Nature contents: 21 December 2017

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Volume 552 Issue 7685   This Week       Editorials         Biohackers can boost trust in biology DIY scientists in Germany can bring techniques out of the lab and help the country learn to love the field. Extreme weather explicitly blamed on humans for the first time Scientists take the bold step of saying phenomena wouldn't have happened without global warming. Interstellar message of 'Oumuamua Mysterious traveller from afar highlights a seasonal greeting.   World View         Peer reviewers need more nurturing Richard Catlow explains why three national scientific societies are calling for research evaluators to be highly valued and trained.   Seven Days         Hard-disk delivery, neglected diseases and Saturn's young rings The week in science: 15–21 December 2017. Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature.

News in Focus   Rescued radar maps reveal Antarctica's past More than 2 million newly digitized images extend the history of the bottom of the ice sheet. Alexandra Witze   Gene editing staves off deafness in mice Technique to knock out mutant gene relies on fatty molecules to deliver CRISPR components to inner-ear cells. Heidi Ledford Could Bitcoin technology help science? Blockchain could lend security measures to the scientific process, but the approach has its own risks. Andy Extance   South Korean scientists eager for reactor restart It's good news for neutron scientists in the region. David Cyranoski 2017 in news: The science events that shaped the year A giant iceberg, a quantum-entanglement experiment and the death of a spacecraft are among the year's top stories. Ewen Callaway, Davide Castelvecchi, David Cyranoski et al.   2017 in pictures: The best science images of the year A spectacular total eclipse, hitch-hiking octopus, nanoscale fireworks and more. Nisha Gaind Features         Nature's 10 Ten people who mattered this year. Heidi Ledford, Davide Castelvecchi, Elie Dolgin et al. Multimedia       Nature: 21 December 2017 This week, our end of year special, featuring Earth science AI, a news story quiz, and science fiction in the modern era. Correction       Corrections

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Comment   The case for technology investments in the environment Create an artificial-intelligence platform for the planet, urges Lucas N. Joppa. Lucas N. Joppa Books and Arts         Science fiction when the future is now Six authors parse the implications of our unhinged era for their craft. Lauren Beukes, Kim Stanley Robinson, Ken Liu et al. Correspondence         Train artificial intelligence to be fair to farming Yu-Pin Lin, Joy R. Petway, Josef Settele   India and Pakistan need to collaborate against pollution Muhammad Usman, Abdul Wakeel, Muhammad Farooq Why eavesdropping in open-plan spaces is good for your research Volker Heine   A checklist to protect human rights in artificial-intelligence research Sumathy Ramesh Parasites' rights gaining ground Donald A. Windsor

Specials   Outlook:          Cancer immunotherapy Eric Bender   The quest to extend the reach of checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer Karen Weintraub Attack of the killer clones Megan Scudellari   The benefits of immunotherapy combinations Charles Schmidt Cancer immunotherapy research round-up Joana Osório   Making cancer immunotherapy a surer bet Michael Eisenstein The struggle to do no harm in clinical trials Charles Schmidt   Calling cancer's bluff with neoantigen vaccines Sarah DeWeerdt Drug pricing should depend on shared values Scott Ramsey Produced with support from                                                                                            Funded by a grant from SPOTLIGHT         A smart place to work Cheap housing, close proximity to Tokyo and a burgeoning research ecosystem are thrusting the ancient prefecture of Kanagawa into the modern world. Brett Davis

Research   NEW ONLINE         Structure of the mechanically activated ion channel Piezo1 Orbital misalignment of the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star Mapping the three-dimensional trajectory of a Neptune-mass exoplanet across the disk of its cool star reveals that its orbit is nearly perpendicular to the stellar equator, implying the existence of a yet-undetected outer companion planet. Large granulation cells on the surface of the giant star π1 Gruis Interferometric images of the surface of the giant star π1 Gruis reveal few but large convective cells, consistent with existing models of stellar surface convection. Perovskite nickelates as electric-field sensors in salt water Application of an electric field changes the transport and optical properties of samarium nickelate submerged in water, making it a suitable passive sensor of weak electric fields in salt water. Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass Analyses of potential and actual biomass stocks indicate that trade-offs exist between conserving carbon stocks on managed land and raising the contribution of biomass to raw material and energy supply for the mitigation of climate change. Successful conservation of global waterbird populations depends on effective governance Statistical modelling of global survey datasets of waterbirds as an indicator taxon for biodiversity changes in wetland ecosystems demonstrates that effective governance is the strongest predictor of species abundance increases and conservation benefits. Treatment of autosomal dominant hearing loss by in vivo delivery of genome editing agents CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing is used to correct a dominant-negative mutation in a mouse model of inherited deafness, resulting in improvements in cochlear function and hearing. Senescence-associated reprogramming promotes cancer stemness Cellular senescence induced by chemotherapy leads to the acquisition of stemness in cancer cells, which results in enhanced tumour-promoting capacity after forced release or spontaneous escape from the senescent cell-cycle arrest. Therapeutic targeting of ependymoma as informed by oncogenic enhancer profiling Super enhancers regulate oncogenes and other molecular targets in ependymomas, and identification of these genes provides potential therapeutic targets. Opening of the human epithelial calcium channel TRPV6 The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the calcium channel TRPV6 in its open and closed states demonstrates a novel gating mechanism involving an alanine hinge. A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW170817 Erratum: Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen Erratum: Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues Corrigendum: Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution Corrigendum: AMPA receptor-mediated regulation of a Gi-protein in cortical neurons Articles         Synthesis of E- and Z-trisubstituted alkenes by catalytic cross-metathesis An approach for the synthesis of E- and Z- trisubstituted alkenes in high stereoisomeric purity is developed by merging catalytic cross-metathesis and cross-coupling processes. Thach T. Nguyen, Ming Joo Koh, Tyler J. Mann et al. Origin and differentiation of human memory CD8 T cells after vaccination In vivo deuterium labelling reveals a quiescent population of long-lived human virus-specific memory CD8 T cells that maintain the epigenetic landscape of effector cells, which facilitates rapid responses to pathogen re-exposure. Rama S. Akondy, Mark Fitch, Srilatha Edupuganti et al. Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease Deposition and spreading of amyloid-β pathology in mice requires binding to microglia-released ASC specks. Carmen Venegas, Sathish Kumar, Bernardo S. Franklin et al. Mechanisms of mTORC1 activation by RHEB and inhibition by PRAS40 The cryo-electron microscopy and crystal structures of several mTORC1 complexes, and accompanying biochemical analyses, shed light on how mTORC1 is regulated and how cancer mutations lead to its hyperactivation. Haijuan Yang, Xiaolu Jiang, Buren Li et al. Letters         Evolution of a designed protein assembly encapsulating its own RNA genome Computationally designed icosahedral protein-based assemblies can protect their genetic material and evolve in biochemical environments, suggesting a route to the custom design of synthetic nanomaterials for non-viral drug delivery. Gabriel L. Butterfield, Marc J. Lajoie, Heather H. Gustafson et al. Measurement of electrons from albedo neutron decay and neutron density in near-Earth space Electrons derived from cosmic rays become trapped in the radiation belts that surround Earth, but how the electrons are generated has been uncertain; new measurements confirm the involvement of neutron decay. Xinlin Li, Richard Selesnick, Quintin Schiller et al. Effector CD8 T cells dedifferentiate into long-lived memory cells DNA methylation profiling of virus-specific T cells during acute viral infection in mice provides evidence that a fate-permissive subset of effector CD8 T cells dedifferentiates into long-lived memory T cells. Ben Youngblood, J. Scott Hale, Haydn T. Kissick et al. A brief visit from a red and extremely elongated interstellar asteroid The first interstellar object to be detected in the Solar System is asteroidal in nature and has a shape unlike any Solar System body, with a length about ten times its width. Karen J. Meech, Robert Weryk, Marco Micheli et al. Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons Cosmic-ray muon radiography has been used to non-invasively visualize the voids in the Great Pyramid (Khufu's Pyramid), revealing a large void situated above the Grand Gallery. Kunihiro Morishima, Mitsuaki Kuno, Akira Nishio et al. The divergent fates of primitive hydrospheric water on Earth and Mars Modelling the reactions of water with the crusts of early Earth and Mars sheds light on how water was transported through their crusts to give the surfaces we see today. Jon Wade, Brendan Dyck, Richard M. Palin et al. Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs The recently discovered theropod Halszkaraptor escuillei reveals a novel basal dromaeosaurid clade, and its adaptations that suggest a semi-aquatic predatory lifestyle add an additional ecomorphology to those developed by non-avian maniraptorans. Andrea Cau, Vincent Beyrand, Dennis F. A. E. Voeten et al. Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil OPEN Metagenomic and biochemical analyses of soil samples from Antarctic desert regions provides evidence that bacteria in these soils derive carbon and energy from atmospheric CO, H2 and CO2. Mukan Ji, Chris Greening, Inka Vanwonterghem et al. Dynamics of phosphoinositide conversion in clathrin-mediated endocytic traffic 'Coincidence-detecting' phosphoinositide sensors are used to study changes in the phosphoinositide lipid species found in membranes during the development and maturation of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles. Kangmin He, Robert Marsland III, Srigokul Upadhyayula et al. Cryo-EM structures of the TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel Electron cryo-microscopy density maps of mouse TMEM16A reconstituted in nanodiscs or solubilized in detergent reveal two functional states of calcium-activated chloride channels. Shangyu Dang, Shengjie Feng, Jason Tien et al. Blazar spectral variability as explained by a twisted inhomogeneous jet The spectral variability of the blazar CTA 102 during a recent extreme outburst could be explained by a twisted, inhomogeneous jet containing regions of different orientations that vary in time. C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, J. A. Acosta-Pulido et al. Activation mechanism of the calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A revealed by cryo-EM Cryo-electron microscopy mapping of the calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A combined with functional experiments reveals that calcium ions interact directly with the pore to activate the channel. Cristina Paulino, Valeria Kalienkova, Andy K. M. Lam et al. Corrigenda         Corrigendum: RNA m6A methylation regulates the ultraviolet-induced DNA damage response Yang Xiang, Benoit Laurent, Chih-Hung Hsu et al. Corrigendum: Mega-evolutionary dynamics of the adaptive radiation of birds Christopher R. Cooney, Jen A. Bright, Elliot J. R. Capp et al. Errata         Erratum: Inflammation-induced IgA+ cells dismantle anti-liver cancer immunity Shabnam Shalapour, Xue-Jia Lin, Ingmar N. Bastian et al. News and Views         Energy from thin air Don A. Cowan, Thulani P. Makhalanyane The origins of memory T cells Kyla D. Omilusik, Ananda W. Goldrath Martian water stored underground Tomohiro Usui   See what your cells are doing and when they do it with the IncuCyte® S3 Live-Cell Analysis System Biological processes are dynamic, and a single snapshot in time may not capture rare or transient events, causing you to miss a relevant response. With the IncuCyte® S3 live-cell analysis system, automatically follow the sequence of biological events continuously, then 'rewind and replay' the experiment to see what really happened to your cells while you were away. Learn how.. 50 & 100 years ago   Tumour lymph vessels boost immunotherapy Christine Moussion, Shannon J. Turley Specks of insight into Alzheimer's disease Richard M. Ransohoff   2017 in research: Choice cuts from this year's News & Views articles

Careers & Jobs   Feature         Top ten tips to kick-start your career in 2018 Chris Woolston Futures       The coupon It's a record. Judy Helfrich

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