Nature Neuroscience Contents: July 2017 Volume 20 Number 7, pp 897 - 1033

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TABLE OF CONTENTS July 2017 Volume 20, Issue 7 News and Views Articles Technical Report Erratum Corrigenda Addendum Advertisement   "Pain-free" Drug Discovery starts here Charles River offers comprehensive pain drug discovery resources using relevant in vitro ion channel assays and specific in vivo rodent models that validated using established and novel readouts. Learn more about how our multi-modal validation services can be applied to available and novel models of various types of pain. Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement npj Molecular Phenomics is an online-only, open access journal that provides a forum for cutting-edge scientific advances in the emerging field of phenomics, the study of the physical and chemical characteristics of an individual in quantitative terms. Part of the Nature Partner Journals series, npj Molecular Phenomics is published in partnership with Fudan University. The journal is now open for submissions.  Find out more >>>   News and Views Top A checkpoint to pain   pp897 - 899 Michael Hirth, Jagadeesh Gandla and Rohini Kuner doi:10.1038/nn.4586 The checkpoint pathway consisting of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor, PD-1, modulates immune function in cancer and infection, but unexpectedly, it also silences pain signals in nerves. See also: Article by Chen et al. Direction selectivity starts early   pp899 - 901 Qi Fang and Huizhong W Tao doi:10.1038/nn.4585 Disruption of retinal direction selectivity reveals both peripheral and central computations contributing to direction selectivity in mouse visual cortex. These mechanisms work together to better encode motion directions and speeds. See also: Article by Hillier et al. The thalamic paradox   pp901 - 902 László Acsády doi:10.1038/nn.4583 Most thalamic research has focused on sensory transmission. Now three independent groups reveal the thalamus to be critical in behaviors linked to frontal cortex and the maintenance of persistent cortical activity during delays. See also: Article by Bolkan et al. Sampling memory to make profitable choices   pp903 - 904 Brice A Kuhl and Nicole M Long doi:10.1038/nn.4588 A computational model explains how memories of past rewards guide value-based choices. Incorporating behavioral and functional MRI evidence, the findings indicate that 'sampling' from individual memories of past rewards influences choices. See also: Article by Bornstein & Norman Neuroscience JOBS of the week Multiple Opportunities in Molecular Neuroscience Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine Post-Doc in Neuroscience State University of New York Postdoctoral Fellow in Interneuron Development National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Post-Doctoral Fellowship : Bethesda, MD, United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) MSWA Senior Research Fellow in Brain Plasticity Perron Institute More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT The Neuroscience of Obesity 17.09.17 Siena, Italy More science events from Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   Articles Top Reduced sensory synaptic excitation impairs motor neuron function via Kv2.1 in spinal muscular atrophy   pp905 - 916 Emily V Fletcher, Christian M Simon, John G Pagiazitis, Joshua I Chalif, Aleksandra Vukojicic et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4561 The authors show that in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), there is a reduction in sensory synaptic drive that leads to motor neuron dysfunction and motor behavior impairments. SMA motor neurons showed a lower surface expression of Kv2.1 potassium channels and reduced spiking ability. Increasing neuronal activity pharmacologically led to the normalization of Kv2.1 surface expression and an improvement in motor function. PD-L1 inhibits acute and chronic pain by suppressing nociceptive neuron activity via PD-1   pp917 - 926 Gang Chen, Yong Ho Kim, Hui Li, Hao Luo, Da-Lu Liu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4571 The authors identify programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), an immunity suppressor produced by cancer cells, as a new pain inhibitor and a neuromodulator. They report that PD-L1 is produced by melanoma and normal neural tissues and that it inhibits acute and chronic pain. Via activation of PD-1, its receptor, PD-L1 decreases the excitability of nociceptive neurons in mouse and human dorsal root ganglia. See also: News and Views by Hirth et al. The cellular mechanism for water detection in the mammalian taste system   pp927 - 933 Dhruv Zocchi, Gunther Wennemuth and Yuki Oka doi:10.1038/nn.4575 The authors find that mammalian acid-sensing taste receptor cells, previously shown to be putative sour taste sensors, also mediate responses to water. Optogenetic activation of this population of cells in thirsty mice induced robust drinking response in the absence of water. This study shows that acid-sensing TRCs contribute to the detection of water in the oral cavity. Cancer-induced anorexia and malaise are mediated by CGRP neurons in the parabrachial nucleus   pp934 - 942 Carlos A Campos, Anna J Bowen, Sung Han, Brent E Wisse, Richard D Palmiter et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4574 Most cancer patients experience loss of appetite and feelings of illness, which contribute to cancer-related deaths and morbidity. The authors demonstrate that, in mice, activation of a subset of neurons in the parabrachial nucleus mediate cancer-induced anorexia and associated sickness behaviors. A cerebellum-like circuit in the auditory system cancels responses to self-generated sounds   pp943 - 950 Shobhit Singla, Conor Dempsey, Richard Warren, Armen G Enikolopov and Nathaniel B Sawtell doi:10.1038/nn.4567 The authors provide evidence that a cerebellum-like structure at the initial stage of mammalian auditory processing (the dorsal cochlear nucleus) functions to cancel out self-generated sounds. A similar function has been established for cerebellum-like structures in electroreceptive fish, suggesting a conserved function for these structures across vertebrates. Cortical gamma band synchronization through somatostatin interneurons   pp951 - 959 Julia Veit, Richard Hakim, Monika P Jadi, Terrence J Sejnowski and Hillel Adesnik doi:10.1038/nn.4562 The authors establish a critical role for somatostatin interneurons in visually induced gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex of mice. Optogenetic manipulations in awake animals, combined with an innovative computational model with multiple interneuron subtypes, provide a mechanism for the synchronization of neural firing across the retinotopic map. Causal evidence for retina-dependent and -independent visual motion computations in mouse cortex   pp960 - 968 Daniel Hillier, Michele Fiscella, Antonia Drinnenberg, Stuart Trenholm, Santiago B Rompani et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4566 The authors monitored neuronal activity in mouse visual cortex during visual-motion stimulation and perturbed retinal direction selectivity. After perturbation, the proportion of posterior-motion-preferring cortical cells decreased, and their response at higher stimulus speeds was reduced. Thus, functionally distinct, retina-dependent and retina-independent computations of visual motion exist in mouse cortex. See also: News and Views by Fang & Tao Attention-related changes in correlated neuronal activity arise from normalization mechanisms   pp969 - 977 Bram-Ernst Verhoef and John H R Maunsell doi:10.1038/nn.4572 Attention changes correlations between neuronal responses. In this study, Verhoef and Maunsell use multielectrode recordings in monkeys to reveal a link between normalization mechanisms, correlated neuronal activity and attention. The findings show that normalization mechanisms shape response correlations and that these correlations change when attention biases normalization mechanisms. Identification of a motor-to-auditory pathway important for vocal learning   pp978 - 986 Todd F Roberts, Erin Hisey, Masashi Tanaka, Matthew G Kearney, Gaurav Chattree et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4563 Although vocal learning is widely speculated to depend on motor to auditory (i.e., forward) pathways, the neurons that convey forward signals important to vocal learning remain unknown. Here the authors identify neurons that transmit signals from songbird motor to auditory regions and demonstrate their role in vocal learning. Thalamic projections sustain prefrontal activity during working memory maintenance   pp987 - 996 Scott S Bolkan, Joseph M Stujenske, Sebastien Parnaudeau, Timothy J Spellman, Caroline Rauffenbart et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4568 Using pathway-specific optogenetic inhibition, the authors demonstrate that projections from the mediodorsal thalamus to prefrontal cortex support the maintenance of working memory, while prefrontal-thalamic projections support subsequent choice selection. Thalamo-prefrontal projections have a circuit-specific role in sustaining prefrontal delay-period activity, a neuronal signature required for successful task performance. See also: News and Views by Acsády Reinstated episodic context guides sampling-based decisions for reward   pp997 - 1003 Aaron M Bornstein and Kenneth A Norman doi:10.1038/nn.4573 The authors demonstrate that decisions for reward can have more a complicated dependence on past experiences than previously believed. Previous models describe decisions as influenced by rewards received in similar situations. Here the authors show that experiences that share only incidental features can also reemerge to bias present choices. See also: News and Views by Kuhl & Long Rich cell-type-specific network topology in neocortical microcircuitry   pp1004 - 1013 Eyal Gal, Michael London, Amir Globerson, Srikanth Ramaswamy, Michael W Reimann et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4576 To unravel structural regularities in neocortical networks, Gal et al. analyzed a biologically constrained model of a neocortical microcircuit. Using extended graph theory, they found multiple cell-type-specific wiring features, including small-word and rich-club topologies that might contribute to the large repertoire of computations performed by the neocortex. Flexible information routing by transient synchrony   pp1014 - 1022 Agostina Palmigiano, Theo Geisel, Fred Wolf and Demian Battaglia doi:10.1038/nn.4569 Brain function relies on flexible communication between cortical regions. It has been proposed that changing patterns of oscillatory coherence underlie information routing. However, oscillations in vivo are very irregular. This study shows that short-lived and stochastic oscillatory bursts coordinate across areas to selectively modulate interareal communication. Advertisement Nature Awards for Mentoring in Science — Spain Your mentor could win €10,000 Nominations are now open   Technical Report Top A fluoro-Nissl dye identifies pericytes as distinct vascular mural cells during in vivo brain imaging   pp1023 - 1032 Eyiyemisi C Damisah, Robert A Hill, Lei Tong, Katie N Murray and Jaime Grutzendler doi:10.1038/nn.4564 No techniques exist for the precise identification of vascular pericytes. Here the authors identify and characterize a fluorescent dye that exclusively labels pericytes. Using this tool for intravital imaging of the mouse brain, the authors provide conclusive evidence that these cells are molecularly and functionally distinct from all other brain and vascular cells. Addendum Top Addendum: A viral strategy for targeting and manipulating interneurons across vertebrate species   p1033 Jordane Dimidschstein, Qian Chen, Robin Tremblay, Stephanie L Rogers, Giuseppe-Antonio Saldi et al. doi:10.1038/nn0717-1033d Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: Opportunities and challenges in modeling human brain disorders in transgenic primates   p1033 Charles Jennings, Rogier Landman, Yang Zhou, Jitendra Sharma, Julia Hyman et al. doi:10.1038/nn0717-1033b Corrigendum: A viral strategy for targeting and manipulating interneurons across vertebrate species   p1033 Jordane Dimidschstein, Qian Chen, Robin Tremblay, Stephanie L Rogers, Giuseppe-Antonio Saldi et al. doi:10.1038/nn0717-1033c Erratum Top Erratum: Infantile amnesia reflects a developmental critical period for hippocampal learning   p1033 Alessio Travaglia, Reto Bisaz, Eric S Sweet, Robert D Blitzer and Cristina M Alberini doi:10.1038/nn0717-1033a Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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