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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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| April 2018 Volume 21, Issue 4 |
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 |  News & Views
Perspectives
Review Articles
Brief Communications
Articles
Resources
Technical Reports
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Nature Collection: Gut-brain axis
This Nature Collection brings together Research, Reviews and News from across the Nature Research journals and presents a selection of articles covering key aspects of the gut-brain axis including the gut microbiota and immune, neuroendocrine and neural factors.
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Produced with support from:
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News & Views | |
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Perspectives | |
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| Imbalance between firing homeostasis and synaptic plasticity drives early-phase Alzheimer’s disease pp463 - 473
Boaz Styr & Inna Slutsky
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0080-x
The key driver of early-stage Alzheimer’s pathophysiology remains controversial. Styr and Slutsky propose that failures in firing homeostasis and imbalance between stability and plasticity represent the driving force of early disease progression. |
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| Promises and limitations of human intracranial electroencephalography pp474 - 483
Josef Parvizi & Sabine Kastner
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0108-2
The authors argue that intracranial EEG recordings in humans add unique information beyond invasive recordings in animal models and noninvasive human research, including anatomically precise dynamics and network interactions of neuronal populations. |
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Review Articles | |
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| CA1 pyramidal cell diversity enabling parallel information processing in the hippocampus pp484 - 493
Ivan Soltesz & Attila Losonczy
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0118-0
In this Review the authors discuss recent findings supporting a framework in which the hippocampus comprises principal cell subpopulations forming nonuniform parallel circuits that are independently controlled and affect a variety of behaviors. |
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Brief Communications | |
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| Cortical specialization for attended versus unattended working memory pp494 - 496
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0094-4
Whether we currently pay attention to memory items matters for their neural representation. Unattended items are stored exclusively in activity of higher-level brain areas, whereas attended items are also represented in low-level sensory regions. |
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Focal Point on Japan's Designated National University Initiative
Japan's radical new program to boost just a handful of universities has precedents across the world
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Articles | |
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| Dysregulation of the epigenetic landscape of normal aging in Alzheimer’s disease pp497 - 505
Raffaella Nativio, Greg Donahue, Amit Berson, Yemin Lan, Alexandre Amlie-Wolf et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0101-9
By comparing the genome-wide profile of H4K16ac in AD with younger and elder controls, the authors propose a mechanism for how age is a risk factor for AD: a histone modification, whose accumulation is associated with aging, is dysregulated in AD. |
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| B-1a lymphocytes promote oligodendrogenesis during brain development pp506 - 516
Shogo Tanabe & Toshihide Yamashita
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0106-4
The authors investigate the involvement of lymphocytes in brain development and find that B-1a cells, a subtype of B cells, promoted oligodendrogenesis by secreting IgM. Neutralizing the receptor for IgM reduced myelination in neonatal mouse brains. |
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| Developmentally primed cortical neurons maintain fidelity of differentiation and establish appropriate functional connectivity after transplantation pp517 - 529
Thomas V. Wuttke, Foivos Markopoulos, Hari Padmanabhan, Aaron P. Wheeler, Venkatesh N. Murthy et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0098-0
This work demonstrates subtype-specific molecular fidelity, laminar positioning, long-distance interhemisheric connectivity and electrophysiologic circuit integration by developmentally primed, microtransplanted neurons in postnatal mouse neocortex. |
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| Repopulated microglia are solely derived from the proliferation of residual microglia after acute depletion pp530 - 540
Yubin Huang, Zhen Xu, Shanshan Xiong, Fangfang Sun, Guangrong Qin et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0090-8
Microglia show remarkable regenerative capacity after acute depletion, which had been thought to be derived from de novo progenitors. Peng and colleagues demonstrate that the newly formed microglia are actually solely derived from residual microglia. |
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| Single-cell mass cytometry reveals distinct populations of brain myeloid cells in mouse neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration models pp541 - 551
Bahareh Ajami, Nikolay Samusik, Peter Wieghofer, Peggy P. Ho, Andrea Crotti et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0100-x
Myeloid cells are critical in the pathology of inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. The authors use single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) to reveal distinct characteristics in these cells in models of neural inflammation and degeneration. |
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| TDP-43 gains function due to perturbed autoregulation in a Tardbp knock-in mouse model of ALS-FTD pp552 - 563
Matthew A. White, Eosu Kim, Amanda Duffy, Robert Adalbert, Benjamin U. Phillips et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0113-5
TDP-43 gains function due to perturbed autoregulation in a Tardbp knock-in mouse model of ALS-FTD, leading to aberrant Mapt splicing and a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons. Phenotypic heterogeneity is exploited to yield modifiers of disease. |
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| Social deficits in Shank3-deficient mouse models of autism are rescued by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition pp564 - 575
Luye Qin, Kaijie Ma, Zi-Jun Wang, Zihua Hu, Emmanuel Matas et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0110-8
Qin et al show that autism-like social deficits in Shank3-deficient mice arise from β-catenin-mediated transcriptional upregulation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and are persistently alleviated by brief treatment with HDAC inhibitor romidepsin. |
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| Cortico–reticulo–spinal circuit reorganization enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord contusion pp576 - 588
Leonie Asboth, Lucia Friedli, Janine Beauparlant, Cristina Martinez-Gonzalez, Selin Anil et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0093-5
Severe spinal cord contusions interrupt all corticospinal input. Neuroprosthetic rehabilitation rerouted cortical command through residual reticulospinal pathways, mediating motor cortex dependent recovery of locomotion in otherwise paralyzed rats. |
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| A common neural circuit mechanism for internally guided and externally reinforced forms of motor learning pp589 - 597
Erin Hisey, Matthew Gene Kearney & Richard Mooney
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0092-6
Intersectional gene ablation, pharmacology & song-triggered optogenetic stimulation of VTA terminals together show a common VTA–basal ganglia circuit enabling internally and externally guided juvenile song-copying and adult pitch learning in finches. |
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| Feedback determines the structure of correlated variability in primary visual cortex pp598 - 606
Adrian G. Bondy, Ralf M. Haefner & Bruce G. Cumming
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0089-1
The way spike count variability is correlated between two neurons depends on the neurons' stimulus preferences. Here the authors show that this dependency itself varies systematically with behavioral task, implying a feedback origin of correlations. |
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| Learning by neural reassociation pp607 - 616
Matthew D. Golub, Patrick T. Sadtler, Emily R. Oby, Kristin M. Quick, Stephen I. Ryu et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0095-3
Learning is ubiquitous in everyday life, yet it is unclear how neurons change their activity together during learning. Golub and colleagues show that short-term learning relies on a fixed neural repertoire, which limits behavioral improvement. |
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| Neural mediators of changes of mind about perceptual decisions pp617 - 624
Stephen M. Fleming, Elisabeth J. van der Putten & Nathaniel D. Daw
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0104-6
Changing one’s mind requires revising previous decisions in light of new evidence. The authors combine a psychophysical manipulation of post-decision evidence with fMRI to isolate neural mediators of changes of mind in human prefrontal cortex. |
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Resources | |
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| A three-dimensional single-cell-resolution whole-brain atlas using CUBIC-X expansion microscopy and tissue clearing pp625 - 637
Tatsuya C. Murakami, Tomoyuki Mano, Shu Saikawa, Shuhei A. Horiguchi, Daichi Shigeta et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0109-1
The authors developed a CUBIC tissue clearing and expansion method to generate an editable, point-based single-cell-resolution brain atlas. This atlas, termed CUBIC-Atlas, can be used for unbiased systems-level cellular analysis in whole mouse brain. |
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Technical Reports | |
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| Nontoxic, double-deletion-mutant rabies viral vectors for retrograde targeting of projection neurons pp638 - 646
Soumya Chatterjee, Heather A. Sullivan, Bryan J. MacLennan, Ran Xu, YuanYuan Hou et al.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0091-7
Rabies viral vectors are important tools in neuroscience, but their cytotoxicity usually limits their use. Chatterjee et al. introduce a new class of double-deletion-mutant rabies viral vectors that leaves neurons alive and healthy indefinitely. |
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