst)-expressing primary afferents are pruriceptors. In spinal cord, they show that Sst potentiates itch by disinhibition involving dynorphin-expressing spinal neurons and that Sst also suppresses pain.   A hypothalamic circuit for the circadian control of aggression    pp717 - 724 William D. Todd, Henning Fenselau, Joshua L. Wang, Rong Zhang, Natalia L. Machado et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0126-0 Todd et al. show a daily rhythm in aggression propensity in male mice and reveal a novel polysynaptic circuit within the hypothalamus by which the central circadian clock (the suprachiasmatic nucleus) influences neurons that regulate attack behavior.   Locomotor activity modulates associative learning in mouse cerebellum    pp725 - 735 Catarina Albergaria, N. Tatiana Silva, Dominique L. Pritchett & Megan R. Carey doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0129-x Albergaria et al. demonstrate that ongoing locomotor activity modulates cerebellum-dependent associative learning. Optogenetic circuit dissection reveals a site of locomotor modulation within the mossy fiber pathway in the cerebellum.   Encoding of error and learning to correct that error by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum    pp736 - 743 David J. Herzfeld, Yoshiko Kojima, Robijanto Soetedjo & Reza Shadmehr doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0136-y Herzfeld et al. examine how the cerebellum learns to correct movements. They find a timing code that links a Purkinje cell’s preference for error to its downstream projection on motor effectors that produce force to correct for that error.   Cortical drive and thalamic feed-forward inhibition control thalamic output synchrony during absence seizures    pp744 - 756 Cian McCafferty, François David, Marcello Venzi, Magor L. Lőrincz, Francis Delicata et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0130-4 The authors demonstrate that the thalamic output during absence seizures is controlled and synchronized by a combination of excitation from the cortex and fast feedforward inhibition from reticular thalamus, with little involvement of thalamocortical neuron intrinsic mechanisms.   The functional organization of cortical feedback inputs to primary visual cortex    pp757 - 764 Tiago Marques, Julia Nguyen, Gabriela Fioreze & Leopoldo Petreanu doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0135-z The authors measured the organization of cortical feedback inputs in mouse primary visual cortex. They found that the locations in visual cortex targeted by feedback axons relate to their tuning properties according to a simple geometrical rule.   Maternal IL-6 during pregnancy can be estimated from newborn brain connectivity and predicts future working memory in offspring    pp765 - 772 Marc D. Rudolph, Alice M. Graham, Eric Feczko, Oscar Miranda-Dominguez, Jerod M. Rasmussen et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0128-y The authors show that maternal inflammation during pregnancy, indexed by IL-6, can be estimated from the newborn brain connectome and predicts future working memory performance in offspring at two years of age.   Advertisement Adolescence Collection  Exploring the science of adolescence and its far-reaching implications for societal challenges Access the Collection online   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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