| | Neuroscience: Mum's bacteria linked to baby's behaviour
Infection during pregnancy increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, in offspring. Mouse studies now reveal a link between gut bacteria and atypical brain-circuit connections.
| Rabies screen reveals GPe control of cocaine-triggered plasticity
A rabies virus-based monosynaptic tracing method is used to show that the external globus pallidus plays a critical role in cocaine-induced behavioural plasticity.
| Reversing behavioural abnormalities in mice exposed to maternal inflammation
The authors define a specific cortical subregion of the somatosensory cortex as a critical region of dysfunction that is causal to the emergence of abnormal social and repetitive behaviours in mice exposed to maternal inflammation.
| The neuropeptide NMU amplifies ILC2-driven allergic lung inflammation
Neuromedin receptor NMUR1 is specifically expressed by a subpopulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and promotes the inflammatory response of these cells in response to allergens, indicating the importance of neuro-immune crosstalk in allergic responses.
| Hippocampal LTP and contextual learning require surface diffusion of AMPA receptors
Surface diffusion of AMPA receptors, from extra-synaptic to synaptic sites at the plasma membrane, is essential for full long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons and for fear conditioning in living mice.
| SAM-dependent enzyme-catalysed pericyclic reactions in natural product biosynthesis
The enzyme LepI is found to be capable of catalysing several natural-product pericyclic transformations, including a hetero-Diels–Alder reaction and a retro-Claisen rearrangement.
| cGAS senses long and HMGB/TFAM-bound U-turn DNA by forming protein–DNA ladders
A molecular mechanism for the sensitive detection of long and U-turn DNA by cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) both in vitro and in human cells.
| The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids OPEN
WebComparing the whole genome sequence of Apostasia shenzhenica with transcriptome and genome data from five orchid subfamilies permits the reconstruction of an ancestral gene toolkit, providing insight into orchid origins, evolution and diversification.
| Alternative evolutionary histories in the sequence space of an ancient protein
Combining ancestral protein reconstruction with deep mutational scanning to characterize alternative histories in the sequence space around an ancient transcription factor reveals hundreds of alternative protein sequences that use diverse biochemical mechanisms to perform the derived function at least as well as the historical outcome.
| The cryo-electron microscopy structure of human transcription factor IIH
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the ten-subunit human transcription factor IIH, revealing the molecular architecture of the TFIIH core complex, the detailed structures of its constituent XPB and XPD ATPases, and how the core and kinase subcomplexes of TFIIH are connected.
| Maternal gut bacteria promote neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring
Maternal immune activation (MIA)-mediated abnormal behavioural phenotypes require defined gut commensal bacteria for the induction of IL-17-producing T helper 17 cells.
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Learn more. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Quantum software
Leonie Mueck | Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation
The leading proposals for converting noise-resilient quantum devices from memories to processors are compared, paying attention to the relative resource demands of each.
Earl T. Campbell, Barbara M. Terhal, Christophe Vuillot | Programming languages and compiler design for realistic quantum hardware
To enable a quantum computer to solve practical problems more efficiently than classical computers, quantum programming languages and compilers are required to translate quantum algorithms into machine code; here the currently available software is reviewed.
Frederic T. Chong, Diana Franklin, Margaret Martonosi | Post-quantum cryptography
The era of fully fledged quantum computers threatens to destroy internet security as we know it; the ways in which modern cryptography is developing solutions are reviewed.
Daniel J. Bernstein, Tanja Lange | Quantum machine learning
Quantum machine learning software could enable quantum computers to learn complex patterns in data more efficiently than classical computers are able to.
Jacob Biamonte, Peter Wittek, Nicola Pancotti et al. | Quantum computational supremacy
Proposals for demonstrating quantum supremacy, when a quantum computer supersedes any possible classical computer at a specific task, are reviewed.
Aram W. Harrow, Ashley Montanaro | | The 4D nucleome project
The 4D Nucleome Network aims to map the spatial and dynamic organization of the human and mouse genomes to gain insight into the structure and biological functions of the nucleus.
Job Dekker, Andrew S. Belmont, Mitchell Guttman et al. | | Fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy
Using unique barcodes for tumour cells, the authors explore the dynamics of human glioblastoma subpopulations, and suggest that clonal heterogeneity emerges through stochastic fate decisions of a neutral proliferative hierarchy.
Xiaoyang Lan, David J. Jörg, Florence M. G. Cavalli et al. | Structural basis of MsbA-mediated lipopolysaccharide transport
Cryo-electron microscopy snapshots of the E. coli flippase MsbA at discrete functional states reveal a 'trap and flip' mechanism for lipopolysaccharide flipping and the conformational transitions of MsbA during its substrate transport cycle.
Wei Mi, Yanyan Li, Sung Hwan Yoon et al. | | Detection of titanium oxide in the atmosphere of a hot Jupiter
Titanium oxide, water, sodium and a strongly scattering haze have been detected in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter exoplanet WASP-19b.
Elyar Sedaghati, Henri M. J. Boffin, Ryan J. MacDonald et al. | Hardware-efficient variational quantum eigensolver for small molecules and quantum magnets
The ground-state energy of small molecules is determined efficiently using six qubits of a superconducting quantum processor.
Abhinav Kandala, Antonio Mezzacapo, Kristan Temme et al. | Superparamagnetic enhancement of thermoelectric performance
By embedding superparamagnetic nanoparticles in a thermoelectric matrix, phonon and electron transport within the material can be controlled simultaneously at nanometre and mesoscopic length scales, thereby improving the thermoelectric performance of the material.
Wenyu Zhao, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhigang Sun et al. | Real-space imaging of non-collinear antiferromagnetic order with a single-spin magnetometer
A non-invasive scanning magnetometer, based on a single nitrogen–vacancy defect in diamond, visualizes antiferromagnetic order at the nanometre scale in thin films of bismuth ferrite at room temperature.
I. Gross, W. Akhtar, V. Garcia et al. | Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia's glaciers
Models show that even if global temperature rise can be limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius, only about 65 per cent of glacier mass will remain in the high mountains of Asia by the end of this century, and if temperatures rise by more than this the effects will be much more extreme.
P. D. A. Kraaijenbrink, M. F. P. Bierkens, A. F. Lutz et al. | Biodiversity effects in the wild are common and as strong as key drivers of productivity
A synthesis of 67 biodiversity studies shows that, after controlling for environmental covariates, the effects of biodiversity on biomass are stronger in nature than in experiments and are comparable to the effects of other drivers of productivity.
J. Emmett Duffy, Casey M. Godwin, Bradley J. Cardinale | Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes
High-resolution scans of fossilized fish skulls suggest that modern ray-finned fishes originated later than previously thought and necessitate reconsideration of the evolution of this major vertebrate group.
Sam Giles, Guang-Hui Xu, Thomas J. Near et al. | Kinetic analysis of a complete nitrifier reveals an oligotrophic lifestyle
A pure culture of the complete nitrifier Nitrospira inopinata shows a high affinity for ammonia, low maximum rate of ammonia oxidation, high growth yield compared to canonical nitrifiers and genomic potential for alternative metabolisms, probably reflecting an important role in nitrification in oligotrophic environments.
K. Dimitri Kits, Christopher J. Sedlacek, Elena V. Lebedeva et al. | m6A modulates haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell specification
N6-methyladenosine modification of mRNA determines cell fate decisions during the specification of the first haematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish.
Chunxia Zhang, Yusheng Chen, Baofa Sun et al. | Neuronal regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells via neuromedin U
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells express the neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1) and respond to neuromedin U (NMU) released by adjacent enteric neurons, and this interaction results in an enhanced immediate early response to the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
Vânia Cardoso, Julie Chesné, Hélder Ribeiro et al. | The neuropeptide neuromedin U stimulates innate lymphoid cells and type 2 inflammation
Intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells express the neuropeptide receptor NMUR1, which makes them responsive to neuronal neuromedin U, thereby promoting a type 2 cytokine response and accelerated expulsion of the gastro-intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
Christoph S. N. Klose, Tanel Mahlakõiv, Jesper B. Moeller et al. | Polycomb-like proteins link the PRC2 complex to CpG islands
Crystal structures of the Polycomb-like proteins PHF1 and MTF2 with bound DNA and histone peptides show that extended homologous regions of the two proteins form a winged-helix structure that has an unexpected mechanism of binding to unmethylated CpG-containing DNA motifs.
Haojie Li, Robert Liefke, Junyi Jiang et al. | | | | |
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