Nature contents: 26 April 2018

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Volume 556 Issue 7702   This Week       Editorial         Challenge anti-Semitism A wave of anti-Jewish prejudice is once again washing over schools and universities. There is no excuse not to call out this vile behaviour. Climate talks are not enough As officials meet in Bonn to swap stories on progress towards the Paris goals, only emissions cuts will guarantee a happy ending. The science photos worth seeing Results from a Nature photo competition show the power of images.   World View         A lab co-op helps young faculty members to thrive Linking a lab with others fosters crucial camaraderie, collaboration and productivity, writes Rebecca Heald. Rebecca Heald Research Highlights         Newfound chameleon species flashes rainbow colours and a nose like Pinocchio’s Resplendent reptile and two similar species have been discovered in the remote forests of Madagascar. Mass suicide documented in bacteria Microbes pump out acid until they burst. A nanomaterial to make your phone battery last Compound prevents deterioration of an inexpensive component. Sex pays off for stick insects despite costs Species comparison confirms downsides of asexual reproduction. Six-year-olds can cooperate to protect common assets Children use adult-like tactics to tackle ‘tragedy of the commons’ puzzle. A robot that builds IKEA furniture in a snap Machine made from off-the-shelf components constructs chair from a kit in less than 25 minutes. Booze-busting nanopills to help the liver Miniature capsules deliver enzymes that quickly cut blood-alcohol levels. Lost planet gave birth to space rock’s diamonds Minerals in miniature gems point to origins in the early Solar System. Why a sweaty workout dampens appetite A rise in body temperature directly affects brain cells that regulate eating. Seven Days         Planet-hunter launch, epilepsy drug and NASA’s next chief The week in science: 20–26 April 2018. Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature.

News in Focus   News         Clear signs of global warming will hit poorer countries first New climate-inequality tool quantifies how quickly the weather will veer beyond normal in different regions. Quirin Schiermeier Scientists’ early grant success fuels further funding Young researchers who narrowly miss out on postdoctoral grant struggle to compete with those who just qualify. Holly Else US government considers charging for popular Earth-observing data Images from Landsat satellites and agricultural-survey programme are freely available to scientists — but for how long? Gabriel Popkin Rent increase hits Europe’s drug regulator before Brexit move With a move from London to Amsterdam less than a year away, the European Medicines Agency is facing uncertainty. Inga Vesper Mars probe poised to solve red planet’s methane mystery Researchers hope European–Russian Trace Gas Orbiter will end a long-running debate over source of the gas on Mars. Nisha Gaind Flu virus finally sequenced in its native form Direct sequencing of RNA molecules such as virus genomes should help to unpick role of mysterious chemical modifications. Ewen Callaway Features         Can the world kick its fossil-fuel addiction fast enough? Clean energy is growing quickly. But time is running out to rein in carbon emissions. Jeff Tollefson Is ‘friendly fire’ in the brain provoking Alzheimer’s disease? Scientists want to combat dementia and neurodegeneration by keeping the brain’s immune system from going rogue. Alison Abbott

Multimedia       Nature Podcast 26 April 2018 This week, the ethical questions raised by model minds, and an updated view on an enzyme that keeps chromosomes protected.

Comment   Comment         The ethics of experimenting with human brain tissue Difficult questions will be raised as models of the human brain get closer to replicating its functions, explain Nita A. Farahany, Henry T. Greely and 15 colleagues. Nita A. Farahany, Henry T. Greely, Steven Hyman et al. Books and Arts         Where the wild tales are: how stories teach kids to nurture nature S. F. Said explores a study on children’s books as preparation for planetary crises. S. F. Said A visceral history of dinosaurs, the world through the nose of a dog and the psychological secrets of the plot twist: Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week’s best science picks. Barbara Kiser Correspondence         Order must spring from chaos in Italian research Gerry Melino Canadian cod comeback derailed Sherrylynn Rowe, George A. Rose Geoengineering might speed glacier melt Twila A. Moon Make codes for research integrity practical Maura Hiney Cap drug prices with policy – here’s how Leah Cairns

Careers   Features         A photo celebration of scientists at work In this year's contest, Nature follows scientists from starry Antarctic fields to African volcanic plains. Jack Leeming

Futures   My favourite sentience Something to watch over me. Marissa Lingen

Research   NEW ONLINE         LUBAC is essential for embryogenesis by preventing cell death and enabling haematopoiesis The HOIL-1 component of the LUBAC ubiquitin ligase complex is required for LUBAC activity, which prevents lethality during embryogenesis by preventing aberrant TNFR1-mediated endothelial cell death and RIPK1-mediated defects in haematopoiesis. Architecture of an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase initiation complex A cryo-EM structure of an initiation complex of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase sheds light on the initiation of reverse transcription of viral RNA. Structure of the alternative complex III in a supercomplex with cytochrome oxidase The structure of alternative complex III, a key enzyme in the bacterial electron transport chain, is reported both alone and as a supercomplex with an aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase. Cryo-EM structure of the gasdermin A3 membrane pore High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the membrane-pore-forming domain of the mouse gasdermin GSDMA3 show that it forms pores with 26-, 27- or 28-fold symmetry and indicate that it may also form a parallel, soluble, pre-pore ring structure. An optical-frequency synthesizer using integrated photonics An optical-frequency synthesizer based on stabilized frequency combs has been developed utilizing chip-scale devices as key components, in a move towards using integrated photonics technology for ultrafast science and metrology. Genomic variation in 3,010 diverse accessions of Asian cultivated rice Analyses of genetic variation and population structure based on over 3,000 cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) genomes reveal subpopulations that correlate with geographic location and patterns of introgression consistent with multiple rice domestication events. Cryo-EM structure of substrate-bound human telomerase holoenzyme A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the substrate-bound human telomerase holoenzyme, which lengthens the protective caps on chromosomes. Deep mitochondrial origin outside the sampled alphaproteobacteria Genome data for thirteen alphaproteobacteria-related clades expand the coverage of alphaproteobacterial diversity and suggest that mitochondria diverged from Alphaproteobacteria before the diversification of all currently known alphaproteobacterial lineages. Nanoscale synthesis and affinity ranking A system that combines nanoscale synthesis and affinity ranking enables high-throughput screening of reaction conditions and bioactivity for a given protein target, accelerating the process of drug discovery. News & Views         Classic reaction re-engineered through molecular face recognition Tobias Morack, Ryan Gilmour   A broader look at adolescents with perinatal HIV Patricia M. Flynn   Shrimp cause a stir Henry Gee     NATUREJOBS CAREER EXPO JOBS IN CHINA 2018   BOSTON Venue | April 30, 2018 | Register FREE   NEW YORK Venue | May 2, 2018 | Register FREE   CHICAGO Venue | May 4, 2018 | Register FREE   AUSTIN Venue | May 4, 2018 | Register FREE Organoids reveal cancer dynamics Calvin J. Kuo, Christina Curtis Transition states that allow cancer to spread Erik W. Thompson, Shivashankar H. Nagaraj 50 & 100 years ago Entangled vibrations in mechanical oscillators Andrew Armour Hunger is a gatekeeper of pain in the brain Alexey Ponomarenko, Tatiana Korotkova Articles         Quaternary stereocentres via an enantioconvergent catalytic SN1 reaction Cooperation between a chiral hydrogen-bond-donor catalyst and a strong Lewis-acid promoter in an SN1-type reaction mediates the formation of tertiary carbocations and enables control over enantioselectivity and product distribution. Alison E. Wendlandt, Prithvi Vangal, Eric N. Jacobsen Renewing Felsenstein’s phylogenetic bootstrap in the era of big data A new version of the phylogenetic bootstrap method enables assessment of the robustness of phylogenies that are based on large datasets of hundreds or thousands of taxa. F. Lemoine, J.-B. Domelevo Entfellner, E. Wilkinson et al. Intra-tumour diversification in colorectal cancer at the single-cell level Organoids derived from individual cells from colorectal cancers and adjacent normal tissue are used to investigate intra-tumour diversification at the genomic, epigenetic and functional levels. Sophie F. Roerink, Nobuo Sasaki, Henry Lee-Six et al. Identification of the tumour transition states occurring during EMT Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tumour cells occurs through distinct intermediate states, associated with different metastatic potential, cellular properties, gene expression, and chromatin landscape. Ievgenia Pastushenko, Audrey Brisebarre, Alejandro Sifrim et al. Letters         A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3 Observations of carbon monoxide and ionized carbon lines from the source SPT2349-56 show it to contain a cluster of at least fourteen gas-rich galaxies with redshifts of 4.31, in a highly dense core region. T. B. Miller, S. C. Chapman, M. Aravena et al. Remote quantum entanglement between two micromechanical oscillators Remote quantum entanglement is demonstrated in a micromachined solid-state system comprising two optomechanical oscillators across two chips physically separated by 20 cm and with an optical separation of around 70 m. Ralf Riedinger, Andreas Wallucks, Igor Marinković et al. Stabilized entanglement of massive mechanical oscillators Quantum entanglement is demonstrated in a system of massive micromechanical oscillators coupled to a microwave-frequency electromagnetic cavity by driving the devices into a steady state that is entangled. C. F. Ockeloen-Korppi, E. Damskägg, J.-M. Pirkkalainen et al. Low-loss plasmon-assisted electro-optic modulator Ohmic losses in plasmonic devices can be reduced by exploiting ‘resonant switching’, in which light couples to surface plasmon polaritons only when in resonance and bypasses them otherwise. Christian Haffner, Daniel Chelladurai, Yuriy Fedoryshyn et al. Earthquake-induced transformation of the lower crust During continent collision and associated mountain building, a surprisingly large volume of the lower crust is shown to be affected by earthquake aftershocks, producing a top-down effect on crustal geodynamics. Bjørn Jamtveit, Yehuda Ben-Zion, François Renard et al. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages Acute heat stress from the extended marine heatwave of 2016 is a potent driver of the transformation of coral assemblages, which affects even the most remote and well-protected reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Andrew H. Baird et al. Vertically migrating swimmers generate aggregation-scale eddies in a stratified column Laboratory experiments with the brine shrimp Artemia salina illustrate the potential for turbulence generated by the diurnal vertical migrations of aggregations of centimetre-scale zooplankton to affect the physical and biogeochemical structure of oceanic water columns. Isabel A. Houghton, Jeffrey R. Koseff, Stephen G. Monismith et al. Electrophilic properties of itaconate and derivatives regulate the IκBζ–ATF3 inflammatory axis The immunoregulatory metabolite itaconate and its dimethyl derivative induce electrophilic stress and react with glutathione to induce both Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent responses, resulting in AF3-mediated inhibition of the inflammation-related protein IκBζ. Monika Bambouskova, Laurent Gorvel, Vicky Lampropoulou et al. Genetic identification of leptin neural circuits in energy and glucose homeostases A subset of neurons in the hypothalamus is identified as the primary site of action for regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis by leptin. Jie Xu, Christopher L. Bartolome, Cho Shing Low et al. Pluripotency factors functionally premark cell-type-restricted enhancers in ES cells Binding of an embryonic stem cell-specific transcription factor pre-marks cell-type-restricted enhancers in embryonic stem cells, and this premarking is required for the robustness of enhancer activation in differentiated cells. Hong Sook Kim, Yuliang Tan, Wubin Ma et al. Mechanism of NMDA receptor channel block by MK-801 and memantine A high-resolution X-ray structure and molecular dynamics simulations of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in complexes with channel-blocking ligands reveals the molecular basis of the ligand binding and channel block. Xianqiang Song, Morten Ø. Jensen, Vishwanath Jogini et al. Structural basis of ligand binding modes at the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor Crystal structures of the neuropeptide Y1 receptor in complex with two distinct antagonists combined with NMR, molecular docking and mutagenesis studies inform a proposed model for receptor–agonist binding. Zhenlin Yang, Shuo Han, Max Keller et al.

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