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| | Leukaemia: Vitamin C regulates stem cells and cancer
It emerges that high levels of vitamin C in blood-forming stem cells influence the number and function of the cells and affect the development of leukaemia, through binding to a tumour-suppressor protein, Tet2. | Cell biology: The persistence of memory
Live imaging reveals that whether or not a daughter cell proliferates is influenced by two molecular factors inherited from its mother, providing insight into how the behaviour of a newly born cell can be predetermined. | Cell signalling: Red alert about lipid's role in skin cancer
Some versions of the MC1R protein are associated with red hair and an increased risk of developing a skin cancer called melanoma. It emerges that a lipid that binds MC1R might provide a target to reduce this risk. | Structural basis of MsbA-mediated lipopolysaccharide transport
Cryo-electron microscopy snapshots of the E. coli flippase MsbA at discrete functional states reveal a ‘trap and flip’ mechanism for lipopolysaccharide flipping and the conformational transitions of MsbA during its substrate transport cycle. | Neuronal regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells via neuromedin U
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells express the neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1) and respond to neuromedin U (NMU) released by adjacent enteric neurons, and this interaction results in an enhanced immediate early response to the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. | The neuropeptide neuromedin U stimulates innate lymphoid cells and type 2 inflammation
Intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells express the neuropeptide receptor NMUR1, which makes them responsive to neuronal neuromedin U, thereby promoting a type 2 cytokine response and accelerated expulsion of the gastro-intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. | A solvent- and vacuum-free route to large-area perovskite films for efficient solar modules
A new deposition method for solar-panel polycrystalline perovskite thin films enables the production of large-area uniform films and avoids the need for common solvents or vacuum. | Competing memories of mitogen and p53 signalling control cell-cycle entry
Mother cells transmit mitogen-induced CCND1 mRNA and DNA damage-induced p53 protein to newly born daughter cells, where synthesized cyclin D1 and the p53-regulated CDK inhibitor p21 directly compete to decide between proliferation and quiescence. | Polycomb-like proteins link the PRC2 complex to CpG islands
Crystal structures of the Polycomb-like proteins PHF1 and MTF2 with bound DNA and histone peptides show that extended homologous regions of the two proteins form a winged-helix structure that has an unexpected mechanism of binding to unmethylated CpG-containing DNA motifs. | m6A modulates haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell specification
N6-methyladenosine modification of mRNA determines cell fate decisions during the specification of the first haematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. | Biodiversity effects in the wild are common and as strong as key drivers of productivity
A synthesis of 67 biodiversity studies shows that, after controlling for environmental covariates, the effects of biodiversity on biomass are stronger in nature than in experiments and are comparable to the effects of other drivers of productivity. | Palmitoylation-dependent activation of MC1R prevents melanomagenesis
The protein modification palmitoylation increases the ability of variant forms of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) to induce pigmentation, and this is linked to reduced development of melanomas. | | How type II CRISPR–Cas establish immunity through Cas1–Cas2-mediated spacer integration | | | | | | 
An open access, online-only, multidisciplinary research journal dedicated to publishing the most important scientific advances in the life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering fields that are facilitated by spaceflight and analogue platforms.
Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article. | | | | | | | | | | | | | A heterochromatin-dependent transcription machinery drives piRNA expression
Transcription of Drosophila PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) clusters is enforced through RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex formation within repressive heterochromatin, accomplished through the transcription factor IIA subunit paralogue Moonshiner.
Peter Refsing Andersen, Laszlo Tirian, Milica Vunjak et al. | Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution
Decoy-state quantum key distribution from a satellite to a ground station is achieved with much greater efficiency than is possible over the same distance using optical fibres.
Sheng-Kai Liao, Wen-Qi Cai, Wei-Yue Liu et al. | Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules
Commensal bacteria have N-acyl amide synthase genes that encode signalling molecules (N-acyl amides) that can interact with G-protein-coupled receptors and elicit host cellular responses similar to eukaryotic N-acyl amides.
Louis J. Cohen, Daria Esterhazy, Seong-Hwan Kim et al. | Channel opening and gating mechanism in AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors
The structures of AMPA receptors in complex with auxiliary proteins are resolved by cryo-electron microscopy, and reveal conformational and permeation pathway changes that are associated with activation and desensitization of ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Edward C. Twomey, Maria V. Yelshanskaya, Robert A. Grassucci et al. | | Discrete and broadband electron acceleration in Jupiter’s powerful aurora
The process that generates Earth’s most intense aurora is found to occur at Jupiter, but is of only secondary importance in generating Jupiter’s much more powerful aurora.
B. H. Mauk, D. K. Haggerty, C. Paranicas et al. | Island biogeography of marine organisms
On marine islands, most species are good dispersers and most niches are filled by immigration with little adaptive radiation; speciation increases over time, associated with the arrival of weak dispersers that randomly establish isolated populations.
Hudson T. Pinheiro, Giacomo Bernardi, Thiony Simon et al. | Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation
Quantum teleportation of single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a satellite in low-Earth orbit via an uplink channel is achieved with a fidelity that is well above the classical limit.
Ji-Gang Ren, Ping Xu, Hai-Lin Yong et al. | Direct instrumental identification of catalytically active surface sites
Scanning tunnelling microscopy is used to distinguish between different active sites of a catalyst—such as boundaries between different materials—during a reaction, allowing the contributions of these sites to be evaluated.
Jonas H. K. Pfisterer, Yunchang Liang, Oliver Schneider et al. | A series of energetic metal pentazolate hydrates
Metal complexes of the pentazole anion exhibit multiple coordination modes, through ionic, covalent and hydrogen-bonding interactions, and good thermal stability with onset decomposition temperatures greater than 100 °C.
Yuangang Xu, Qian Wang, Cheng Shen et al. | A right-handed signalling pathway drives heart looping in vertebrates
Two parallel signalling pathways, driven by Nodal and BMP, respectively integrate left- and right-handed information that drives heart looping and morphogenesis, and are conserved between zebrafish, chicken and mouse.
Oscar H. Ocaña, Hakan Coskun, Carolina Minguillón et al. | GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE channels are essential for chemotaxis and reproduction in mosses
Mutations in genes that encode GLUTAMTATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) channels in the moss Physcomitrella patens result in failure of motile sperm to target the female reproductive organs and of zygotes to develop properly.
Carlos Ortiz-Ramírez, Erwan Michard, Alexander A. Simon et al. | Orthotopic patient-derived xenografts of paediatric solid tumours
A protocol producing orthotopic patient-derived xenografts at diagnosis, recurrence, and autopsy demonstrates proof of principle for using these tumours for basic and translational research on paediatric solid tumours.
Elizabeth Stewart, Sara M. Federico, Xiang Chen et al. | CMTM6 maintains the expression of PD-L1 and regulates anti-tumour immunity
CMTM6 maintains PD-L1 at the plasma membrane by inhibiting its lysosome-mediated degradation and promoting its recycling.
Marian L. Burr, Christina E. Sparbier, Yih-Chih Chan et al. | Identification of CMTM6 and CMTM4 as PD-L1 protein regulators
CMTM6 and CMTM4 bind to and stabilize the inhibitory receptor PD-L1 and regulate PD-L1 levels at the surface of human tumour and immune cells.
Riccardo Mezzadra, Chong Sun, Lucas T. Jae et al. | Discovery of stimulation-responsive immune enhancers with CRISPR activation
The authors use tiled CRISPR activation for functional enhancer discovery across two autoimmunity risk loci, CD69 and IL2RA, and identify elements with features of stimulus-responsive enhancers, including an IL2RA enhancer that harbours a fine-mapped autoimmunity risk variant.
Dimitre R. Simeonov, Benjamin G. Gowen, Mandy Boontanrart et al. | | | | |
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