Nature contents: 08 February 2018

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Volume 554 Issue 7691   This Week       Editorials         Restore justice in Turkey Hundreds of academics and scientists are caught up in political crackdowns in the wake of petitions for peace. Big data needs a hardware revolution Artificial intelligence is driving the next wave of innovations in the semiconductor industry. Maths classification is getting a revision New categories of mathematics will be added to the 2020 update of the standard mathematical taxonomy.   World View         Let’s move beyond the rhetoric: it’s time to change how we judge research Five years ago, the Declaration on Research Assessment was a rallying point. It must now become a tool for fair evaluation, urges Stephen Curry.   Seven Days         Truck tracks, wolf lawsuit and a fertility first The week in science: 2–8 February 2018. Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature.

News in Focus   Debate blooms over anatomy of the world’s first flower Some researchers say that statistical prediction of the ancestral blossom yielded an unlikely structure. Heidi Ledford   Kid co-authors in South Korea spur government probe Researchers sought to boost their children’s chances in university admissions. Mark Zastrow UN agency targets black-carbon pollution from ships Governments are slowly advancing efforts to reduce climate and health impacts of soot. Jeff Tollefson   Bulgaria in the cold as European Union freezes its innovation funding The trading bloc has withheld two-fifths of its expected grants. Inga Vesper Geneticists unravel secrets of super-invasive crayfish DNA analysis suggests the self-cloning species is a genetic hybrid that emerged in an aquarium in the 1990s. Ewen Callaway     Features         How decolonization could reshape South African science A generation of black scientists is gearing up to transform the research landscape. Linda Nordling Multimedia       Nature Podcast: 8 February 2018 This week, crayfish clones, the social smarts of magpies, and building tougher timber. Correction       The science that’s never been cited Strategy for making safer opioids bolstered

The Vilcek Foundation congratulates the recipients of the 2018 Vilcek Prizes in Biomedical Science. Alexander Rudensky (Sloan Kettering Institute) receives $100,000 Vilcek Prize. Polina Anikeeva (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Sergiu P. Pasca (Stanford University), and Feng Zhang (Broad Institute) each win $50,000 Vilcek Prize for Creative Promise in Biomedical Science. Click here for more information.

Comment   Protect the neglected half of our blue planet Maintaining momentum is crucial as nations build a treaty to safeguard the high seas, argue Glen Wright, Julien Rochette, Kristina M. Gjerde and Lisa A. Levin. Glen Wright, Julien Rochette, Kristina M. Gjerde et al. Books and Arts         Taking Greenland’s geology to another dimension Ted Nield admires a layered exploration of research in the edgelands. Ted Nield Far-flung futurism, the secrets of the raven and what’s wrong with metrics: Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week’s best science picks. Barbara Kiser The wilder shores of brain boosting Trevor Robbins lauds a personal take on cognitive enhancement. Trevor Robbins Correspondence         Baleen whale species on brink of extinction for first time in 300 years Peter Corkeron, Scott D. Kraus   Bitcoin’s alarming carbon footprint Spyros Foteinis Quest for publication metrics undermines regional research Mark Neff   Existing rules cover gene-drive applications Swantje Strassheim, Werner Schenkel Don’t belittle junior researchers in meetings Anand Kumar Sharma

Research   NEW ONLINE         Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus OPEN The origin, evolution and domestication of Citrus and the genealogy of the most important wild and cultivated citrus varieties. Teneurin-3 controls topographic circuit assembly in the hippocampus The transmembrane protein teneurin-3 is expressed in multiple topographically interconnected areas of the hippocampal region and acts in both projection and target neurons to control wiring specificity from CA1 to the subiculum. Southern Hemisphere climate variability forced by Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet topography An Antarctic ice core reveals that, during the last ice age, the topography of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets shifted tropical Pacific convection eastward, increasing climate variability in the high southern latitudes. Global patterns of declining temperature variability from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene Temperature variability decreased globally by a factor of four between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene epoch, as a result of changes in the meridional temperature gradient. Asparagine bioavailability governs metastasis in a model of breast cancer In a mouse model of breast cancer, asparagine bioavailability strongly influences metastasis and this is correlated with the production of proteins that regulate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which provides at least one potential mechanism for how a single amino acid could regulate metastatic progression. Structural basis for DNMT3A-mediated de novo DNA methylation A crystal structure of DNMT3A and its regulatory partner DNMT3L bound to DNA reveals the mechanistic basis for DNMT3A-mediated DNA methylation and establishes its aetiological link to human disease. c-MAF-dependent regulatory T cells mediate immunological tolerance to a gut pathobiont The transcription factor c-MAF is required for the generation of Helicobacter-specific regulatory T cells that selectively restrain pro-inflammatory TH17 cells; the absence of c-MAF in mouse regulatory T cells results in pathobiont-dependent inflammatory bowel disease. Cognitive performance is linked to group size and affects fitness in Australian magpies Wild Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis) living in large groups show increased cognitive performance, which is associated with increased reproductive success. Fluctuating interaction network and time-varying stability of a natural fish community A method for modelling time-varying dynamic stability in a natural marine fish community finds that seasonal patterns in community stability are driven by species diversity and interspecific interactions. Posterior parietal cortex represents sensory history and mediates its effects on behaviour A working memory task in rats demonstrates that the posterior parietal cortex is a critical locus for the representation and use of prior stimulus information. Mechanical regulation of stem-cell differentiation by the stretch-activated Piezo channel Stem cells of the Drosophila midgut sense mechanical signals in vivo through the stretch-activated ion channel Piezo, which is expressed on previously unidentified enteroendocrine precursor cells. Brief Communications Arising         Contesting early archaeology in California Joseph V. Ferraro, Katie M. Binetti, Logan A. Wiest et al. Holen et al. reply Steven R. Holen, Thomas A. Deméré, Daniel C. Fisher et al. Articles         Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala Analysis and modelling of locomotor characteristics of two pursuit predator–prey pairs show that hunts at lower speeds enable prey to use their maximum manoeuvring capacity and favour prey survival. Alan M. Wilson, Tatjana Y. Hubel, Simon D. Wilshin et al. HER kinase inhibition in patients with HER2- and HER3-mutant cancers In a basket trial design, the efficacy of the pan-HER kinase inhibitor neratinib is tested in patients with 21 different tumour types, and responses are determined by mutation and tissue type, and are restricted to HER2-mutant cancers. David M. Hyman, Sarina A. Piha-Paul, Helen Won et al. Dynamic basis for dG•dT misincorporation via tautomerization and ionization A kinetic model is proposed to predict the probability of dG•dT misincorporation across different polymerases, and provides mechanisms for sequence-dependent misincorporation. Isaac J. Kimsey, Eric S. Szymanski, Walter J. Zahurancik et al. Cryo-EM shows how dynactin recruits two dyneins for faster movement Cryo-electron microscopy and single-molecule studies reveal that the adaptors BICDR1 and HOOK3 recruit two dynein molecules to dynactin and thereby increase the force and speed of the dynein–dynactin microtubule motor. Linas Urnavicius, Clinton K. Lau, Mohamed M. Elshenawy et al. Letters         A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW170817 The observed electromagnetic emission from GW170817 suggests that a ‘cocoon’ of mildly relativistic material was released as a jet transferred its energy to the neutron-rich dynamical ejecta from the merger. K. P. Mooley, E. Nakar, K. Hotokezaka et al. Magnetic cage and rope as the key for solar eruptions Measurements and modelling of a large confined eruption on the Sun show that its evolution is controlled by a multilayer magnetic cage containing a twisted flux rope, which can sometimes be ejective. Tahar Amari, Aurélien Canou, Jean-Jacques Aly et al. Isomer depletion as experimental evidence of nuclear excitation by electron capture Experimental evidence is presented for isomer depletion through nuclear excitation by electron capture in molybdenum-93 nuclei. C. J. Chiara, J. J. Carroll, M. P. Carpenter et al. Experimental observation of Bethe strings Many-body two- and three-string states are realized experimentally in the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg–Ising chain SrCo2V2O8 in strong longitudinal magnetic fields. Zhe Wang, Jianda Wu, Wang Yang et al. Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material A process is described for the transformation of bulk wood into a low-cost, strong, tough, lightweight structural material, by the partial removal of lignin and hemicellulose followed by hot-pressing to densify the natural wood. Jianwei Song, Chaoji Chen, Shuze Zhu et al. Limited emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal except in energy-exporting regions Contrary to the hopes of policymakers, fossil fuel subsidy removal would have only a small impact on global energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions and would not increase renewable energy use by 2030. Jessica Jewell, David McCollum, Johannes Emmerling et al. Evolutionary history of the angiosperm flora of China A dated phylogeny and spatial distribution data for Chinese angiosperms show that eastern China has tended to act as a refugium for older taxa whereas western China has acted as a centre for their evolutionary diversification. Li-Min Lu, Ling-Feng Mao, Tuo Yang et al. Enhancer redundancy provides phenotypic robustness in mammalian development Gene enhancer knockout phenotypes and analysis of enhancer activity patterns show that developmental genes are regulated by multiple redundant enhancers in mouse embryos. Marco Osterwalder, Iros Barozzi, Virginie Tissières et al. Dopamine neuron activity before action initiation gates and invigorates future movements The activity of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta before movement initiation affects the probability and vigour of future movements. Joaquim Alves da Silva, Fatuel Tecuapetla, Vitor Paixão et al. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease Measurement of human plasma amyloid-β biomarkers using immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry reliably predicts individual brain amyloid-β status and has potential clinical utility. Akinori Nakamura, Naoki Kaneko, Victor L. Villemagne et al. Innate and adaptive lymphocytes sequentially shape the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism Distinct populations of lymphocytes act sequentially during development to direct maturation of the mammalian gut microbiota. Kairui Mao, Antonio P. Baptista, Samira Tamoutounour et al. Dynamics and number of trans-SNARE complexes determine nascent fusion pore properties Analysis at high temporal and spatial resolution shows that the number and dynamics of SNARE proteins available during exocytosis determines the size and stability of fusion pores. Huan Bao, Debasis Das, Nicholas A. Courtney et al. CORRIGENDUM         Corrigendum: Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution Christopher Abbosh, Nicolai J. Birkbak, Gareth A. Wilson et al. News and Views         Wood made denser and stronger Peter Fratzl Many mutations in one clinical-trial basket Elaine Mardis Fossil-fuel subsidies assessed Ian Parry   Receive up to $35,000 to fund your science outreach project The ASCB Public Engagement Grants will provide funding, mentoring, and project assessment to ASCB members interested in public outreach in scientific areas. Funded by the Simons Foundation's Science Sandbox. Apply for a Grant  Evolutionary race as predators hunt prey Andrew A. Biewener   A chirp, a roar and a whisper Ralph Wijers Solitons divide and conquer Frank W. Wise   Smoking gun for a rare mutation mechanism Myron F. Goodman

Careers & Jobs   Feature         How going green can raise cash for your lab Elie Dolgin Q&A         Saving lives and property with accurate flood forecasts Sarah Boon Futures       These 5 books go 6 feet deep Unearthing the truth. Ted Hayden

naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Research Fellows & Scientists     Columbia University Department of Surgery            PhD student (f / m)     German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE).            Postdoctoral Training Fellow     The Francis Crick Institute          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. Keep up-to-date with the latest sector trends, vote in our reader poll and sign-up to receive the monthly Naturejobs newsletter.           • Natureevents Directory featured events           natureevents directory featured events         The 12th Asia Pacific Travel Health Conference     21 March 2018 Bangkok, Thailand         Natureevents Directory is the premier resource for scientists looking for the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia. Featured across Nature Publishing Group journals and centrally at natureevents.com it is an essential reference guide to scientific events worldwide.

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