Nature Neuroscience Contents: January 2018 Volume 21 Number 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS January 2018 Volume 21, Issue 1 Editorial   Promoting diversity in neuroscience    p1 doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0052-6 News & Views   Calcium control of myelin sheath growth    pp2 - 3 Robert H. Miller doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0043-7 Stay alert, don't get hurt    pp3 - 5 Stephen V. Mahler doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0045-5 Munc13 marks the spot    pp5 - 6 Timothy A. Ryan doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0042-8 From entorhinal neural codes to navigation    pp7 - 8 Caitlin S. Mallory & Lisa M. Giocomo doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0048-2 Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Associate in Neuroscience Yale University School of Medicine Postdoctoral Fellow in Developmental Neuroscience Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Faculty Positions in Translational Sensory Neuroscience and Cancer Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences Postdoctoral Position in Basic Neuroscience McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School postdoctoral fellow in translational neuroscience The University of Texas Medical School At Houston More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT International Conference on Public Mental Health & Neurosciences (ICPMN-2018) 26.03.18 Siem Reap, Cambodia More science events from Perspectives   The diversity and disparity of the glial scar    pp9 - 15 Katrina L. Adams & Vittorio Gallo doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0033-9 The glial scar plays critical but divergent roles during regeneration of the mammalian CNS. Here the authors propose that in-depth analysis of the functionally heterogeneous populations of reactive glia within the scar is needed to fully understand the glial scar's dual nature.   Brief Communications   Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in 23,217 adult research participants of European ancestry    pp16 - 18 Sandra Sanchez-Roige, Pierre Fontanillas, Sarah L. Elson, Anita Pandit, Ellen M. Schmidt et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0032-x A genome-wide association study of delay discounting (DD) on 23,127 subjects found that genotype accounted for 12% of variance in DD; the DD genetic signature overlapped with ADHD, schizophrenia, depression, smoking, personality, cognition and weight.   Ca 2+ activity signatures of myelin sheath formation and growth in vivo     pp19 - 23 Marion Baraban, Sigrid Koudelka & David A. Lyons doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0040-x The authors live-image zebrafish myelin sheath Ca2+ activity in vivo and find that high-amplitude long-duration Ca2+ transients precede calpain-dependent sheath retractions while frequent low-amplitude short-duration transients drive sheath growth.   Regulation of developing myelin sheath elongation by oligodendrocyte calcium transients in vivo    pp24 - 28 doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0031-y Myelin formed by oligodendrocytes enables rapid, energy-efficient information transmission in CNS, but its development is unclear. The authors show that the rate of intracellular calcium transients regulates elongation of developing myelin sheaths.   Accumbal D2 cells orchestrate innate risk-avoidance according to orexin signals    pp29 - 32 Craig Blomeley, Celia Garau & Denis Burdakov doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0023-y Most species exhibit instinctive risk-avoidance, e.g., lab mice avoid predator smells despite having never encountered predators. Here the authors show how innate risk-avoidance arises from accumbal dopamine receptor neurons tuned by orexin signals.   Advertisement Communications Biology: Open for Submissions Communications Biology is a new open access journal that publishes high-quality primary research articles, reviews and commentary representing significant advances and new insights to the field of biology. The journal is now open for submissions.  Find out more >>   Articles   Synaptotagmin-1 drives synchronous Ca2+-triggered fusion by C2B-domain-mediated synaptic-vesicle-membrane attachment    pp33 - 40 Shuwen Chang, Thorsten Trimbuch & Christian Rosenmund doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0037-5 Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) controls synaptic vesicle–membrane attachment activities via its C2B domain. These correlate with release synchronization and synaptic short-term facilitation, revealing a mechanism for Syt1-mediated synchronous release.   Synaptic weight set by Munc13-1 supramolecular assemblies    pp41 - 49 Hirokazu Sakamoto, Tetsuroh Ariyoshi, Naoya Kimpara, Kohtaroh Sugao, Isamu Taiko et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0041-9 The authors show that Munc13-1 molecules form multiple supramolecular self-assemblies that serve as vesicular release sites. Having multiple Munc13-1 assemblies affords a stable synaptic weight, which confers robustness of synaptic computation.   The C-terminal tails of endogenous GluA1 and GluA2 differentially contribute to hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning    pp50 - 62 Zikai Zhou, An Liu, Shuting Xia, Celeste Leung, Junxia Qi et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0030-z Long-lasting synaptic plasticity is regarded as a mechanism for learning and memory. Using genetically engineered mice in which the C-terminal domains of AMPA receptor subtypes are switched, the authors reveal that GluA1 and GluA2 differentially regulate synaptic plasticity and contribute to different forms of learning.   Stress-induced unfolded protein response contributes to Zika virus–associated microcephaly    pp63 - 71 Ivan Gladwyn-Ng, Lluís Cordón-Barris, Christian Alfano, Catherine Creppe, Thérèse Couderc et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0038-4 The mosquito-borne ZIKA virus triggers microcephaly in human newborns. The authors report that the microcephaly results from induction of endoplasmic stress that interferes with generation and survival of projection neurons in the cerebral cortex.   Reducing the RNA binding protein TIA1 protects against tau-mediated neurodegeneration in vivo    pp72 - 80 Daniel J. Apicco, Peter E. A. Ash, Brandon Maziuk, Chelsey LeBlang, Maria Medalla et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0022-z Apicco and colleagues show that reducing TIA1 inhibits tau-mediated neurodegeneration and improves survival in a mouse model of tauopathy. This rescue occurs with a transition in tau aggregation from oligomeric to fibrillar forms of tau. These findings suggest a key role for RNA binding proteins in the pathophysiology of tau.   Impaired path integration in mice with disrupted grid cell firing    pp81 - 91 Mariana Gil, Mihai Ancau, Magdalene I. Schlesiger, Angela Neitz, Kevin Allen et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0039-3 Grid cell activity may subserve path integration, but a direct link is lacking. The authors selectively disrupt retro-hippocampal region grid cell activity and show that disrupted grid cell firing impairs performance in a path integration task.   Integration of grid maps in merged environments    pp92 - 101 Tanja Wernle, Torgeir Waaga, Maria Mørreaunet, Alessandro Treves, May-Britt Moser et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0036-6 The authors investigate grid cell dynamics after removal of a border between two environments. Near the transition between environments, grid fields changed location, resulting in local spatial periodicity and continuity between the original maps.   Flexible timing by temporal scaling of cortical responses    pp102 - 110 Jing Wang, Devika Narain, Eghbal A. Hosseini & Mehrdad Jazayeri doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0028-6 Humans can deliberately control the timing of their actions but the neural mechanisms underlying such control are largely unknown. In this article, Wang, Narain and their colleagues report that such flexibility emerges in rhesus monkeys from the ability of their brain to flexibly control the speed at which cortical responses unfold in time.   Altered responses to social chemosignals in autism spectrum disorder    pp111 - 119 Yaara Endevelt-Shapira, Ofer Perl, Aharon Ravia, Daniel Amir, Ami Eisen et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0024-x Like all terrestrial mammals, humans emit body odors that subtly communicate emotions. This study suggests that adults with autism may be misreading these chemical signals and that this may explain a portion of their social difficulties.   Resources   Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex    pp120 - 129 Sinisa Hrvatin, Daniel R. Hochbaum, M. Aurel Nagy, Marcelo Cicconet, Keiramarie Robertson et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0029-5 Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, the authors record snapshots of the dynamic sensory-experience-dependent transcriptome across all cell types of the visual cortex in mice exposed to a light stimulus. The authors note diverse cell-type-specific programs in pyramidal neuron subtypes and robust non-neuronal responses that may regulate experience-dependent neurovascular coupling and myelination.   Proteomic analysis of postsynaptic proteins in regions of the human neocortex    pp130 - 138 Marcia Roy, Oksana Sorokina, Nathan Skene, Clémence Simonnet, Francesca Mazzo et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0025-9 The protein composition of excitatory synapses differs in the areas of the human neocortex controlling language, emotion and other behaviors. This neocortical postsynaptic proteome data resource can be used to link genetics to brain imaging and behavior.   Technical Reports   An interactive framework for whole-brain maps at cellular resolution    pp139 - 149 Daniel Fürth, Thomas Vaissière, Ourania Tzortzi, Yang Xuan, Antje Märtin et al. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0027-7 The authors present a new computational approach to automatically annotate, analyze, visualize and easily share whole-brain datasets at cellular resolution, based on a scale-invariant and interactive mouse brain reference atlas. The authors applied this framework to define the organization and cocaine-induced activity of corticostriatal circuits.   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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